Precipitation
Comparison between methods for calculating average rainfall
What is Rain gauge
History of Rain Gauge
Principles of rain gauge
Uses of rain gauge
Types of rain gauge
Other type of rain gauge
Recording of Rain from gauge
Calculation of Rainfall
Adequacy of rain gauge stations
frequency of the rainfall
References
Measurement of rainfall is done using rain gauges, which collect precipitation and allow the amount to be measured. Non-recording rain gauges, like the commonly used Symons gauge in India, collect rainfall in a vessel that is read daily to determine the amount of precipitation. Recording rain gauges produce a continuous plot of rainfall over time through mechanisms like tipping buckets, weighing the collected water, or tracking a float level. Proper placement and regular maintenance of rain gauges is important for accurate measurement of precipitation.
There are three main types of recording rain gauges:
1) Tipping bucket gauges contain two buckets that tip when 0.25mm of rain is collected, actuating an electric circuit to mark rainfall on a revolving chart.
2) Weighing gauges use a spring-lever balance to move a pen across a chart as rainfall accumulates in a collecting tank.
3) Float gauges move a pen as rain fills a float chamber, with an overflow siphon chamber automatically draining excess water. The clockwork chart records rainfall over 24 hours.
This document discusses types of rain gauges used to measure rainfall. It describes non-automatic/non-recording rain gauges like Symon's rain gauge which collect rainfall manually. It also describes automatic/recording rain gauges like weighing bucket, tipping bucket, and float type gauges that record rainfall continuously without manual measurement. Recording gauges provide rainfall intensity over time through a pen on a rotating drum, while non-recording gauges only give total rainfall. Recording gauges do not require an attendant but are more expensive and prone to mechanical faults.
This document discusses stream gauging techniques used to measure stream discharge. It begins by explaining that stream flow represents the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle and is the most important data for hydrologic studies. It then describes various methods for measuring stream stage including staff gauges, suspended wire gauges, automatic stage recorders, and bubble gauges. Common techniques for directly measuring stream discharge are also summarized, such as area-velocity methods using current meters and floats, as well as moving boat methods. Site selection criteria and types of stage data collected are also briefly outlined.
Hydrology and water resources engineering.vivek gami
This document provides an overview of hydrology topics including evaporation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. It defines these processes and lists key factors that influence each one. Evaporation is the process where water is converted to vapor and returns to the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation and plant transpiration. Infiltration is the downward flow of water into soil from the land surface. The document discusses methods of measuring these hydrologic processes and factors like temperature, soil type, and rainfall intensity that impact infiltration rates.
This document provides an overview of a hydrometry course covering measurement of various components of the hydrological cycle including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and streamflow. It discusses different types of instruments used to measure these variables such as raingauges, evaporation pans, neutron probes, tensiometers, and current meters. Measurement methods include manual observation as well as automated data recording using devices like data loggers. The goal is to introduce concepts and terminology for quantifying water in the hydrological cycle.
This document discusses surface runoff, stream flow, hydrographs, and unit hydrographs. It begins by defining surface runoff and stream flow, explaining that surface runoff occurs when precipitation is unable to infiltrate the ground and flows overland into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water. It then discusses measuring stream flow through various methods like current meters and weirs to determine discharge. The document introduces the concept of hydrographs, which plot discharge over time, and unit hydrographs, which represent the hydrograph resulting from 1 unit of excess precipitation. It provides examples of using unit hydrographs and the S-curve method to develop hydrographs of different durations.
- A hydrograph shows the rate of water flow over time at a specific point along a river or channel. It is used in sewer system design.
- The main components of a hydrograph are the rising limb, peak discharge, recession limb, lag time, time to peak, and discharge rate.
- A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 unit of effective rainfall over a given watershed's duration. It allows prediction of runoff from different rainfall amounts. Synthetic unit hydrographs use watershed characteristics to model ungauged areas.
Measurement of rainfall is done using rain gauges, which collect precipitation and allow the amount to be measured. Non-recording rain gauges, like the commonly used Symons gauge in India, collect rainfall in a vessel that is read daily to determine the amount of precipitation. Recording rain gauges produce a continuous plot of rainfall over time through mechanisms like tipping buckets, weighing the collected water, or tracking a float level. Proper placement and regular maintenance of rain gauges is important for accurate measurement of precipitation.
There are three main types of recording rain gauges:
1) Tipping bucket gauges contain two buckets that tip when 0.25mm of rain is collected, actuating an electric circuit to mark rainfall on a revolving chart.
2) Weighing gauges use a spring-lever balance to move a pen across a chart as rainfall accumulates in a collecting tank.
3) Float gauges move a pen as rain fills a float chamber, with an overflow siphon chamber automatically draining excess water. The clockwork chart records rainfall over 24 hours.
This document discusses types of rain gauges used to measure rainfall. It describes non-automatic/non-recording rain gauges like Symon's rain gauge which collect rainfall manually. It also describes automatic/recording rain gauges like weighing bucket, tipping bucket, and float type gauges that record rainfall continuously without manual measurement. Recording gauges provide rainfall intensity over time through a pen on a rotating drum, while non-recording gauges only give total rainfall. Recording gauges do not require an attendant but are more expensive and prone to mechanical faults.
