Presentation on Petrol Engine
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An engine converts heat energy from fuel into mechanical energy. A petrol/gasoline engine uses an internal combustion process where fuel is ignited by a spark plug. It has four strokes - intake, compression, power, and exhaust. In a four-stroke petrol engine, these four strokes are completed in two revolutions of the crankshaft. A two-stroke petrol engine completes the four strokes in one revolution, making it simpler but less efficient. The major components of an engine include the cylinder, piston, crankshaft, valves, connecting rod, and camshaft.
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1. A four-stroke petrol engine completes its cycle over four strokes of the piston and two revolutions of the crankshaft. It was invented by Nikolaus Otto in 1876.
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Two stroke engines complete the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes in one revolution of the crankshaft, using the crankcase as a pumping device. They are lighter and simpler than four stroke engines but are less efficient and more polluting. Common applications of two stroke engines include dirt bikes, lawnmowers, outboard engines, chain saws, jet skis, and snowmobiles.
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The document describes the four stages of the combustion cycle in a 4-stroke engine: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. During intake, the piston moves down and draws in the fuel-air mixture through the open intake valve. In compression, the valve closes and the piston compresses the mixture. At top-dead-center in power, the spark plug ignites the compressed mixture, pushing the piston down. During exhaust, the exhaust valve opens and the piston pushes out the exhaust gases.
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a seminar report on multi-mode 2/4 stroke internal combustion engine
a seminar report on multi-mode 2/4 stroke internal combustion engine
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This document provides an overview of farm machinery engine systems. It discusses the classification and components of internal combustion engines, including differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines. The fuel, lubrication, ignition, cooling and governor systems are also mentioned. Tractor systems such as power transmission, steering, brakes and hydraulics are briefly covered. The summary discusses the key components and cycles of petrol and diesel engines in 2-3 sentences.
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The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of I.C. engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, and cylinder configuration. It also describes the basic components and workings of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines, as well as 2-stroke engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines, and between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines are outlined.
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The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, including their classification, operation, and differences between engine types. It discusses four-stroke petrol and diesel engines in detail, describing the four strokes of each cycle. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. Two-stroke engines are also summarized and compared to four-stroke engines. Various engine efficiencies are defined.
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This document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines internal combustion engines as engines that combust fuel inside the engine cylinder. It classifies internal combustion engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, engine speed, cylinder number and position. It describes the four stroke cycles of Otto and diesel engines. It compares petrol and diesel engines and two stroke and four stroke engines. It defines indicated power and mechanical, thermal, brake and relative efficiencies of internal combustion engines.
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The document discusses different types of engines including internal and external combustion engines. It describes the basic functions and components of internal combustion engines, which convert chemical energy from fuel into heat and then mechanical energy. The document outlines the four main events required for internal combustion engine operation: air-fuel mixture intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust. It also summarizes the operating cycles of two-stroke and four-stroke engines.
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This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of IC engines based on fuel used, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, speed, number of cylinders, and cylinder position. It describes the four-stroke cycles of Otto petrol and diesel engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. The document also compares two-stroke and four-stroke engines, discussing their cycles, revolutions, power strokes, flywheels, ports/valves, lubrication, efficiencies, and applications. Indicated power, mechanical efficiency, thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption are defined.
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The document discusses the four stroke petrol engine. It begins by introducing the four main components: the intake stroke where air-fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber, the compression stroke where the piston compresses the mixture, the power stroke where combustion occurs and the piston is pushed down, and the exhaust stroke where burnt gases are pushed out. It then explains each stroke in more detail and analyzes the thermodynamic process. Advantages include less fuel consumption and higher efficiency, while disadvantages are more complex design and higher costs. Applications include use in cars, motorcycles, boats and other small engines.
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An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are different types of internal combustion engines classified by fuel, strokes, ignition, cycle, number of cylinders, and cooling method. The key parts include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel. A four-stroke engine intakes air/fuel, compresses it, combusts it to push the piston, and exhausts gases over two revolutions, while a two-stroke engine does this in one revolution.
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Content of this presentation are as follows -
What is I.C. Engine?
Basic parts of I.C. Engine
Working of 4-stroke Engine
1) Suction stroke
2) Compression stroke
3) Expansion stroke
4) Exhaust stroke
Advantages
Disadvantages
Thank You
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this presentation explains the engine components and 4 stroke cycle engine operations. it also includes other activities that might help the students in understanding the 4 stroke cycle engine operation.
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2) The key parts of an internal combustion engine are described including the cylinder, piston, piston rings, connecting rod, crank and crankshaft, valves, flywheel, and crankcase.
3) The four stroke cycles of both petrol and diesel engines are explained as intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes along with the corresponding piston movement and crankshaft rotation in each stroke.
