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This document discusses the Bengali speech community and the varieties of the Bengali language. It defines a speech community as a group that sociolinguists study and explains that members may belong to other groups and not necessarily interact face-to-face. It also describes the linguistic boundaries of an ideal speech community, differences between colloquial and regional varieties of Bengali, and how communities of practice form based on factors like education, government work, and official purposes.
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This document discusses Bengali speech communities and varieties of the Bengali language. It defines a speech community as the type of group that sociolinguists study. It notes that while English has standardized and regional varieties spoken across the world, Bengali also has formal standardized varieties as well as colloquial varieties that differ by region. The regional varieties are considered dialects of the standardized Bengali, while colloquial varieties remain non-localized accents. Varieties differ in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation depending on the speaker's background and context. The standardized Bengali has no regional affiliation, while colloquial varieties and dialects reflect regional influences.
Eassy
A speech community is defined as a group that shares a common language and language patterns, and communicates more within the group than outside of it. Some linguists propose the theoretical concept of an 'ideal' speech community for analytical purposes, though real speech communities exist within social contexts. A language has more influence and power than any of its dialects. While dialects may vary regionally, they should not be confused with accents. Bangladesh can be described as a monolingual speech community, as the vast majority of people use Bangla and regional dialects are respected. In Bangladesh, standard Bangla is used in formal contexts nationwide, while dialects vary regionally depending on social and educational backgrounds.
Oral presentation
Language functions refer to the purposes for which people use language, such as to communicate information, express feelings, or direct others to take actions. They can be categorized as micro functions like physiological needs or macro functions like ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Common types of language functions are informative to share content, expressive to convey emotions, and directive to cause effects. Examples include stating a fact, showing pain, or requesting an action. Teaching language functions involves considering social contexts like relationships, circumstances, and topics of discussion.
Language fuctions
Language functions as all of the purpose with which we use the language. Basically, the function of language is used for communication; we use the language to give and receive messages between ourselves.
Presentation 2
This document provides an overview of the nature and function of language. It discusses key topics such as defining language, types of language, elements and modes of language, and subsystems of language including morphology, lexicology, syntax, and semantics. Specific points covered include defining language as a system of sounds used for communication, different types of verbal and non-verbal language, modes of spoken and written language, and morphological concepts like morphemes, open vs closed word classes, and clause and sentence structure.
Language functions
The document outlines the key aspects and perspectives on language functions. It defines language and its functions. Language functions are processed both socially and biologically. There are various proponents of language functions cited. Language functions can be studied from general/micro and meta/macro aspects. General functions include physiological, phatic, recording, identifying, reasoning, communicating, and pleasure functions. Metafunctions include the ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The document concludes that language allows for flexible communication and that the study of language functions is constructive across various disciplines.
Function of language
This document discusses the micro and macro functions of language. It outlines seven micro functions: physiological, phatic, recording, identifying, reasoning, communicating, and pleasure functions. The physiological function releases physical and nervous energy through expressions like curse words. The phatic function facilitates sociability in communications like greeting letters. The four macro functions are ideational, interpersonal, poetic, and textual. The ideational function involves conceptual thinking, while the interpersonal function emphasizes language as a social tool to project the speaker. The poetic function manipulates language creatively, and the textual function creates cohesive and coherent long-form writing or speech. In conclusion, these are one perspective on language functions, and other approaches may identify different functions or names
Mental grammar
This document discusses linguistic competence and descriptive grammar. [1] Linguistic competence refers to the unconscious mental grammar and rules that allow people to understand and produce language. [2] Descriptive grammar describes how a language is actually used by analyzing and formulating rules based on real usage, without judgments of right or wrong. [3] Linguists are interested in linguistic competence, the mental grammar, though they must study descriptive grammar as an intermediary to understand competence.