This document discusses stream gauging techniques used to measure stream discharge. It begins by explaining that stream flow represents the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle and is the most important data for hydrologic studies. It then describes various methods for measuring stream stage including staff gauges, suspended wire gauges, automatic stage recorders, and bubble gauges. Common techniques for directly measuring stream discharge are also summarized, such as area-velocity methods using current meters and floats, as well as moving boat methods. Site selection criteria and types of stage data collected are also briefly outlined.
Hydrology and water resources engineering.vivek gami
This document provides an overview of hydrology topics including evaporation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. It defines these processes and lists key factors that influence each one. Evaporation is the process where water is converted to vapor and returns to the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation and plant transpiration. Infiltration is the downward flow of water into soil from the land surface. The document discusses methods of measuring these hydrologic processes and factors like temperature, soil type, and rainfall intensity that impact infiltration rates.
This document provides an overview of a hydrometry course covering measurement of various components of the hydrological cycle including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and streamflow. It discusses different types of instruments used to measure these variables such as raingauges, evaporation pans, neutron probes, tensiometers, and current meters. Measurement methods include manual observation as well as automated data recording using devices like data loggers. The goal is to introduce concepts and terminology for quantifying water in the hydrological cycle.
This document discusses surface runoff, stream flow, hydrographs, and unit hydrographs. It begins by defining surface runoff and stream flow, explaining that surface runoff occurs when precipitation is unable to infiltrate the ground and flows overland into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water. It then discusses measuring stream flow through various methods like current meters and weirs to determine discharge. The document introduces the concept of hydrographs, which plot discharge over time, and unit hydrographs, which represent the hydrograph resulting from 1 unit of excess precipitation. It provides examples of using unit hydrographs and the S-curve method to develop hydrographs of different durations.
- A hydrograph shows the rate of water flow over time at a specific point along a river or channel. It is used in sewer system design.
- The main components of a hydrograph are the rising limb, peak discharge, recession limb, lag time, time to peak, and discharge rate.
- A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 unit of effective rainfall over a given watershed's duration. It allows prediction of runoff from different rainfall amounts. Synthetic unit hydrographs use watershed characteristics to model ungauged areas.
This document discusses techniques for measuring stream flow. There are two main categories of measurement: direct determination using area-velocity methods, dilution techniques, electromagnetic and ultrasonic methods; and indirect determination using hydraulic structures like weirs, flumes and gates or slope-area methods. Velocity is an important aspect measured using current meters, which are the most commonly used instruments. Current meters consist of rotating cups or propellers connected to mechanisms that count revolutions to determine flow velocity. Floating objects can also be used to estimate surface velocities. Accurate stream flow measurement is important for hydrologic studies.
This document contains a syllabus for a hydrology course. It includes sections on catchment area, the water budget equation, and two examples. The catchment area section defines it as the area draining into a stream. The water budget equation accounts for precipitation, surface runoff, groundwater flow, evaporation, transpiration, and change in storage over a time period. Example 1 applies the water budget equation to a lake. Example 2 calculates runoff and non-runoff amounts for a storm event in a small catchment.
This document discusses different methods for measuring and averaging rainfall over an area:
- Rainfall is measured using rain gauges and expressed as depth over an area.
- The arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon, and isohyet methods are used to calculate average rainfall values from point measurements at rain gauge stations.
- The Thiessen polygon method assigns influence areas to each station based on the location of stations, and weights each measurement by its influence area.
- The isohyet method involves drawing lines of equal rainfall and calculating a weighted average based on the rainfall amounts and sizes of the areas between the lines.
1. Crop water requirement is the water needed by plants for survival, growth, development and producing economic parts, which can be supplied naturally through precipitation or artificially through irrigation.
2. Irrigation water functions include supplying water for crop needs, cooling soil and plants, providing water for transpiration, dissolving minerals for nutrition, providing oxygen for metabolism, and serving as an anchor for roots.
3. Duty, which is the area irrigated by 1 cubic meter per second of water, decreases from the head of the water course to the head of the canal due to losses from evaporation and percolation as water flows through irrigation channels.
Evaporation Pan meter , Pan Evaporimeter
Advantages and Disadvantages of Pan Evaporimeter.
Power point presentation for project description with summery.
Classification for pan evaporimeter.
Methods of Evaporation measurements
This document discusses hydrographs and unit hydrographs. It defines a hydrograph as a graph showing the rate of flow versus time past a specific point in a river. It notes that hydrographs are commonly used in sewerage design. It then describes the components of a hydrograph including the rising limb, recession limb, peak discharge, lag time, and time to peak. Finally, it discusses unit hydrographs, defining a unit hydrograph as the runoff resulting from 1 unit of rainfall excess. It provides examples of deriving unit hydrographs from observed hydrographs and flood hydrographs.
1) The document discusses evapotranspiration (ET), which is the combination of evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants. It also discusses consumptive use (CU), which is the total water used by plants for ET and metabolic activities.
2) ET can be potential, reference, or actual, depending on vegetation and water availability. It is affected by environmental, plant, geographical, and soil factors. CU depends on climate, crop type, soil properties, and management practices.
