philosophy

1. 1. Idealism is world of mind. It is accepting the fact that every knowledge of
objects depends on human being. It starts with ideas and ends with things. Its
ultimate reality is spiritual. Knowledge is independent. It is talking about
individualism and freedom. As it is individual that is why knowledge or
perception will be different. Example: ethics, literature. There are no limit.
2. Realism: It starts with things and ends with ideas. It is scientific because it
gives more priority to the material world. It is very much allaying top
empiricism. There are some limitations.
 Three types of idealism : 1. subjective Idealism, 2. Phenomenalistic Idealism
and 3. objective or Absolute Idealism.
3. Subjective : it is a idea that depend on a person and varies from person to
person.
{George Barkley is the founder of it. He is antirealists. His famous insight was
that esse is percipi – that is, existence occurs through perception.}
4. Phenomenalistic : It is given by kant. Thing as they appear to us. We can only
know the world that we know its phenomena but it is not possible for human
being to about phenomena.
5. Objective: it is given by Hegel.
6. Idea is thesis and material world is anti-thesis.
7. Our logic and reasoning power is thesis, and the material world surround us is
antithesis. When we combine this two and use my mind on interpreting this
material world then only we will be able to know the true knowledge or
complete knowledge about the material world that is synthesis.
8. There are two type of realism: 1. Popular and 2. Scientific.
I. Popular knowledge: we only get the knowledge of object as it is. It
does not varies from person to person.
9. Primary qualities: it is a object. For example extension, figure, size, solidity,
motion this are same for all. It can not change just because different people
are perceiving it. It is called representative realism/ half realism. It is also
called realism.

2. 10.Secondary qualities: Colour, sounds, taste this can vary from person to
person. Because people have different condition of this things. It’s called
idealism.
11.Monism has two types:
1. Physicalism/Materialism: It is one kind of stuff. Here only body or
mind is Fundamental. I have to accept either one, the body controls
everything or the mind controls everything. If we take that body controls
everything then that is called materialism.
2. Idealism: If we take that mind controls everything then that is called
idealism.
12.Idealism- 1. Subjective, 2. Phenomenalism and 3. Absolute Idealism
13.Materialism- it includes mechanism but excludes teleology.
1. Equative view: it means equal. There is no difference between body
and mind. It just considering mind as brain, motion and all this stuff.
2. Causal view: Mind is nothing but Function of the brain is to think.
3. Epiphenomenalism: Mind just a secondary property of body. That
means primary is body and the secondary property is mind. It has
peculiar complex arrangement.
14. Dualism: Both body and Mind exist. That means body and mind
are not same. They are separate but they are co-exist or they have
connections with each other.
15. Dualism has four ideas:
1. Interactionism/Catesian Substance Dualism: body can influence a
mind and also mind can influence body. They are influencing each
other. Is was given by Rene Descartes.
2. Epiphenomenalism: Body can affect the mind but mind do not have
the power to affect the body.
3. Occasionalism and Parallelism: Body and mind do not affect each
other but they are work together. They are co-related but they are not
causally related. We have no control over mind as well as body but they
work together. This the law of nature. It has similarity with fatalism.

3. 4. Parallelism: here god has already predesign our system in such a
manner that body and mind work together and influence each other.
16.Soul substance theory: we have to accept the fact that the mind and body are
not same, they are separate. The mind or soul are fixed but the mental
activity, mental functions are changing.
17.Mind is function of the brain.