Recommended
Scl
This document discusses Bengali speech communities and varieties of the Bengali language. It defines a speech community as the type of group that sociolinguists study. It notes that while English has standardized and regional varieties spoken across the world, Bengali also has formal standardized varieties as well as colloquial varieties that differ by region. The regional varieties are considered dialects of the standardized Bengali, while colloquial varieties remain non-localized accents. Varieties differ in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation depending on the speaker's background and context. The standardized Bengali has no regional affiliation, while colloquial varieties and dialects reflect regional influences.
Eassy
A speech community is defined as a group that shares a common language and language patterns, and communicates more within the group than outside of it. Some linguists propose the theoretical concept of an 'ideal' speech community for analytical purposes, though real speech communities exist within social contexts. A language has more influence and power than any of its dialects. While dialects may vary regionally, they should not be confused with accents. Bangladesh can be described as a monolingual speech community, as the vast majority of people use Bangla and regional dialects are respected. In Bangladesh, standard Bangla is used in formal contexts nationwide, while dialects vary regionally depending on social and educational backgrounds.
Oral presentation
Language functions refer to the purposes for which people use language, such as to communicate information, express feelings, or direct others to take actions. They can be categorized as micro functions like physiological needs or macro functions like ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Common types of language functions are informative to share content, expressive to convey emotions, and directive to cause effects. Examples include stating a fact, showing pain, or requesting an action. Teaching language functions involves considering social contexts like relationships, circumstances, and topics of discussion.
Language fuctions
Language functions as all of the purpose with which we use the language. Basically, the function of language is used for communication; we use the language to give and receive messages between ourselves.
Presentation 2
This document provides an overview of the nature and function of language. It discusses key topics such as defining language, types of language, elements and modes of language, and subsystems of language including morphology, lexicology, syntax, and semantics. Specific points covered include defining language as a system of sounds used for communication, different types of verbal and non-verbal language, modes of spoken and written language, and morphological concepts like morphemes, open vs closed word classes, and clause and sentence structure.
Language functions
The document outlines the key aspects and perspectives on language functions. It defines language and its functions. Language functions are processed both socially and biologically. There are various proponents of language functions cited. Language functions can be studied from general/micro and meta/macro aspects. General functions include physiological, phatic, recording, identifying, reasoning, communicating, and pleasure functions. Metafunctions include the ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The document concludes that language allows for flexible communication and that the study of language functions is constructive across various disciplines.
Function of language
This document discusses the micro and macro functions of language. It outlines seven micro functions: physiological, phatic, recording, identifying, reasoning, communicating, and pleasure functions. The physiological function releases physical and nervous energy through expressions like curse words. The phatic function facilitates sociability in communications like greeting letters. The four macro functions are ideational, interpersonal, poetic, and textual. The ideational function involves conceptual thinking, while the interpersonal function emphasizes language as a social tool to project the speaker. The poetic function manipulates language creatively, and the textual function creates cohesive and coherent long-form writing or speech. In conclusion, these are one perspective on language functions, and other approaches may identify different functions or names
Mental grammar
This document discusses linguistic competence and descriptive grammar. [1] Linguistic competence refers to the unconscious mental grammar and rules that allow people to understand and produce language. [2] Descriptive grammar describes how a language is actually used by analyzing and formulating rules based on real usage, without judgments of right or wrong. [3] Linguists are interested in linguistic competence, the mental grammar, though they must study descriptive grammar as an intermediary to understand competence.
Types of corpus linguistics Parallel ,aligned...
Parallel corpora consist of original texts and their translations between two or more languages. They are aligned so that corresponding segments, such as sentences or paragraphs, can be matched between languages. This allows users to search for words or phrases in one language and see the translations in the other language. Parallel corpora can be used for contrastive linguistics to analyze similarities and differences between languages, as well as for translation studies and lexicology. Examples of parallel corpora include the English-German Translation Corpus and the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus. Comparable corpora contain similar text types and genres in different languages or language varieties to allow for comparison. Aligned corpora explicitly link translated elements, such as sentences, phrases, or words, between
Mental Grammar-Descriptive Grammar (Competence Grammar, Linguistic Grammar)
This document discusses mental grammar, which refers to a person's innate and unconscious knowledge of the rules and principles that govern a language and allow them to produce and understand utterances. Mental grammar is also known as linguistic competence. The document contrasts mental grammar with descriptive grammar, which analyzes and describes how a language is actually used by its speakers, without judgments of right or wrong usage. The document also outlines some of the key components that make up people's mental grammar, including words, morphology, word classes, and sentence structure.