3) Both ET and CU are important concepts in irrigation and water resource management. Measuring ET and CU helps determine crop water requirements and design efficient irrigation systems.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It discusses the necessity of irrigation due to factors like insufficient rainfall and uneven distribution. It describes different types of irrigation systems including flow irrigation, lift irrigation, and storage irrigation. It also defines important terms used in irrigation like duty, delta, command area. The document outlines the benefits of irrigation such as increased crop yields and prosperity of farmers. It also notes some ill effects like raising water tables and creating breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Overall, the document provides a broad introduction to key concepts in irrigation engineering.
This document provides information on measuring precipitation. It discusses various types of rain gauges used to measure precipitation, including non-recording gauges, tipping bucket gauges, and weighing bucket gauges. It also discusses methods to estimate average rainfall over a watershed area, including the arithmetic mean method, Thiessen polygon method, and isohyetal method. Additionally, it covers depth-area-duration curves and the frequency of rainfall events.
The document discusses rainfall measurement techniques used at Vigyan Ashram Pabal. It describes both recording and non-recording rain gauges that are used to collect rainfall data over time. Recording rain gauges automatically record rainfall measurements along with other data like wind and temperature. Non-recording rain gauges simply collect rainfall in a calibrated funnel and bottle that must be manually measured. Rainfall measurements are taken daily and involve determining the volume of water collected and calculating the rainfall in mm based on the collector surface area. This data is used to analyze rainfall statistics and averages for the area.
This document summarizes a student project using HEC-HMS software to model rainfall runoff. The project aims to study and simulate the rainfall runoff process, learn how to use the modeling software, prepare a draft model, and compute and model runoff. Key aspects of the model include subdividing the area into sub-basins representing different land uses like residential and cultivated areas, inputting precipitation data and metrological models, using the SCS curve number loss model to compute losses, and running a simulation to output results.
This document discusses evapotranspiration estimation through lysimeters. It describes two main types of lysimeters - gravimetric lysimeters which measure evapotranspiration by weight changes, and volumetric lysimeters which measure by volume changes. Gravimetric lysimeters directly measure the actual evapotranspiration from a soil sample and crop on a daily basis. Volumetric lysimeters are used for standing water crops and measure the inflow and outflow of water volumes. Lysimeters provide accurate measurements of crop water requirements to determine irrigation scheduling.
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of the Advanced Hydrology course. The objective of Module 1 is to introduce the phenomena of weather, the hydrologic cycle, and hydrologic losses/measurements. The module will cover topics like weather, the different stages of the hydrologic cycle, hydrologic losses, and analytical and empirical measurement methods. The first lecture will cover weather, the atmospheric layers, wind belts, cloud types, precipitation events, and factors affecting the Indian climate and its seasons.
This document discusses various methods for measuring stream flow. There are direct and indirect methods. Direct methods like area-velocity measure discharge by determining the cross-sectional area and average velocity. Indirect methods relate discharge to easily measured water level/stage using structures or the slope-area method with Manning's equation. Accurate stage measurements are important for estimating discharge from stage-discharge curves developed through direct measurements.
This document discusses duty of water and delta. It defines duty as the area of crop irrigated per unit of water, while delta is the total water required for a crop during its growth period. It then explains the relationship between duty and delta using an equation. Finally, it lists and describes 12 factors that can affect the duty of water, such as method of irrigation, crop type, soil conditions, and climate.
Hydrology is the science of water on Earth. It studies the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water, including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, groundwater, runoff, and flooding. There are two main types - scientific hydrology which studies physical processes, and engineering hydrology which applies scientific principles to water resources. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, including storage and transport through different physical states driven by energy from the sun.
The document defines key terms related to watersheds and runoff. It explains that a watershed is an area of land that drains into a common body of water, while a river basin is made up of many watersheds draining into a river and its tributaries. Runoff is defined as the portion of precipitation that flows overland as surface runoff or subsurface flow instead of infiltrating the soil. The factors that affect the amount of runoff are described, including precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, geology, meteorology, land use, and storage features.
This document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
1. Hydrology is defined as the science of water, its occurrence and circulation on Earth. It deals with water resources, processes like precipitation and runoff, and problems like floods and droughts.
2. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface, including evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, and storage components.
3. The water budget equation expresses the relationship between inputs, outputs, and changes in storage of water in a given catchment area over a period of time.
Introduction
Hydrology
Water cycle
Watershed Development
Integrated Watershed Management
Water Conservation & Harvesting
Basic introduction of hydraulic structures.
conclusion
references
This document discusses techniques for measuring stream flow. There are two main categories of measurement: direct determination using area-velocity methods, dilution techniques, electromagnetic and ultrasonic methods; and indirect determination using hydraulic structures like weirs, flumes and gates or slope-area methods. Velocity is an important aspect measured using current meters, which are the most commonly used instruments. Current meters consist of rotating cups or propellers connected to mechanisms that count revolutions to determine flow velocity. Floating objects can also be used to estimate surface velocities. Accurate stream flow measurement is important for hydrologic studies.
This document contains a syllabus for a hydrology course. It includes sections on catchment area, the water budget equation, and two examples. The catchment area section defines it as the area draining into a stream. The water budget equation accounts for precipitation, surface runoff, groundwater flow, evaporation, transpiration, and change in storage over a time period. Example 1 applies the water budget equation to a lake. Example 2 calculates runoff and non-runoff amounts for a storm event in a small catchment.
