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3. ENGINE
ENGINE IS THE HEART OF THE AUTOMOBILE
IT CONVERTS CHEMICAL ENERGY OF THE FUEL TO
MECHANICAL ENERGY
• ENGINE DEVELOPS POWER & TORQUE
TORQUE : - Is the capacity to do work
Measured in Kg-m , N-m , Lb-ft
POWER : - How fast the work can be done
Measured in - Horse Power, Kilo watt

4. Main components of the engine
• Cylinder Head
• Engine block
• Oil pan / sump
• Gaskets
• Cylinder
• Piston,pistonrings,piston pin
• Connecting rod
• Crank shaft
• Main Bearings
• Camshaft
• Valves
• Mufflers
• Manifolds

5. Engine produces the power
FUEL

6. Engine layout
FF : Front Engine Front Drive
FR : Front Engine Rear Drive
MR : Midship Engine Rear Drive
RR : Rear Engine Rear Drive
Lengthwise type Breadthwise type

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE
1.Based on construction
* Two stroke engine
* Four stroke engine
2.Based on Ignition
* Spark Ignition engine
* Compression Ignition engine
3.Based on number of cylinder
* Single cylinder
* Twin cylinder
* Three cylinder
* Four cylinder
* Six cylinder etc

8. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE
4.Based on arrangement of cylinder
* Inline engine
* V-Type
* Opposed type
* Radial type

9. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE
5. Based on fuel used
• Petrol engine
• Diesel engine
• Gas engine
6. Based on cooling system
• Air cooled engine
• Water cooled engine

10. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE
7.Based on number of valves
• Conventional type – 2 valves per cylinder
• Recent type- 3 or 4 valves per cylinder
8.Type of valve arrangement
• Side valve
• Over Head valve

11. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINES
By type of Ignition - Compression Ignition/Spark Ignition
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
• Basically Diesel engines
• Use diesel fuel
• Combustion is initiated by heat, on its own
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
• Basically Petrol engines, LPG engines, CNG engines
• Use leaded or unleaded petrol, Alcohol, LPG or CNG
• Combustion is initiated by a spark from a spark plug

12. ENGINEFUEL WORK
C
O
O
L
I
N
G
E
X
H
A
U
S
T
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY = OUTPUT
% INPUT
100%
33%
33%
33%
TYPICAL EFFICIENCIES
PETROL - 25%
DIESEL IDI - 28-30%
DIESEL DI - 32-33%
INPUT OUTPUT

13. ENGINE PARAMETERS
STROKE, mm
BORE,mm
CYLINDER CAPACITY,cc
ENGINE CAPACITY, cc = CYL. CAPACITY ( II/4 x D2x L) X No OF CYL
UNITS - cc - Cubic centimeter
- Lit - Liters = cc/1000
CLEARANCE VOLUME

14. ENGINE PARAMETERS
BORE, mm : The diameter of the cylinder
STROKE, mm : The distance between top most point of piston travel to the
bottommost point of piston movement
CAPACITY, cc : Also called displacement. The volume displaced by all
pistons while moving from top to bottom. Also indicated in Liters.
CLEARANCE VOLUME : The volume available above piston, with the
piston in top most point.
COMPRESSION RATIO : The ratio between the total volume to the
clearance volume.
VALVE MECHANISM : The mechanism by which the valves are
operated. It could be push rod type or overhead camshaft type
TIMING SYSTEM : The mechanism by which the camshaft & fuel
injection pump are operated . It could be gear driven, chain driven or
belt driven.