Register theory
This assignment covers the following bullets.
Register Theory
Language Variations
Register
Components of Register
Field
Tenor
Mode
Language And Prescriptive Grammar
The document discusses language and prescriptive grammar. It argues that language is an innate human ability, not something with rigid rules. While some think languages like Latin or English should follow strict rules, the document notes that languages evolve naturally and no language is inherently "right" or "wrong." Prescriptive grammar rules often come from trying to make languages like English conform to Latin, when they are very different types of languages.
What is grammar
This document defines and compares different types of grammar. It explains that descriptive grammar objectively describes a language's rules, while prescriptive grammar prescribes rules about how a language should be used. Universal grammar refers to innate linguistic properties that are shared across all human languages. Traditional grammar provides a framework for describing a language's structure and determining correct usage. The document also discusses how learning grammar is important for effective communication and language learning, as grammar provides the rules for forming sentences.
Language forms and functions
Language is unique to each culture and society, but is also innate and rule-governed. It allows for creativity within universal patterns and is learned through interaction between people. Linguistic signs like words represent objects, events, and ideas, and can be iconic, indexical, or symbolic. Grammar provides the structural rules that govern a language and enable effective communication through competencies held implicitly by native speakers.
elements of language &style
The document discusses four principles of language:
1. Directness - Language should be active, personal, and use "you" to directly address the audience.
2. Abstraction - Language should be specific rather than abstract.
3. Objectivity - Words can have both denotative and connotative meanings, so speakers should consider how audiences may interpret terms.
4. Formality - Language should be at a slightly formal level, using common words and informal constructions that are not incorrect. The summary captures the key points about the four principles of language discussed in the document.
Translation and Language Functions
Based mainly on chapter 3 from Peter Newmark (A Textbook of Translation) about the functions of language.
Ppt ibuk
There are four main types of grammar:
1. Generative/theoretical grammar which looks at the entire linguistic system from sounds to meaning.
2. Descriptive grammar which describes the structure of a language from its smallest units.
3. Pedagogical grammar which is used by students and teachers.
4. Perspective grammar which looks at how people normally speak a language.
Fundamental concepts in linguistics
This document discusses Saussure's concepts of langue and parole, and key linguistic concepts like linguistic signs, linguistic structure and relationships between elements. It explains that langue refers to the abstract rules and conventions of a language shared by a language community, while parole is the individual usage and performance of language. It describes language as a system with elements in paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships. Saussure prioritized the synchronic study of language as it exists at a point in time over the diachronic study of language changes over time.
Nature of language
Language can refer to a system of communication used by humans or a specific instance of such a system. There are approximately 3000-6000 natural languages spoken worldwide with sign languages and written languages also considered forms of language. Language allows humans to learn and use complex communication systems. Words can have literal meanings as well as implied meanings from context and interpretation. Different types of meanings include denotative, connotative, social, metaphorical, emotive, and pragmatic meanings which depend on factors such as context, intent, interpretation, and cultural associations.
Register theory
Register theory
Presented
By
Ata ul ghafer & Shoiba sabir
Department of Applied Linguistics
GCUF
Functional Linguistics
The document discusses functional linguistics theories including Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and Speech Act Theory. It covers:
- SFG views meaning as primary, with language having features to perform functions. Two main schools are the Prague School (Jakobson) and Copenhagen School (Halliday).