This document discusses different methods for measuring and averaging rainfall over an area:
- Rainfall is measured using rain gauges and expressed as depth over an area.
- The arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon, and isohyet methods are used to calculate average rainfall values from point measurements at rain gauge stations.
- The Thiessen polygon method assigns influence areas to each station based on the location of stations, and weights each measurement by its influence area.
- The isohyet method involves drawing lines of equal rainfall and calculating a weighted average based on the rainfall amounts and sizes of the areas between the lines.
1. Crop water requirement is the water needed by plants for survival, growth, development and producing economic parts, which can be supplied naturally through precipitation or artificially through irrigation.
2. Irrigation water functions include supplying water for crop needs, cooling soil and plants, providing water for transpiration, dissolving minerals for nutrition, providing oxygen for metabolism, and serving as an anchor for roots.
3. Duty, which is the area irrigated by 1 cubic meter per second of water, decreases from the head of the water course to the head of the canal due to losses from evaporation and percolation as water flows through irrigation channels.
Evaporation Pan meter , Pan Evaporimeter
Advantages and Disadvantages of Pan Evaporimeter.
Power point presentation for project description with summery.
Classification for pan evaporimeter.
Methods of Evaporation measurements
This document discusses hydrographs and unit hydrographs. It defines a hydrograph as a graph showing the rate of flow versus time past a specific point in a river. It notes that hydrographs are commonly used in sewerage design. It then describes the components of a hydrograph including the rising limb, recession limb, peak discharge, lag time, and time to peak. Finally, it discusses unit hydrographs, defining a unit hydrograph as the runoff resulting from 1 unit of rainfall excess. It provides examples of deriving unit hydrographs from observed hydrographs and flood hydrographs.
1) The document discusses evapotranspiration (ET), which is the combination of evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants. It also discusses consumptive use (CU), which is the total water used by plants for ET and metabolic activities.
2) ET can be potential, reference, or actual, depending on vegetation and water availability. It is affected by environmental, plant, geographical, and soil factors. CU depends on climate, crop type, soil properties, and management practices.
3) Both ET and CU are important concepts in irrigation and water resource management. Measuring ET and CU helps determine crop water requirements and design efficient irrigation systems.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It discusses the necessity of irrigation due to factors like insufficient rainfall and uneven distribution. It describes different types of irrigation systems including flow irrigation, lift irrigation, and storage irrigation. It also defines important terms used in irrigation like duty, delta, command area. The document outlines the benefits of irrigation such as increased crop yields and prosperity of farmers. It also notes some ill effects like raising water tables and creating breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Overall, the document provides a broad introduction to key concepts in irrigation engineering.
This document provides information on measuring precipitation. It discusses various types of rain gauges used to measure precipitation, including non-recording gauges, tipping bucket gauges, and weighing bucket gauges. It also discusses methods to estimate average rainfall over a watershed area, including the arithmetic mean method, Thiessen polygon method, and isohyetal method. Additionally, it covers depth-area-duration curves and the frequency of rainfall events.
The document discusses rainfall measurement techniques used at Vigyan Ashram Pabal. It describes both recording and non-recording rain gauges that are used to collect rainfall data over time. Recording rain gauges automatically record rainfall measurements along with other data like wind and temperature. Non-recording rain gauges simply collect rainfall in a calibrated funnel and bottle that must be manually measured. Rainfall measurements are taken daily and involve determining the volume of water collected and calculating the rainfall in mm based on the collector surface area. This data is used to analyze rainfall statistics and averages for the area.
This document summarizes a student project using HEC-HMS software to model rainfall runoff. The project aims to study and simulate the rainfall runoff process, learn how to use the modeling software, prepare a draft model, and compute and model runoff. Key aspects of the model include subdividing the area into sub-basins representing different land uses like residential and cultivated areas, inputting precipitation data and metrological models, using the SCS curve number loss model to compute losses, and running a simulation to output results.
This document discusses evapotranspiration estimation through lysimeters. It describes two main types of lysimeters - gravimetric lysimeters which measure evapotranspiration by weight changes, and volumetric lysimeters which measure by volume changes. Gravimetric lysimeters directly measure the actual evapotranspiration from a soil sample and crop on a daily basis. Volumetric lysimeters are used for standing water crops and measure the inflow and outflow of water volumes. Lysimeters provide accurate measurements of crop water requirements to determine irrigation scheduling.
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of the Advanced Hydrology course. The objective of Module 1 is to introduce the phenomena of weather, the hydrologic cycle, and hydrologic losses/measurements. The module will cover topics like weather, the different stages of the hydrologic cycle, hydrologic losses, and analytical and empirical measurement methods. The first lecture will cover weather, the atmospheric layers, wind belts, cloud types, precipitation events, and factors affecting the Indian climate and its seasons.
This document discusses various methods for measuring stream flow. There are direct and indirect methods. Direct methods like area-velocity measure discharge by determining the cross-sectional area and average velocity. Indirect methods relate discharge to easily measured water level/stage using structures or the slope-area method with Manning's equation. Accurate stage measurements are important for estimating discharge from stage-discharge curves developed through direct measurements.