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this slide discusses about the basics of ic engines ,and specific specifications of a 5 hp diesel engine, and the terminology of ic engine.
4+stroke+engine+cycle
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原版制作(Exeter毕业证书)埃克塞特大学毕业证完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Exeter毕业证书)埃克塞特大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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AUT毕业证【微信95270640】奥克兰理工大学毕业证购买,办理AUT成绩单,AUT毕业证制作【Q微信95270640】《奥克兰理工大学毕业证》，AUT毕业证购买，AUT学位证，奥克兰理工大学学位证《AUT成绩单制作》【AUT毕业证文凭 AUT本科 澳洲学历认证原版制作《diploma certificate degree transcript 》【留信网认证，本科，硕士，海归，博士，排名，成绩单】代办国外（海外）澳洲、韩国、加拿大、新西兰等各大学毕业证。 ?我们对海外大学及学院的毕业证成绩单所使用的材料，尺寸大小，防伪结构（包括：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。 文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）都有原版本文凭对照。
[留学文凭学历认证(留信认证使馆认证)奥克兰理工大学毕业证成绩单毕业证证书大学Offer请假条成绩单语言证书国际回国人员证明高仿教育部认证申请学校等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务。
多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理奥克兰理工大学奥克兰理工大学毕业证成绩单信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
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6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — — — 我们是挂科和未毕业同学们的福音我们是实体公司精益求精的工艺！ — — — -
一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
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一比一原版(WashU文凭证书)圣路易斯华盛顿大学毕业证如何办理
一模一样【微信：176555708】【(WashU文凭证书)圣路易斯华盛顿大学毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
快速办理(napier毕业证书)英国龙比亚大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(napier毕业证书)英国龙比亚大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Hand Gesture Control Robotic Arm using image processing.pptx
Hand Gesture Control Robotic Arm using image processing
EV Charging at Multifamily Properties by Kevin Donnelly
Kevin Donnelly gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
一比一原版(OP毕业证)奥塔哥理工学院毕业证成绩单如何办理
OP毕业证【微信95270640】《如何办理奥塔哥理工学院毕业证认证》【办证Q微信95270640】《奥塔哥理工学院文凭毕业证制作》《OP学历学位证书哪里买》办理奥塔哥理工学院学位证书扫描件、办理奥塔哥理工学院雅思证书！
国际留学归国服务中心《如何办奥塔哥理工学院毕业证认证》《OP学位证书扫描件哪里买》实体公司，注册经营，行业标杆，精益求精！
如果您是以下情况，我们都能竭诚为您解决实际问题：【公司采用定金+余款的付款流程，以最大化保障您的利益，让您放心无忧】
1、在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业，拿不到官方毕业证+微信95270640
2、面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到奥塔哥理工学院奥塔哥理工学院毕业证学位证；
3、不清楚流程以及材料该如何准备奥塔哥理工学院奥塔哥理工学院毕业证学位证；
4、回国时间很长，忘记办理；
5、回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
6、企事业单位必须要求办理的；
面向美国乔治城大学毕业留学生提供以下服务:
【★奥塔哥理工学院奥塔哥理工学院毕业证学位证毕业证、成绩单等全套材料，从防伪到印刷，从水印到钢印烫金，与学校100%相同】
【★真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明），使馆存档可通过大使馆查询确认】
【★真实教育部认证，教育部存档，教育部留服网站可查】
【★真实留信认证，留信网入库存档，可查奥塔哥理工学院奥塔哥理工学院毕业证学位证】
我们从事工作十余年的有着丰富经验的业务顾问，熟悉海外各国大学的学制及教育体系，并且以挂科生解决毕业材料不全问题为基础，为客户量身定制1对1方案，未能毕业的回国留学生成功搭建回国顺利发展所需的桥梁。我们一直努力以高品质的教育为起点，以诚信、专业、高效、创新作为一切的行动宗旨，始终把“诚信为主、质量为本、客户第一”作为我们全部工作的出发点和归宿点。同时为海内外留学生提供大学毕业证购买、补办成绩单及各类分数修改等服务；归国认证方面，提供《留信网入库》申请、《国外学历学位认证》申请以及真实学籍办理等服务，帮助众多莘莘学子实现了一个又一个梦想。
专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
如果您真实毕业回国，对于学历认证无从下手，请联系我，我们免费帮您递交
诚招代理：本公司诚聘当地代理人员，如果你有业余时间，或者你有同学朋友需要，有兴趣就请联系我
你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助奥塔哥理工学院同学朋友
你做代理，可以拯救奥塔哥理工学院失足青年
你做代理，可以挽救奥塔哥理工学院一个个人才
你做代理，你将是别人人生奥塔哥理工学院的转折点
你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会顿时留恋起家乡的小河潺潺活水清凉无比日子就这样孤寂而快乐地过着寂寞之余山娃最神往最开心就是晚上无论多晚多累父亲总要携山娃出去兜风逛夜市流光溢彩人潮涌动的都市夜生活总让山娃目不暇接惊叹不已父亲老问山娃想买什么想吃什么山娃知道父亲赚钱很辛苦除了书籍和文具山娃啥也不要能牵着父亲的手满城闲逛他已心满意足了父亲连挑了三套童装叫山娃试穿山娃有点不想父亲说城里不比乡下要穿得漂漂亮亮爸怎么不穿得漂亮望着父亲山娃可
What Could Be Behind Your Mercedes Sprinter's Power Loss on Uphill Roads
Unlock the secrets behind your Mercedes Sprinter's uphill power loss with our comprehensive presentation. From fuel filter blockages to turbocharger troubles, we uncover the culprits and empower you to reclaim your vehicle's peak performance. Conquer every ascent with confidence and ensure a thrilling journey every time.