- Jakobson identified 6 language functions. Halliday identified 3 metafunctions - ideational (experience), interpersonal (interaction), and textual (structure).
- Speech Act Theory sees utterances as doing more than just meaning, with locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Illocutionary acts include assertives, directives, commissives, expressives,
Traditional grammar ppt
Traditional grammar refers to the prescriptive rules of grammar commonly taught in schools, which are largely based on Latin grammar rather than modern linguistic research. It focuses on distinguishing "correct" versus "incorrect" language usage according to established standards. While traditional grammar aims to perpetuate proper language, it lacks a theoretical framework and is inadequate for describing all languages. However, it remains widely used in language education due to its influence on educational systems.
Discourse Analysis
The document discusses different aspects of language and discourse analysis. It defines language register as a variety of language used for a particular purpose or social setting. It provides examples of formal and informal language registers. It also discusses formality scales in language, varieties of registers defined by settings and social events, and rhetorical concepts of language from different thinkers throughout history.
Descriptive vs
Descriptive grammar observes and describes how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments, while prescriptive grammar prescribes rules for what is considered correct or incorrect usage. Descriptive grammar focuses on patterns in language, whereas prescriptive grammar establishes rules for syntax, word structures, and usage. Both are concerned with rules, but descriptive grammar describes patterns observed in linguistic studies, and prescriptive grammar aims to lay out authoritative rules for language use.
Syntagmatic Competencies Vs Paradigmatic Competencies J Ul 2004 Ccnn
In this presentation we show some students' mistakes in order to show that they basically fail due to incompetent syntagmatic competencies rather than grammatical inaccuracies. They are not able to understand the relationship between words, by just learning grammar rules.
Functions of language
Language serves two main functions: transactional and interactional. The transactional view sees language as a way to transmit information between people, as in making requests or sharing facts. The interactional view sees language as a way to express social relationships and personal attitudes, as in greetings or casual conversation. Transactional language prioritizes the message, while interactional language prioritizes the relationship between participants. Both functions are important for human communication, though interactional language may be more common in daily life as people seek to maintain social bonds.
Spoken and written language presentation
This is a slides about spoken and written language. In this presentation I put the main differences between these two types of languages.
Communicative competence
Communicative competence is the ability to function in communicative settings and negotiate meaning together with others. It involves social, pragmatic, sociolinguistic, grammatical, semiotic, linguistic, strategic, literacy and discursive competences. The language teaching approach to competences overlaps with the basic educational approach, with sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competences being shared between the two approaches. Understanding competences in general education can help inform how to teach languages and develop competent students.
Introduction to Soicolinguistics
The document discusses sociolinguistics and language variation. It defines sociolinguistics as the systematic study of language in society, focusing on how individuals and groups use language in social contexts. There are three main perspectives in sociolinguistics: geographic, examining regional dialects; anthropological, studying the relationship between language, culture and thought; and sociological, analyzing the link between social relations and language varieties. Speech communities are groups that share the same or similar language varieties. Varieties include dialects, sociolects, and idiolects, which differ by region, social class, gender, age, and ethnicity at the lexical, phonological and syntactic levels. Pidgins are simplified mixed languages for basic communication between
sociolinguistics 2.pdf
This document outlines the topics that will be covered in a sociolinguistics course, including definitions of key terms like variety, language, dialect, speech community, standard language, dialectology, and register. It provides definitions and discussions of these terms, explaining concepts like the processes of standardization, dialects and mutual intelligibility, and the systematic study of dialects known as dialectology. The course will examine issues around distinguishing languages and dialects and the social aspects of linguistic variation.
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Types of corpus linguistics Parallel ,aligned...