This document discusses duty of water and delta. It defines duty as the area of crop irrigated per unit of water, while delta is the total water required for a crop during its growth period. It then explains the relationship between duty and delta using an equation. Finally, it lists and describes 12 factors that can affect the duty of water, such as method of irrigation, crop type, soil conditions, and climate.
Hydrology is the science of water on Earth. It studies the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water, including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, groundwater, runoff, and flooding. There are two main types - scientific hydrology which studies physical processes, and engineering hydrology which applies scientific principles to water resources. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, including storage and transport through different physical states driven by energy from the sun.
The document defines key terms related to watersheds and runoff. It explains that a watershed is an area of land that drains into a common body of water, while a river basin is made up of many watersheds draining into a river and its tributaries. Runoff is defined as the portion of precipitation that flows overland as surface runoff or subsurface flow instead of infiltrating the soil. The factors that affect the amount of runoff are described, including precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, geology, meteorology, land use, and storage features.
This document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
1. Hydrology is defined as the science of water, its occurrence and circulation on Earth. It deals with water resources, processes like precipitation and runoff, and problems like floods and droughts.
2. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface, including evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, and storage components.
3. The water budget equation expresses the relationship between inputs, outputs, and changes in storage of water in a given catchment area over a period of time.
Introduction
Hydrology
Water cycle
Watershed Development
Integrated Watershed Management
Water Conservation & Harvesting
Basic introduction of hydraulic structures.
conclusion
references
The document discusses water resource engineering and hydrology. It covers topics like the hydrological cycle, watershed development objectives and components, water requirements and conservation, and sources of water. Specifically, it describes the hydrological cycle involving evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, and underground water. It also outlines objectives of watershed development like improving water retention and controlling soil erosion. Sources of water discussed include surface sources like lakes, rivers, and reservoirs, as well as groundwater sources.
This document provides an overview of hydrology and water resources. Some key points:
1. Only around 2.8% of the world's total water is fresh water, with about 2.2% as surface water and 0.6% as groundwater.
2. India's major river basins and their approximate water potentials are listed, totaling around 188 million hectare-meters.
3. Rivers in north India are perennial as they receive snowmelt runoff, while rivers in peninsular India depend on monsoon rainfall and often run dry outside monsoons.
4. The average annual rainfall in India is around 1,150 mm.
This document discusses practical applications of hydrology. It begins by defining hydrology as the science of water on Earth, including its occurrence, movement, distribution, and circulation. Hydrology can be scientific or applied/engineering. Engineering hydrology deals with water resource estimation, precipitation/runoff processes, and flood/drought problems. Some key practical applications of hydrology include water supply and treatment, irrigation, drainage, hydropower, flood control, and pollution control. Hydrology and hydraulics intersect in areas like water supply, power generation, dams/reservoirs, flood protection, and wastewater management. Engineering uses of surface water hydrology include modeling average and extreme events for applications like infrastructure design, water supply
This document summarizes a student project analyzing stream hydrology. It includes sections on the water cycle, watersheds, motivations from different fields of study, techniques for mapping contours, channel lines, flow direction, outlets, and floodplains using CAD software. Maps were created showing stations along the waterways, floodplain boundaries, and references were provided. The overall goal was to model and map key hydrological features and flooding impacts for an engineering analysis of water infrastructure and sustainability.
Introduction global water resource,global water uses,hydrological cycle (water cycle),common hydrological units,component of hydrological cycle,water budget, methods for measuring precipitation.like arithematic average method,thessen ploygon method and isohytel method.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in engineering hydrology. It discusses the following topics in 3 chapters: precipitation, infiltration and runoff, and hydrograph analysis. Chapter 1 introduces engineering hydrology and defines its two main branches: surface water hydrology and groundwater hydrology. It also outlines some common applications of hydrology like flood control, irrigation, and municipal water supply. The hydrological cycle and processes like precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, and runoff are explained. Key hydrological concepts such as the water budget equation and hydrological distributions are also introduced.
The document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
- Defining hydrology as the science studying the water cycle and flows between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
- Describing the key elements of the water cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and the spatial and temporal scales involved.
- Noting that the water cycle sustains life on Earth, shapes its surface, and regulates the climate.
This project analyzed hydrological conditions in the Kuril area of Dhaka, Bangladesh to help drainage engineers design better storm drains. Students measured precipitation, abstraction, direct runoff and discharge rates during a heavy rainfall event. They calculated the runoff depth, total rainfall, duration and unit hydrograph to understand flow patterns. The analysis found the area has high surface runoff due to impervious surfaces and a drainage outlet near Kuril Canal. The project provided practical experience in basic hydrological concepts to help design drainage structures.
This document outlines the course details for Engineering Hydrology (CE-235) at NUST Institute of Civil Engineering. The course will be taught by Engr. Sajjad Ahmad and covers principles of surface water and groundwater hydrology over 22 lectures. Topics include the hydrologic cycle, precipitation measurement, runoff analysis, streamflow routing, groundwater flow principles, well hydraulics, and tube well construction. Students will be assessed through assignments, quizzes, midterms, and a final exam.
