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Presentation by Delia Grace, Food Safety Workshop 24 May 2017
1. 1
Why food safety matters for development:
agri-food system perspective
Delia Grace, ILRI and CRP A4NH
Better Targeting Food Safety Investments in Low and Middle Income Countries
Brussels, 24 May 2017
3. Foodborne disease matters for development
High health burden mainly borne mainly by LMICs
High concern of consumers and policymakers
High costs of disease and disease control
High risk of un-intended consequences of conventional
approaches to improving food safety in informal markets
High potential benefits from leveraging demand for safe food
5. 5
FBD- a new priority
burden comparable HIV/AIDs, malaria, TB
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
18,000,000
20,000,000
Asia Africa Other
developing
Developed
Other toxins
Aflatoxins
Helminths
Microbial
Havelaar et al.,
2015
6. Growing concern about food safety
• Many/most reported concern
over food safety (40-97%)
• Willing to pay 5-10% premium
for food safety
• Buy 20-40% less during animal
health scares
• Younger, wealthier, town-
residing, supermarket-shoppers
willing to pay more for safety
Jabbar et al., 2010
10. Characteristics
No effective health and
safety regulations;
Many actors;
Pay no tax;
Traditional processing
& retail practices;
Poor infrastructure;
Little support from
public sector or NGO.
Cheap;
Fresh;
Local breeds;
Taste;
Trust vendors;
Credit.
INFORMAL
MARKETS
More than 80% of perishables bought
from informal markets
13. Hazards are high but risks vary
Fail standards: bacteria
100% milk in Assam, India
98% of raw meat in Ibadan,
Nigeria
94% of pork in Nagaland, India
77% farmed fish in Egypt
Fail standards: chemical
92% milk in Addis Ababa
46% milk in Kenya
Diarrhoea in last 2 weeks
• 0.02% consumers in Canada
• 0.02% raw milk buyers in
Kenya
• 23% consumers in Nagaland
• 43% Nigerian butchers
Hazards are high, but risks are variable
14. Perceptions are a poor guide to safety
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Coliforms Total
bacteria
SamplesComplyingwithStandards%
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Coliforms Total
bacteria
Fat Added water SNF
Pasteurised
Raw
15. Economic costs: cost of FBD and market access
Cost of illness: USA over $15 billion annually (Hoffmann
2015); Australia $0.5 -$2 billion per year (Abelson P 2006).
– Vietnam: hospitalisaton for FBD $6 million a year (Hoang, 2015)
– Nigeria: $3.6 billion (Grace, 2012)
Food safety standards often exclude small firms and
farms from export markets and emerging domestic
markets
– Kenya and Uganda saw major declines (60% and 40%) in small
farmers participating in export of fruit and vegetables to Europe under
16. Un-intended consequences 1:
nutrition and health
Wet market
milk
Supermarket
milk
Most common
price /litre
56 cents One dollar
Infants
consume daily
67% 65%
Boil milk 99% 79%
• When markets
differentiate by
quality,
substandard food
is targeted to the
poor
17. 17
Milk (cow)
Production: men (x Nairobi)
Processing: women
Marketing: women (x
Abidjan)
Consumed: both
Poultry
Production: women
Processing: women
Marketing: women
Consumed: both
Milk (goat)
Production: men (w milk)
Processing: women
Marketing: women
Consumed: both
Beef/goat
Production: men (w assist)
Processing: men
Marketing: men
(butcher,pub)
Consumed: both
Pigs
Production: women
Processing: men
Marketing: men
Consumed: both
Fish, crabs
Fishing: men
Processing: women
Marketing: women)
Consumed: both
Un-intended consequences 2:
Food safety & livelihoods
19. Scalable and sustainable?
Methodological: prioritisation, risk based approaches, HACCP
Appropriate Technology: milk cans, boilers
Novel Technology: Aflasafe
Programmatic: street traders, T&C
Zoonoses: control in reservoir hosts
Policies: enabling environment
20. Take home messages
FBD is important for health and development
Most is due to microbes & worms in fresh foods sold in wet
markets
In LMIC the wet market constitutes most of the private
sector
Hazards in wet markets are always high but risks are
sometimes low and perception is a poor guide
Regulations necessary but not sufficient
Provide, control & command doesn’t work but solutions
based on working with the informal sector more promising
21. Acknowledgements
The research featured in this presentation was funded by GIZ, IDRC,
DFID, WB, ACIAR, MFA, CRP A4NH among other donors.
21