Parallel corpora consist of original texts and their translations between two or more languages. They are aligned so that corresponding segments, such as sentences or paragraphs, can be matched between languages. This allows users to search for words or phrases in one language and see the translations in the other language. Parallel corpora can be used for contrastive linguistics to analyze similarities and differences between languages, as well as for translation studies and lexicology. Examples of parallel corpora include the English-German Translation Corpus and the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus. Comparable corpora contain similar text types and genres in different languages or language varieties to allow for comparison. Aligned corpora explicitly link translated elements, such as sentences, phrases, or words, between
Mental Grammar-Descriptive Grammar (Competence Grammar, Linguistic Grammar)
This document discusses mental grammar, which refers to a person's innate and unconscious knowledge of the rules and principles that govern a language and allow them to produce and understand utterances. Mental grammar is also known as linguistic competence. The document contrasts mental grammar with descriptive grammar, which analyzes and describes how a language is actually used by its speakers, without judgments of right or wrong usage. The document also outlines some of the key components that make up people's mental grammar, including words, morphology, word classes, and sentence structure.
Register theory
This assignment covers the following bullets.
Register Theory
Language Variations
Register
Components of Register
Field
Tenor
Mode
Language And Prescriptive Grammar
The document discusses language and prescriptive grammar. It argues that language is an innate human ability, not something with rigid rules. While some think languages like Latin or English should follow strict rules, the document notes that languages evolve naturally and no language is inherently "right" or "wrong." Prescriptive grammar rules often come from trying to make languages like English conform to Latin, when they are very different types of languages.
What is grammar
This document defines and compares different types of grammar. It explains that descriptive grammar objectively describes a language's rules, while prescriptive grammar prescribes rules about how a language should be used. Universal grammar refers to innate linguistic properties that are shared across all human languages. Traditional grammar provides a framework for describing a language's structure and determining correct usage. The document also discusses how learning grammar is important for effective communication and language learning, as grammar provides the rules for forming sentences.
Language forms and functions
Language is unique to each culture and society, but is also innate and rule-governed. It allows for creativity within universal patterns and is learned through interaction between people. Linguistic signs like words represent objects, events, and ideas, and can be iconic, indexical, or symbolic. Grammar provides the structural rules that govern a language and enable effective communication through competencies held implicitly by native speakers.
elements of language &style
The document discusses four principles of language:
1. Directness - Language should be active, personal, and use "you" to directly address the audience.
2. Abstraction - Language should be specific rather than abstract.
3. Objectivity - Words can have both denotative and connotative meanings, so speakers should consider how audiences may interpret terms.
4. Formality - Language should be at a slightly formal level, using common words and informal constructions that are not incorrect. The summary captures the key points about the four principles of language discussed in the document.
Translation and Language Functions
Based mainly on chapter 3 from Peter Newmark (A Textbook of Translation) about the functions of language.
Ppt ibuk
There are four main types of grammar:
1. Generative/theoretical grammar which looks at the entire linguistic system from sounds to meaning.
2. Descriptive grammar which describes the structure of a language from its smallest units.
3. Pedagogical grammar which is used by students and teachers.
4. Perspective grammar which looks at how people normally speak a language.
Fundamental concepts in linguistics
This document discusses Saussure's concepts of langue and parole, and key linguistic concepts like linguistic signs, linguistic structure and relationships between elements. It explains that langue refers to the abstract rules and conventions of a language shared by a language community, while parole is the individual usage and performance of language. It describes language as a system with elements in paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships. Saussure prioritized the synchronic study of language as it exists at a point in time over the diachronic study of language changes over time.
Nature of language
Language can refer to a system of communication used by humans or a specific instance of such a system. There are approximately 3000-6000 natural languages spoken worldwide with sign languages and written languages also considered forms of language. Language allows humans to learn and use complex communication systems. Words can have literal meanings as well as implied meanings from context and interpretation. Different types of meanings include denotative, connotative, social, metaphorical, emotive, and pragmatic meanings which depend on factors such as context, intent, interpretation, and cultural associations.