This document provides an overview of ground water hydrology. It defines key terms like aquifers, aquitards, the water table, porosity, permeability and discusses the movement and storage of groundwater. It explains that groundwater is an important source of water, especially in arid areas, and outlines the water balance concept and different zones of subsurface water like the saturated and aeration zones.
Topic1 >Illustration of various types of rain-gauges.,,2> Advantaged and dis...faizanNoor8
in this presentation you will know about following head line point.
1>Illustration of various types of rain-gauges.
2>Advantaged and disadvantages of various types of gauges.
This document discusses different types of rain gauges used to measure precipitation. There are two main types: non-recording gauges that provide total rainfall over a period, like the commonly used Symon's gauge; and recording gauges that provide a continuous rainfall record. Recording gauges include the weighing bucket type, which tracks accumulated rainfall on a chart via a weighted bucket, the tipping bucket type, which tips to mark rainfall intervals electronically, and the floating type, which uses a float and syphon to record rainfall levels over time. Recording gauges provide more detailed rainfall data without needing an attendant but have higher costs.
Estimation of Rainfall by using “SSV’s Rotating Pan Rain Gauge” ModelIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and operation of the "SSV's Rotating Pan Rain Gauge" model for estimating rainfall. It consists of a water collector funnel that directs water to rotating pans attached to a wheel. As the pans fill, they rotate down to empty into a lower collection tank while making marks on a rotating drum chart to indicate rainfall intensity over time. Observations of the tank water level every 6 hours over 24 hours provided measurements of total rainfall depth and an intensity calculation of 0.54cm/hour based on the recorded depth. The design aims to provide accurate rainfall readings during intense periods by rapidly replacing full pans with empty ones.
This document provides a summary of a project seminar on assessing silt load in the Hinganghat catchment area of the Vena River in Nagpur, India. The study aimed to directly measure local silt loading and calculate annual soil loss using erosion models like the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Methodology included collecting sediment and discharge data from 2005-2010, computing actual annual silt load, and validating data using hydrological software. Results showed silt load decreasing from 2005 to 2010, with values from USLE predictions generally matching actual measured loads.
There are two main types of rain gauges - non-recording and recording. Non-recording gauges simply measure the total rainfall over a time period, such as the commonly used Symon's rain gauge with a funnel and receiving vessel. Recording gauges provide an automatic record of rainfall, allowing measurement of intensity. Three types of recording gauges are the weighing bucket type, which measures weight changes on a chart; the tipping bucket type, which tips to record 0.25mm of rain; and the floating type, which uses a float and syphon to record water levels on a chart. Recording gauges provide more detailed data but have higher costs and can experience mechanical or electrical faults.
This document defines precipitation and discusses its various forms and types. It describes factors that precipitation depends on and how it is measured. Average annual rainfall in India and Assam is provided. The document also discusses the impact of climate change on precipitation patterns, including a case study on the Brahmaputra Basin. Climate change is causing temperatures to rise and altering precipitation variability and seasonal patterns in some regions.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting, including its definition, benefits, and methods for sizing a rainwater harvesting system. Some key points:
- Rainwater harvesting collects and stores rainwater from rooftops and other hard surfaces for uses like landscape irrigation to supplement domestic water needs.
- Benefits include conserving water, reducing soil erosion and demand on groundwater. It can lower utility bills and help meet increasing water demand.
- Factors that determine the required storage tank size include local rainfall patterns, collection area size, runoff coefficient, user consumption rates, and longest average dry period.
- Two common methods for sizing components are the demand size approach based on user needs, and the
The hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water exists in three forms on Earth - liquid (oceans, lakes, rivers), solid (ice caps, glaciers, snow), and gas (water vapor in the air). The sun drives the hydrological cycle by evaporating water from the surface into the air as vapor, which rises and cools to form clouds. Precipitation occurs when clouds become heavy with water and it falls as rain or snow. Water also returns to the air through evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants. Water running on land and underground replenishes rivers, lakes, and groundwater in a constant cycle powered by energy from
Introduction
Necessity and scope of irrigation
Engineering - benefits and ill effects of irrigation
Irrigation development in India
Classification and types of irrigation systems
Soil-water plant relationship and Type of soil
Water requirements of crop and its Important terminology
Duty delta and base period and Irrigation efficiencies
Method of measuring irrigation water
References
Rainfall can be measured in several ways:
- Rain gauges measure the total depth of rainfall over a given time period in millimeters.
- Disdrometers measure the size and velocity of individual rain drops to gather data on drop size distribution.
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This document discusses precipitation and methods of measuring precipitation. It defines precipitation as moisture falling from the atmosphere in any form. The key forms of precipitation are liquid (rain, drizzle) and frozen (snow, hail, sleet). Precipitation is measured using various devices like rain gauges and satellites. Rain gauges include non-recording and recording types like tipping bucket gauges. Methods to calculate average precipitation over an area include arithmetic averages, Thiessen polygons, and isohyetal mapping. Factors influencing precipitation amounts are also examined.
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This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining rainfall measurement stations equipped with standard rain gauges (SRG), autographic rain gauges (ARG), and tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR). It describes the standard measurement practices and routine maintenance procedures for each type of gauge. For SRGs and ARGs, daily rainfall is measured and recorded in millimeters. TBRs automatically record rainfall amounts and intensities digitally over time. Proper maintenance, such as cleaning debris from collectors and checking for leaks, is important to ensure accurate rainfall data.