16. ENGINE PARAMETERS
• IHP or IP=PLAN/4500
The power produced inside the engine by
burning of air-fuel mixture
• BHP or BP=2iiNT/4500
It is the amount of power available for useful
work at flywheel
• FHP or FP=IHP - BHP
It is the difference between IHP and BHP

17. ENGINE PARAMETERS
Top Dead Centre (T D C)
It refers to the position of the crank shaft when
the piston is in topmost position (Position
closest to the cylinder head)
Bottom Dead Centre (B D C)
It refers to the position of the crank shaft when
the piston is in lowest position (Position
farthest to the cylinder head)

18. DIESEL ENGINE
DIESEL ENGIENS ARE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES & USE DIESEL FUEL
DIESEL ENGINES ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS DIRECT INJECTION (DI) AND
INDIRECT INJECTION (IDI)
DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE (DI)
ON DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES, FUEL IS SPRAYED DIRECTLY ON TOP OF
THE PISTON.
• Highly fuel efficient
• Noisy
• Easy cold starting ability
INDIRECT INJECTION ENGINE
ON INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES, FUEL IS SPRAYED ON TO A SEPERATE
PRE-CHAMBER.
• Less fuel efficient
• Less Noisy/smoother
• Requires pre-heating for starting

19. DIESEL ENGINES
Indirect Injection
• In an indirect injection
(abbreviated IDI) diesel
engine, fuel is injected into a
small prechamber, which is
connected to the cylinder by a
narrow opening.
• The initial combustion takes
place in this prechamber.
• This has the effect of slowing
the rate of combustion, which
tends to reduce noise.
An indirect injection diesel engine uses a
prechamber and a glow plug.

20. Four stroke Engine
Almost all Tractors currently use all 4 strokes of
operation is completed in two revolution of crank shaft
called a four-stroke combustion cycle to
convert Diesel into motion. The four-stroke
approach is also known as the Otto cycle, in
honor of Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in
1867. The four strokes are :
Suction stroke.
Compression stroke.
Power stroke.
Exhaust stroke.
General Definitions

21. Stroke
Piston
movement
In Open
Ex Close
Action
Valve
position
TDC to BDC
Suction
Air is sucked
in

22. Stroke
Piston
movement
In Close
Ex Close
Action
Air is
compressed
Valve
position
BDC to TDC
Compression

23. Stroke
Piston
movement
In Close
Ex Close
Action
Diesel is
injected &
explosion
Power
TDC to BDC
Valve
position

24. Stroke
Piston
movement
In Close
Ex Open
Action
BDC to
TDC
Exhaust
Exhaust is
out
Valve
position

25. CONSTRUCTION OF AN ENGINE
CYLINDER BLOCK

26. TDC
Top Dead Centre -
the highest point
the piston crown
reaches.
BDC
Bottom Dead
Centre - the
lowest point the
piston crown
reaches.
Bore
It is the Internal diameter of the liner.
Stroke
Length from BDC to TDC.
General Definitions

27. Swept Volume
Volume swept by
piston from BDC
to TDC.
Clearance Volume
Volume above the
piston crown when
the piston is at
TDC.
Swept Volume + Clearance Volume
Compression Ratio = ---------------------------------------------------
Clearance Volume
General Definitions

28. Oil sump
• It is the lower part of the engine
• Which contains lubricating oil for engine
lubrication
• It encloses the crank shaft

29. Piston and Connecting rod

30. Flywheel
The flywheel is equipped to the transmission side of the crankshaft to maintain the
smooth rotation using inertia force and to reduce the irregularity of the rotational
force.

31. Cam and Camshaft
The cam drives the valves operation
opening and closing the intake port for
inhaling the mixture of fuel into the
combustion chamber and the exhaust port
for taking out the combusted gas.

32. Firing order sequence
2 cylinder 1 – 2 mahindra
3 cylinder 1 – 3 – 2 mahindra
1 – 3 – 4 – 2 mahindra
1 – 2 – 4 – 3
5 cylinder 1 – 2 – 4 – 5 – 3
1 – 5 – 3 – 6 – 2 – 4
1 – 5 – 3 – 6 – 2 – 4
1 – 2 – 4 – 6 – 5 – 3
1 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 3 – 2
1 – 6 – 2 – 5 – 8 – 3 – 7 – 4
1 – 3 – 6 – 8 – 4 – 2 – 7 – 5
1 – 4 – 7 – 3 – 8 – 5 – 2 – 6
1 – 3 – 2 – 5 – 8 – 6 – 7 – 4
4 cylinder
6 cylinder
8 cylinder
InlineEngine

33. Remember, life is short.
Laugh hard, smile often,
appreciate the beauty in all
things and be thankful
for every day you get!