Register theory
Register theory
Presented
By
Ata ul ghafer & Shoiba sabir
Department of Applied Linguistics
GCUF
Functional Linguistics
The document discusses functional linguistics theories including Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and Speech Act Theory. It covers:
- SFG views meaning as primary, with language having features to perform functions. Two main schools are the Prague School (Jakobson) and Copenhagen School (Halliday).
- Jakobson identified 6 language functions. Halliday identified 3 metafunctions - ideational (experience), interpersonal (interaction), and textual (structure).
- Speech Act Theory sees utterances as doing more than just meaning, with locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Illocutionary acts include assertives, directives, commissives, expressives,
Traditional grammar ppt
Traditional grammar refers to the prescriptive rules of grammar commonly taught in schools, which are largely based on Latin grammar rather than modern linguistic research. It focuses on distinguishing "correct" versus "incorrect" language usage according to established standards. While traditional grammar aims to perpetuate proper language, it lacks a theoretical framework and is inadequate for describing all languages. However, it remains widely used in language education due to its influence on educational systems.
Discourse Analysis
The document discusses different aspects of language and discourse analysis. It defines language register as a variety of language used for a particular purpose or social setting. It provides examples of formal and informal language registers. It also discusses formality scales in language, varieties of registers defined by settings and social events, and rhetorical concepts of language from different thinkers throughout history.
Descriptive vs
Descriptive grammar observes and describes how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments, while prescriptive grammar prescribes rules for what is considered correct or incorrect usage. Descriptive grammar focuses on patterns in language, whereas prescriptive grammar establishes rules for syntax, word structures, and usage. Both are concerned with rules, but descriptive grammar describes patterns observed in linguistic studies, and prescriptive grammar aims to lay out authoritative rules for language use.
Syntagmatic Competencies Vs Paradigmatic Competencies J Ul 2004 Ccnn
In this presentation we show some students' mistakes in order to show that they basically fail due to incompetent syntagmatic competencies rather than grammatical inaccuracies. They are not able to understand the relationship between words, by just learning grammar rules.
Functions of language
Language serves two main functions: transactional and interactional. The transactional view sees language as a way to transmit information between people, as in making requests or sharing facts. The interactional view sees language as a way to express social relationships and personal attitudes, as in greetings or casual conversation. Transactional language prioritizes the message, while interactional language prioritizes the relationship between participants. Both functions are important for human communication, though interactional language may be more common in daily life as people seek to maintain social bonds.
Spoken and written language presentation
This is a slides about spoken and written language. In this presentation I put the main differences between these two types of languages.
Communicative competence
Communicative competence is the ability to function in communicative settings and negotiate meaning together with others. It involves social, pragmatic, sociolinguistic, grammatical, semiotic, linguistic, strategic, literacy and discursive competences. The language teaching approach to competences overlaps with the basic educational approach, with sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competences being shared between the two approaches. Understanding competences in general education can help inform how to teach languages and develop competent students.
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Variation and Variation in Language .pptx
Variation
To understand things we putting them into group on the basis of how they look and behave
We groups things with a similar properties
For example. Think about the letter ‘X’ written in different font style.
Even it look different
But we can still recognise it is X
Forensic scientist do the same things.
But instead of focusing on what's the same, they focus on what's different.
This helps them figure out which bullet or shoe belongs to who or what
For instance,
just like how we can recognise who's talking or writing based on how they speak or write
scientists can use these differences to match things to specific people or groups.
Variation in language
Language variation refers to differences in how people pronounce words or use language based on their regional, social, or personal backgrounds.
For example, different pronunciation of word Tomato
(toe-may-toe) and "tomato" (tuh-mah-toe)
In the context of Emeril Lagassi's program on HGTV, there are three noticeable variations of the "r" sound in his spoken English:
1. Clearly pronounced /r/ in words like "red," "rim," "green," "orange," "first," and "butter."
2. Omission of the /r/ in words like "sharp," "hearts "parsley," etc.
3. Insertion of /r/ at the ends of words like "raw" and "saw."
Most of english speaker will notice this varioation because they do not end the word like saw and raw with r
This variation is part of Emiril’s internalized system of language
The observation of this variation is not meant to judge it
it is simply a description of how language is used.