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2. Contents
• Precipitation
• Comparison between methods for calculating average rainfall
• What is Rain gauge
• History of Rain Gauge
• Principles of rain gauge
• Uses of rain gauge
• Types of rain gauge
• Other type of rain gauge
• Recording of Rain from gauge
• Calculation of Rainfall
• Adequacy of rain gauge stations
• frequency of the rainfall
• References
30-08-2017 2Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
3. Precipitation
All forms of water that reaches earth’s surface is known as
precipitation.
It is expressed in terms of depth to which rainfall water
would stand on an area if all the rain were collected on it.
In case of snowfall equivalent depth of water is considered
as depth of precipitation.
Rain gauges are used for measurement of precipitation.
30-08-2017 3Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
4. Precipitation
In India ‘Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)’
is responsible for all weather and rainfall
predictions.
It occurs due to:
1. Lifting of air mass
2. Cooling of warm air
3. Condensation
30-08-2017 4Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
5. Precipitation
Lifting of air occurs mainly due to three causes:
1. Cyclonic precipitation:- It is caused by lifting of
an air mass due to pressure difference.
2. Convective precipitation:- It is caused due to the
upward movement of air. Generally this kind of
precipitation occurs in tropics.
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Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
6. Precipitation
3. Orographic precipitation:- It is most important
precipitation and responsible for most heavy rains in
India. It is caused by air masses which strike some
natural topographic barriers such as mountains and
can’t move forward hence rise up, causing
condensation and precipitation.
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Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
7. Comparison between methods for
calculating average rainfall
• Arithmetic mean method
– Assumes uniform rainfall distribution
– Very seldom occurs
– Easiest to use but least accurate
• Thiessen polygon method
– Assumes linear variation
– Use when gauges are not uniformly distributed
– Can use gauges outside of watershed
30-08-2017 7Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
8. Comparison between methods for
calculating average rainfall
• Isohyetal method
– Theoretically the most accurate
– Most time consuming method
– Can use gauges outside of the watershed
30-08-2017 8Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
10. What is Rain gauge
• A Rain gauge is a type of instrument used
by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and
measure the amount of liquid precipitation over a set
of time.
30-08-2017 10Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
11. History of Rain Gauge
• The first known rainfall records were kept by the Ancient
Greeks, about 500 B.C. This was followed 100 years later
by people in India using bowls to record the rainfall.
• While some sources state that the much later cheugugi of
Korea was the world's first gauge, other sources say that
Jang Yeong-sil developed or refined an existing gauge. In
1662, Christopher Wren created the first tipping-bucket rain
gauge in Britain.
30-08-2017 11Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
12. Principles of it
• Most rain gauges generally measure the precipitation
in millimeters. The level of rainfall is sometimes reported
as inches or centimeters.
• Rain gauge amounts are read either manually or
by automatic weather station (AWS).
• Another problem encountered is when the temperature is
close to or below freezing. Rain may fall on the funnel and
ice or snow may collect in the gauge and not permit any
subsequent rain to pass through.
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13. Use of Rain Gauge
• Study of water resources.
• Used to design water harvesting structures.
• Measure intensity of rainfall.
• Helps collecting information of rainfall with respect
to time.
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14. Minimum density of rain gauges
according to IS 4987-1968
• In plains : 1 station per 520 km2
• In regions of avg. elevation of 1000m : 1 station per 260-
390 km2
• In predominantly hilly areas with heavy rainfall : 1 station
per 130 km2
• In India, usually it is 630 sq km between 2 rain gauges
• Data collected are sent to weather station
• 10% of total should be self recording rain gauges
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15. Where to place rain gauge
• Collector area parallel to ground.
• Open surface area where there are no big trees or
building nearby.
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16. Types of rain gauge
1. Non - Recording Type Rain Gauge
• Most Commonly used rain gauge having collector
surface
2. Recording Type Rain Gauge
• A well calibrated system having equipments to record
on its own
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17. • Most rain gauges used in India are non-recording
type i.e. Symon's rain gauge.
• Recordings or readings are taken at 8:30 am
• And if rainfall is more then intermediate readings are
taken at 5:30pm or in case of heavy rainfall.
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17Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
18. 1) Non - recording gauge:-
Symons’ Rain gauge Extensively use in
India
Accuracy 0.1mm
Recording done at
8.30am
Capacity is10cm
Incase of Heavy
rainfall
Low Maintenance
30-08-2017 18Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
20. Non-recording type Symons' rain gauge
• It consists of a funnel with a circular rim of 12.7 cm
diameter and a glass bottle as a receiver.
• The cylindrical metal casing is fixed vertically to the
masonry foundation with the level rim 30cm above the
ground surface.
• The rain falling into the funnel is collected in the receiver
and is measured in a special measuring glass graduated in
mm of rainfall; when full it can measure 1.25 cm of rain.
• The rainfall is measured every day at 08.30 hours IST.
30-08-2017 20Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
21. • During heavy rains, it must be measured three or four
times in the day, due to the receiver fill and overflow, but
the last measurement should be at 08.30 hours IST and the
sum total of all the measurements during the previous 24
hours entered as the rainfall of the day in the register.
