This document discusses hydrographs and unit hydrographs. It defines a hydrograph as a graph showing the rate of flow versus time past a specific point in a river. It notes that hydrographs are commonly used in sewerage design. It then describes the components of a hydrograph including the rising limb, recession limb, peak discharge, lag time, and time to peak. Finally, it discusses unit hydrographs, defining a unit hydrograph as the runoff resulting from 1 unit of rainfall excess. It provides examples of deriving unit hydrographs from observed hydrographs and flood hydrographs.
Reservoir Planning: Introduction; Investigations for reservoir planning; Selection of site for a reservoir; Zones of storage in a reservoir; Storage capacity and yield; Mass inflow curve and demand curve; Calculation of reservoir capacity for a specified yield from the mass inflow curve; Determination of safe yield from a reservoir of a given capacity; Sediment flow in streams; Life of reservoir; Reservoir sediment control; flood routing. Various types of Spillways and design.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
Definition of drought, Causes of drought, measures for water conservation and
augmentation, drought contingency planning. Water harvesting: rainwater
collection, small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff collection, ponds, tanks.
Stream Gauging: Necessity; Selection of gauging sites; Methods of discharge measurement; Area-Velocity method; Venturi flume; Chemical method; weir method; Measurement of velocity; Floats Surface float, Sub–surface float or Double float, Twin float, Velocity rod or Rod float; Pitot tube; Current meter; Working of current meter; rating of current meter; Measurement of area of flow; Measurement of width - Pivot point method; Measurement of depth Sounding rod, Echo- sounder.
Reservoir Planning: Introduction; Investigations for reservoir planning; Selection of site for a reservoir; Zones of storage in a reservoir; Storage capacity and yield; Mass inflow curve and demand curve; Calculation of reservoir capacity for a specified yield from the mass inflow curve; Determination of safe yield from a reservoir of a given capacity; Sediment flow in streams; Life of reservoir; Reservoir sediment control; flood routing. Various types of Spillways and design.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
Definition of drought, Causes of drought, measures for water conservation and
augmentation, drought contingency planning. Water harvesting: rainwater
collection, small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff collection, ponds, tanks.
Stream Gauging: Necessity; Selection of gauging sites; Methods of discharge measurement; Area-Velocity method; Venturi flume; Chemical method; weir method; Measurement of velocity; Floats Surface float, Sub–surface float or Double float, Twin float, Velocity rod or Rod float; Pitot tube; Current meter; Working of current meter; rating of current meter; Measurement of area of flow; Measurement of width - Pivot point method; Measurement of depth Sounding rod, Echo- sounder.
1. Distribution of Runoff
2. Hydrograph Analysis
a) Hydrograph & Unit Hydrograph
b) S - Hydrograph & Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
3. Computation of Design Discharge
a) Rational Formulae
b) SCS Curve Number Method
4. Flood Frequency Analysis
5. Flood Routing
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
A study on evacuation performance of sit type water closet by computational f...combi07
This study was undertaken to study the performance of the type of toilet seat by using CFD numerical methods to obtain the optimum flow rate to reduce water usage. Toilet seat has two main types which is siphon and washdown. The case is the model type of siphon and washdown, using a mixture of water and air as a medium to flush the toilet. The area is considered critical to all cases in the stagnant water inlet and outlet. The analysis result, shows that the type of siphon is better than the washdown for the both case. The comparison also show that (Siphon Type Water closet) second case has better performance than (Washdown Water Closet) the first case.
Draft Tube and Cavitation | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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Unit Quantities of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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Specific Speed of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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This presentation includes the revision of basics principles and equations of fluid mechanics used while studying the turbines. These basics include the continuity equation, mass flow rate, Bernoulli's equation, velocity vector diagram at inlet and outlet of the unsymmetrical vane, when the jet of water striking tangentially, etc.
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This presentation discusses all the elements of water conductor system which includes: Intake Structure, Elements of intake, types of intake structure, Types of Water Conductor System - Open channel and pressure tunnels, Penstock and its classification
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
The outline of the presentation: Site Selection For HP Plant; and Components of HP Plant; Catchment Area; Reservoir; Dam; Fore bay; Sluice Gate; Spillway; Intake Structure; Penstock; Surge Tank; Power House;Turbines; Generators; Draft Tube; Tail Race
The presentation covers: History of Development in India, Current Status & Potential of Hydro Power, Necessity of HP Development, Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower, Comparison between Hydro Power, Thermal Power and Nuclear Power, Challenges/Barriers in Development of HP, Place of Hydro-Power in Power System
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
2. HYDROGRAPH
It is a graph showing the rate of
flow (discharge) versus time past a
specific point in a river, or other
channel or conduit carrying flow.
It can also called as a graph
showing the volume of water
reaching a particular outfall.
3. Such hydrographs are commonly used in the
design of sewerage, more specifically, the
design of surface water sewerage systems
and combined sewers.
