This document discusses several topics in philosophy including methodology, epistemology, ontology regarding body and mind, freedom of will, axiology regarding ethics and values, and idealism vs realism. It addresses sources of knowledge such as rationalism vs empiricism. Regarding body and mind, it examines monism, dualism, and various dualist positions including substance dualism, epiphenomenalism, occasionalism, and parallelism.

1. 6 July 2021
1.Methodology 2. Epistemology: Sources of Knowledge 3. Epistemology: Idealism and realism 4.
Ontology: Body and Mind 5. Freedom of Will/ Free will 6. Axiology: Ethics and Values 7.
Contemporary Philosophy : Existentialism and Pragmatism and so on.
Dogmatism-accepts the knowledge as true but do not verify the source, limit of knowledge, no
crtitical analysis etc Skepticism---Doubt and therefore deny the existence of that knowledge
Cartesian skepticism/ Methodic Doubt: Doubt and that doubt makes people more curious and
helps to know more. Famous saying of Descartes: Cogito Ergo Sum-I think therefore I am
Critical Method: Most widely used and the very essence of Philosophy in all ages. Accept the
knowledge but you verify with sources, limits, critical analysis/understanding etc.
Dogmatic and Skepticism both are dogmatic?
Dialectic Method: Negative Dialectic/Socratic method and Positive dialectic Method/Hegelian
method
Test of Authority: 1. Number of followers 2. Social Image or Social Reputation 3. Duration
Source of Knowledge: Authoritarianism
John Locke:Simple & Complex Ideas
Kant- Form and Matter
Matter- A tree---- Sensation Form- Reason/Innate ideas --Ideas about a tree
Synthesis
The sun and the dry earth/soil-Matter
Form-reasoning power to relate these two mater
Knowledge can be complete/acquired using this idea of Form an matter
Rationalism: reason, Innate ideas
Empiricism-Experience/Sensation
Kant Synthesize Rationalism and Empiricism by Form and Matter concept.
Empiricism: Sensation, Tabula Rasa, Experimental Science, Inductive, Posteriori , Locke, Berkeley,
Simple and Complex Ideas, Pragmatic, Passive mind, can easily manipulate, Undermine creativity,
Color, Advance of Science, Hume Rationalism: Deduction, Reason and Logic, ,Math, Nobody can
Manipulate, Priori, Plato, Descartes, Active Mind, Intution, Innate Ideas, creativity, Imagination,
Morality, justice and Ethics, Spinonza and Lebiniz
Case 1: Mr. X wants to attend a meeting but suddenly a family member became sick, so you did
not attend the meeting.

2. Case 2: If Mr. or Miss Y wants to do well in the quiz, he or she must study hard.
Case 3: If Mr. or Miss Y wants to join a birthday party of his/her friend, so he/she selects a blue
color dress but she/he had other options.
Case 4: If Mr. or Miss P was outside home but suddenly rain starts so he/she took a shelter under
a nearby shed but he/she has other options like get wet and enjoy the rain or got into a public
transport etc.
Case 1: Fatalism Case 2: Hard Determinism Case 3: Soft Determinism Case 4:
Indeterminism/libertarianism
Freedom of Will or Free will
Different views: 1. Fatalism 2. Hard Determinism or Incompatibilism 3. Soft Determinism
or self Determinism or Compatibilism 4. Indeterminism or Libertarianism
Fatalism: fate dependent, people have no control over the situation, Miracles, Unpredictable, No
free will
Hard Determinism: Pre conditions, Law of Nature, Cause and effect, No freedom of Will. Freedom
is incompatible with determinism
Soft Determinism/ Compatibilism: Freedom is compatible with determinism. Alternatives.
Freedom of Will exixts
Indeterrminism: Random/chance events, Unpredictable, Alternatives. Free will exists.
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Types of Ethics: Descriptive, Normative, Metaethics and Applied Ethics
Physical Values and Mental value
Physical Value: Health, Money etc.