Language" (langue) refers to the internal communication system shared by a community of speakers, also known as their competence in language.
"Speech" (parole) is how individuals use the underlying communal language system in their interactions; it's their performance in using language.
Both language and speech can vary within individuals, as well as across different communities and regions.
There are two types of variation in language:
Intraspeaker variation: variation with in a single individual use of language.
Even a single person use different linguistic form based on context and factors.
Interspeaker variation: variation among all language users in a community)
Variation in language has been studied for a long time
Traditional vs New approach
Tradtional view: Language variation is accidental and doesn't affect linguistic competence.
Moderen View: linguistic variation is a systematic property of language, contributing to stylistic analysis.
Significance of variation
Cultural Insight: Variations reflect the cultural and social identities of speakers, providing insights into their backgrounds and affiliations
Communication Effectiveness: Understanding variations enhances effective communication in diverse contexts, minimizing misunderstandings.
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This document discusses social variation in language and key concepts in sociolinguistics. It covers social dialects defined by education and occupation. It also discusses speech styles that vary based on formality, as well as speech accommodation theories of convergence and divergence. Registers are varieties used for different purposes, and examples of jargon, slang, and taboo terms are provided. The document also summarizes African American English as a vernacular continuum and describes some typical sound changes observed.
01 sociolinguistic
This document discusses the topic of sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of language use in society and how language interacts with and helps shape social structures. The document outlines three subcategories of sociolinguistic study: micro-sociolinguistics, macro-sociolinguistics, and three areas of sociolinguistic research - language variation, language contact, and linguistic relativity. It provides examples of research within these areas and discusses implications for language teaching.
Language and social variation
This document discusses language variation and the relationship between language and society. It introduces key concepts such as speech communities, sociolinguistics, social dialects, linguistic variables, and registers. Social factors like class, education, occupation, and context can influence the way people speak. The document also discusses concepts like convergence, divergence, prestige, jargon, slang, vernacular languages, and provides examples of linguistic features in African American Vernacular English.
INTRODUCTION2 SOCIOLINGUISTICS.pptx
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics, including its definition, history, key concepts, methodologies, and subfields of micro-sociolinguistics and macro-sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of how society and language interact and influence each other. It was first developed in the 19th century and pioneered by William Labov in the 1960s. Key concepts discussed include speech communities, prestige of varieties, social networks, and the differences between internal and external language. Methodologies include analyzing language variation across styles from formal to casual. Micro-sociolinguistics examines dialect and register variation while macro-sociolinguistics takes a broader comparative approach studying
language and social variation
This document discusses language variation based on social factors. It covers the topics of sociolinguistics, social dialects, education and occupation, social markers, and speech style/style-shifting. Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society, investigating how languages function in communication and the structure of language. Social dialects, or sociolects, are language varieties that differ based on a speaker's social status or group, such as social class, religion, or ethnicity. Features like pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar are used to analyze social dialects. Education level and occupation also influence one's speech patterns and style.
Style Register and Dialect
Language varieties refer to different forms of a language influenced by social factors such as situation, occupation, age, geography, education, gender, social status, and ethnicity. There are several types of language varieties including dialects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. A dialect is a variety of a language used in a specific region or social class. Registers are varieties used in different situations based on formality. A pidgin is a simplified mixed language with reduced vocabulary and grammar used for communication between speakers of different languages, while a creole develops when a pidgin becomes the primary language of a group and acquires more complex grammar.
3. MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY.pptx
Mutual intelligibility is commonly used to distinguish between dialects and languages, but it has several problems. It is not objective as some speakers may understand a variety while others cannot. Additionally, there are examples of dialects within a continuum that blend into one another across borders, demonstrating that political borders do not define languages. There are also examples of distinct languages like Hindi and Urdu that are mutually intelligible in spoken form. Finally, some unintelligible varieties like Cantonese and Mandarin are still considered dialects of the same language by their speakers due to shared writing systems and culture. Overall, mutual intelligibility is not a reliable criterion when political, social and cultural identities influence language variations.