Digital Fleet Management - Why Your Business Need It?
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
一比一原版(Columbia文凭证书)哥伦比亚大学毕业证如何办理
一模一样【微信：176555708】【(Columbia文凭证书)哥伦比亚大学毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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Presentation on Petrol Engine
- 1. Roll No:14ME112 Syed Ashraf Ali Shah Rizvi Mehran UET, Jamshoro Department of Mechanical Engineering
- 2. What is an Engine? An ENGINE is a machine used to convert HEAT ENERGY into MECHANICAL ENERGY.
- 4. PETROL ENGINE A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine) is an INTERNAL COMBUSTION engine with the spark ignition. So it is also known as spark ignition engine(S.I. Engine). Fuel used In a petrol engine is a gasoline ( Petrol ) and similar volatile fuel. The petrol engine works on principle of theoretically OTTO CYCLE.
- 5. OTTO CYCLE An OTTO cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition piston engine. It is the thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines.
- 6. There are TWO types of Petrol Engines - 4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE. - 2 STROKE PETROL ENGINE.
- 8. A FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE shown in figure. The valve operating the inlet is called inlet valve and the valve operating the exhaust is called exhaust valve. The spark plug fitted at the top of cylinder head initiates the ignition of the air fuel mixture. The piston performs four stroke to complete one working cycle. The four different strokes are; Suction stroke Compression stroke Power stroke Exhaust stroke
- 9. INTAKE STROKE INTAKE VALVE OPEN EXHAUST VALVE CLOSED PISTON GO TO TDC TO BDC AIR-FUEL MIXTURE ENTER IN TO THE CYLINDER
- 10. COMPRESSION STROKE INTAKE VALVE CLOSED EXHAUST VALVE CLOSED PISTON GO TO BDC TO TDC AIR-FUEL MIXTURE COMPRESSED IN TO THE CYLINDER
- 11. POWER STROKE INTAKE VALVE CLOSED EXHAUST VALVE CLOSED AIR-FUEL MIXTURE BURN INTO THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER PISTON GO TO TDC TO BDC
- 12. EXHAUST STROKE INTAKE VALVE CLOSED EXHAUST VALVE OPEN PISTON GO TO BDC TO TDC EXHAUST GAS OUT THROUGH THE EXHAUST VALVE
- 13. THE WORKING OF 4 - STROKE PETROL ENGINE. Exhaust valve Inlet valve Petrol and air mixtureExhaust gases TDC BDC Spark plug
- 15. •As the name itself implies, all the processes in two stroke cycle engine are completed in two strokes. In two stroke engine cycle operations suction , compression , expansion and exhaust are completed in one complete revolution. These engines have one power stroke per revolution of the crank shaft. Two-stroke engines do not have valves, which simplifies their construction and lowers their weight.
- 17. Major parts •CYLINDER •PISTON •CRANK SHAFT •ENGINE VALVE •CONNECTING ROD •CAM SHAFT •SPARK PLUG
- 18. Cylinder in the ENGINE is
- 19. Piston in the ENGINE is
- 20. Crankshaft in the ENGINE is
- 21. Engine valve in the ENGINE is
- 22. Connecting rod in the ENGINE is
- 23. Camshaft in the ENGINE is
- 24. Spark Plug in the ENGINE is
- 25. Advantages of Petrol engine High engine speeds of about 3000 rpm. Lighter in a weight because maximum pressure and temperature is less. Less initial cost. Less maintenance cost. Disadvantages of Petrol engine low compression ratio ranging from 6 to 10. The thermal efficiency is lower due to lower compression ratio. Running cost higher because petrol is costly.