• Usually, rainfall measurements are made at 08.30 hr IST
and sometimes at 17.30 hr IST also.
30-08-2017 21Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
22. • Non-recording or the Symon’s rain gauge gives
only the total depth of rainfall for the previous 24
hours (i.e., daily rainfall)
• It is often desirable to protect the gauge from being
damaged by cattle and for this purpose a barbed wire
fence may be erected around it.
30-08-2017 22Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
23. Recording type rain gauge
• This is also called self-recording, automatic or integrating
rain gauge.
• This type of rain gauge has an automatic mechanical
arrangement consisting of a clockwork, a drum with a graph
paper fixed around it and a pencil point, which draws the
mass curve of rainfall.
• From this mass curve, the depth of rainfall in a given time,
the rate or intensity of rainfall at any instant during a storm,
time of onset and cessation of rainfall can be determined.
30-08-2017 23Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
24. Types of recording rain gauges
1. Tipping bucket Rain gauge.
2. Weighing Rain gauge.
3. Float type Rain gauge.
30-08-2017 24Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
25. Tipping bucket Rain gauge
30.5 cm size as per US
weather bureau.
water collect from Tip
bucket to storage tank.
least count of 1 mm and gives
out one electrical pulse for
every millimeter of rainfall.
30-08-2017 25Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
27. Tipping bucket rain gauge:- This consists of a cylindrical
receiver 30 cm diameter with a funnel inside . Just below the
funnel a pair of tipping buckets is pivoted.
such that when one of the bucket receives a rainfall of 0.25
mm it tips and empties into a tank below, while the other
bucket takes its position and the process is repeated. The
tipping of the bucket actuates on electric circuit which causes
a pen to move on a chart wrapped round a drum which
revolves by a clock mechanism. This type cannot record
snow.
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27Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
29. It consists of a storage bin, which is
weighed to record the mass. It
weights rain or snow which falls
into a bucket, set on a platform with
a spring or lever balance. The
increasing weight of the bucket and
its contents are recorded on a chart.
The record shows accumulation of
precipitation.
Weighing Rain gauge
30-08-2017 29Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
30. • Weighing type rain gauge. In this type of rain-
gauge, when a certain weight of rainfall is collected in
a tank, which rests on a spring-lever balance, it makes
a pen to move on a chart wrapped round a clock driven
drum.
• The rotation of the drum sets the time scale while the
vertical motion of the pen records the cumulative
precipitation.
30-08-2017 30Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
31. Weighing type rain gauge
30-08-2017 31Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
32. Float type Rain gauge
30-08-2017 32Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
33. Float type Rain gauge
30-08-2017 33Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
34. • Float type rain gauge. In this type, as the rain is
collected in a float chamber, the float moves up which
makes a pen to move on a chart wrapped round a clock
driven drum. When the float chamber fills up, the water
siphons out automatically.
• The clockwork revolves the drum once in 24hr.The
clock mechanism needs rewinding once in a week when
the chart wrapped round the drum is also replaced. This
type of gauge is used by IMD.
30-08-2017 34Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
36. The standard rain gauge,
developed around the start of
the 20th century, consists of a
funnel attached to a
graduated cylinder (2 cm in
diameter) that fits inside a
larger outside container
(20 cm in diameter and
50 cm tall).
Standard rain gauge
30-08-2017 36Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
37. These have a row of collection
funnels. In an enclosed space
below each is a laser diode and
a photo transistor detector.
When enough water is collected
to make a single drop, it drips
from the bottom, falling into the
laser beam path.
Optical rain gauge
30-08-2017 37Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
38. The acoustic
disdrometer developed
by Stijn de Jong is an
acoustic rain gauge. The
big advantage of this
design is that it is a lot
less costly.
Acoustic rain gauge
30-08-2017 38Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
39. Recording of Rain from gauge
• Collected Rainfall is measured around 8:30 am.
• The rainfall accumulated is put into a measuring
cylinder.
• This measuring cylinder is standard and
calibrated.
• Recording of rainfall is done daily.
30-08-2017 39Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
40. Calculation of Rainfall
We know two things,
• Volume of rain water collected(Vol.)
• Area of the funnel/cup collecting surface(A)
Rainfall in mm = Vol. of water/Area of collector
30-08-2017 40Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
41. Adequacy of rain gauge stations
30-08-2017 41Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
42. frequency of the rainfall
the frequency of the rainfall is the number of time
that a given magnitude of the rainfall may occur in a
given period.
The study of the probability of the occurrence of a
particular extreme (such as 24-hr. maximum rainfall )
is of extreme important to determination of the design
flood.
30-08-2017 42Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
43. frequency of the rainfall
The probability of an event bring equaled
by the following formulae
• California formula : Pro = m/N
• Hazen formula : Pro = 2m-1/2N
• Weibull formula : Pro = m/N+1
Where N = no of years of record
Pro = probability
30-08-2017 43Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur
44. REFERENCES
• Engineering Hydrology K.Subramanya, Mc Graw Hill Publication.
• Engineering Hydrology Rajesh Shrivastav and Ashu Jain, Mc Graw Hill
Publication.
• Introduction to Physical Hydrology, Martin R. Hendricks.
• Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Bedient, Huber and Vieux.
• National Geographic Magazine.
30-08-2017 44Dept. of Civil Engg,Pietech,Raipur