1- Language.pptx
1. The document discusses various topics related to language including definitions of language, varieties of languages, language registers, and language change.
2. It provides details on the many languages spoken in the Philippines and classifications of language varieties such as dialects, pidgins, and creoles.
3. Examples are given of formal, casual, intimate, and other language registers and how register varies based on social context and relationships between speakers.
Speech Communities.pptx
The document discusses definitions of speech communities from various linguists. It defines a speech community as a group of people who interact through shared use of language. While sometimes defined by a single shared language or variety, speech communities can also be multilingual. Membership is defined not just by shared language use but also participation in common norms and evaluative behaviors. Speech communities exist through regular social interaction patterns among members and are differentiated from surrounding areas by weaker lines of communication between groups.
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This document defines and explains various philosophical concepts and "isms". It discusses authoritarianism, rationalism, empiricism, dogmatism, Cartesian skepticism, fatalism, determinism, indeterminism, monism, idealism, occasionalism, subjectivism, and physicalism. For each view, it provides a brief definition and explanation of its key aspects and thinkers associated with developing those views.
Presentation
The document outlines several schools of philosophy including monism, idealism, occasionalism, subjectivism, and physicalism. Monism asserts there is only one fundamental kind of thing in the universe while idealism holds that only minds and ideas exist. Occasionalism rejects a causal connection between body and mind, believing God mediates all interaction. Subjectivism states that our own mental activity is the only undeniable fact and there is no objective reality. Physicalism is the view that everything is physical and supervenes on the physical.
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Monism is the philosophy that there is only one fundamental substance or nature in the universe. There are two types of monism - one where only the physical is fundamental (physicalism/materialism) and one where only the mind is fundamental (idealism). Idealism asserts that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual rather than physical. It holds that the world and objects can only be known through ideas, and that ultimately reality is in the mind. Occasionalism is the view that events are directly caused by God rather than physical causes, and God mediates all interaction between mind and body. Subjectivism is the belief that our mental experiences are the only certain facts and there is no objective truth independent of the mind.
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This document outlines different philosophical theories of idealism and realism. It discusses:
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Friedrich Nietzsche was a highly influential German philosopher known for uncovering the underlying reasons of traditional Western religion, morality, and philosophy. His masterwork Thus Spoke Zarathustra, published between 1883-1885, was the first comprehensive presentation of his mature philosophy and had a significant impact on arts and philosophy after his death. Some of his other notable works included Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist, and Ecce Homo.
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Thoughtful dialogue
Santiago is an old fisherman whose eyes, unlike his aging body, remain vibrant and undefeated in spirit, as cheerful as the sea. Though his body has weakened, Santiago's eyes are a window into his soul that maintains a magical connection to nature. His eyes, as blue as the sea, show that despite physical limitations, Santiago has become one with the sea and retains the inner strength and will to overcome challenges in his quest to catch a large fish.
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Presentation
- 2. z LIST OF CONTENTS Speech Community Linguistic Boundaries Varieties of bengali language Communities of practice
- 3. z Speech Community • is the type of group that sociolinguists have typically aimed to establish. • an "ideal" speech community for purely theoretical reasons • may also belong to other groups and may or may not even meet face-to-face
- 4. z Linguistic Boundaries some linguists have hypothesized the existence of an ‘ideal’ speech community Chomsky proposes, his ‘completely homogeneous speech-community is a theoretical construct employed for a narrow purpose
- 5. z Varieties of Bengali Language difference between colloquial varieties and regional varieties regional differences are dialects of standard Bangla colloquial difference remains just as a spoken variety
- 6. z Communities of practice depends on the speaker’s background education purpose Government work purpose Official work purpose
- 7. z