3. Mental Value: Happiness, Truth etc.
Physical Value-Lower and transitory
Spiritual/Mental: Higher and Permanent value
Types of Values: Inclusive and Exclusive Values
Exclusive value-Wealth and success, Dress etc.
Inclusive Value: Beauty of the nature
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Values
Extrinsic value: Money
Intrinsic Value-Happiness, Satisfaction, Respect etc.
Extrinsic(Reading Book)----Intrinsic Value(Knowledge)
Extrinsic(Reading Book)----both Intrinsic &
extrinsicValue(Knowledge)---Intrinsic value(Respect)
Extrinsic (Money)----- (Car-- happy) Intrinsic value
Money-food-comfort
Values are Objective or Subjective?
Value Judgement
Values can be both objective and Subjective. When it is objective it means it has something real
value in it which make it valuable to everyone, it does not depend on human preference.
When it is subjective it means it can vary from person to person and time to time. It depends on
Human preference nad perception.
Synthesis: Values are both. Objective- Descriptive and Subjective-Evaluative
Values are both descriptive and evaluative.
What is the value of life?
Human life-Biological and Spiritual(purpose)
life can be judged Axiologically ( logic, purpose, Intrinsic, Spiritual etc) and thus become valuable.
Ethical Theories: Teleological or Consequentialist and Deontological or Motivational
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Idealism And Realism
Idealism: Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder,
Idealism: Things are the ideas that we perceive
Realism: What is real is the main concept rather than our mind's perception

4. Three types of Idealism: Subjective Idealism, Phenomenalistic idealism and Absolute Idealism
Realism: Popular realism and Scientific Realism
Primary Quality and Secondary quality of things
Shape, Size, weight etc-Primary quality
Color. taste etc -secondary quality
Subjective Idealism(George Berkeley): Both the primary and secondary quality of things are
Subjective therefore vary form person to person
Phenomenalistic Idealism(Kant) Phenomena(Things as they appear to us) Noumena(things in
themselves)
Absolute Idealism(Hegel): Triadic Model
Non-material World- Logic. reason, Thinking ability -thesis Material World-Objects-antithesis
Absolute spirit-Synthesis
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Body And mind
Monism & Dualism
Monism- one kind of stuff/only body or mind is Fundamental. Monism-Physicalism/Materialism,
Idealism. Materialism- Equative view, Causal view and Epiphenomenalism Idealism-Subjective,
Phenomenalism and Absolute Idealism
Dualism-Both body and Mind exist. Interactionism/Catesian Substance Dualism,
Epiphenomenalism, Occasionalism and Parallelism
Soul substance Theory
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Monism & Dualism
Monism- Either body or Mind is the main/fundamental aspect
Physicalism or Materialism-Body
Idealism-Mind

5. Materialism-Equative view, Causal view and Epiphenomenalism
Idealism- Subjective Idealism. Phenomenalism and Absolute Idealis
Soul Substance theory- Body and Mind(soul) are separate entity. Body has extension and soul
(Permanent)- mental function/states changable
Dualism- Both body and mind exist and there is connection between body and mind
Substance Dualism or descartes Interactionism- Body can effect the mind and mind can also
effect the body. Rene descatrtes
Body- material, non-thinking and extended substance
Mind- Non-material, thinking and non-extended substance
Body- weight, height, Width etc.
Mind- has no weight, density etc.
Body and mind interact in a common seat-Pineal gland.
Epiphenomenalism-Body effects mind but mind cannot effect the body.
Occasionalism- Body and mind cannot interact but they work together and there is a
coincidence/ accident. God/ the creator interferes in all our bodily and mental actions.
Parallelism- Body and mind cannot cause/interact each other. There is a perfect harmony
between body and mind which has been pre-established by God.
Lebiniz : Monad(Spiritual Atoms)- Lower quality Monad- Body
Lebiniz :Higher quality Monad- Mind