4. COMPONENTS OF A HYDROGRAPH
Rising limb:
The rising limb of hydro graph, also known as concentration
curve, reflects a prolonged increase in discharge from a catchment
area, typically in response to a rainfall event
Recession (or falling) limb:
The recession limb extends from the peak flow rate onward.
The end of stormflow (aka quickflow or direct runoff) and the
return to groundwater-derived flow (base flow) is often taken as
the point of inflection of the recession limb.
The recession limb represents the withdrawal of water from the
storage built up in the basin during the earlier phases of the
hydrograph.
5. Peak discharge:
The highest point on the hydro graph when the rate of
discharge is greatest
Lag time:
The time interval from the center of mass of rainfall excess
to the peak of the resulting hydrograph
Time to peak:
The time interval from the start of the resulting hydro graph
Discharge:
The rate of flow (volume per unit time) passing a specific
location in a river or other channel
6.
7. Hydrograph usually consists of a fairly regular
lower portion that changes slowly throughout the
year and a rapidly fluctuating component that
represents the immediate response to rainfall.
The lower, slowly changing portion is termed
base flow. The rapidly fluctuating component is
called direct runoff.
Unit Hydrograph
8.
9. UNIT HYDROGRAPH
The amount of run-off resulting from 1 unit (1cm,
1mm, 1ft, etc.) of rainfall excess.
is essentially a tool for determining the direct runoff
response to rainfall.
Once you know the watershed’s response to one
storm, you can predict what its response for another
will look like.
10. Basic Assumptions of UH
UH
1. The effective rainfall is uniformly distributed within its duration
2. The effective rainfall is uniformly distributed over the whole
drainage basin
3. The base duration of direct runoff hydrograph due to an effective
rainfall of unit duration is constant.
4. The ordinates of DRH are directly proportional to the total
amount of DR of each hydrograph
5. For a given basin, the runoff hydrograph due to a given period of
rainfall reflects all the combined physical characteristics of basin
(time-invariant)
11. Procedure for Derivation of UH from Hydrograph
Type-I
Derivation of Unit Hydrograph from Given
DRH or Flood Hydrograph
Time (hr) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
Observed
hydrograph(m3
/s)
100 100 300 700 1000 800 600 400 300 200 100 100
In a typical 6-hr storm, 4 cm excess rainfall is
occurring. The flow recorded in the catchment as
shown below. Derive an unit hydrograph for 6-hr
storm. Assume Base flow is 100 cu.meter/sec.
12. Soln:
Step-1: Compute DRH (Col. 3)
DRH=Ordinates of flood hydrograph – Base flow
Step-2: Compute 6hr-UH (Col. 4)
Ordinates of UH = Ordinates of DRH / Excess
Rainfall
14. Type-II
Derivation of DRH or Flood Hydrograph
from Given Unit Hydrograph
Time (hr) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
ordinates
of 3 hr
UH
(m3/s)
0 12 75 132 180 210 183 156 135 144 96 87 66 54
42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63
42 33 24 18 12 6 6 0
Q. The ordinates of 3 hr UH is given below. Assume
Base flow is 15 cu.meter/sec. Derive the DRH for 2
cm, 6 cm and 4 cm excess rainfall.
16. Type-III
Derivation of T-hr Unit Hydrograph from
Given D-hr unit Hydrograph
If UH of specified UH is available, then we can
derive of any other duration UH by using
superposition techniques.
But, the use of this technique is limited i.e. if
required duration is integral multiple of given
duration UH, then this technique is easy to use
and compute req. UH.
For ex. Derivation of 16 hr UH from given 4hr
UH, then superposition technique is applicable,
But when it is necessary to derive 4hr UH from
given 16hr UH, then S-curve technique should be
used.
17. Type-III (A): Derivation of req. T-hr UH from Given
D-hr UH (where T is the multiple integral of D)
Time (hr) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
ordinates of
3 hr UH
(m3/s)
0 12 75 132 180 210 183 156 135 144 96 87 66 54
4
2
45 48 51 54 57 60 63
4
2
33 24 18 12 6 6 0
Q. The ordinates of 3 hr UH is given below. Assume
Base flow is 15 cu.meter/sec.
Derive the 9 hr UH.
18. Soln:
Step-1: See the given duration and req. duration.
Given Duration of UH = 3 hr
Req. duration = 9hr
i.e. 9 is the integral multiple of 3. Thus, superposition technique is
applicable.
Step-2: if we add 3 hr UH by 3 times then we got 9 hr UH
i.e. 3hr + 3hr + 3hr = 9 hr
but, at the same when we adding the 3 UH of 1 cm each, resulted
hydrograph will be DRH of 1+1+1= 3 cm excess rainfall.
Thus, in 2nd step, lag ordinates of given UH by 3 hr and then again
lag by 3 hr (Col. 3 & 4)
Step-3: Add these lagged UH i.e. Col.6, this will give us DRH of
3cm ER.
Step-4: Divide col.6/3cm (bcoz we want to plot UH)