Discourse Analysis
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The document discusses different aspects of language and discourse analysis. It defines language register as a variety of language used for a particular purpose or social setting. It provides examples of formal and informal language registers. It also discusses formality scales in language, varieties of registers defined by settings and social events, and rhetorical concepts of language from different thinkers throughout history.
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Style and register in sociolinguistics
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
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This document discusses the linguistic concepts of register and style. It defines register as the way language varies based on three factors: field (the topic), tenor (the relationship between speakers), and mode (the communication channel). Style refers to variations based on social factors like formality. There are different linguistic styles like formal, informal, and colloquial. The document also discusses the sociolinguistic concept of audience design, where speakers adapt their language based on the perceived characteristics of their audience. It provides an example of a travel agent varying her use of glottalization based on the social class of the client. In summary, this document analyzes the concepts of register and style in linguistics and how speakers adapt
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The document defines language and its key components and features. It discusses language as a tool for communication that can be analyzed based on its communicative, structural, and interactional aspects. The structures of language include specific languages as well as the underlying design plan common across languages. All languages have sound systems, words, and grammar. Style is a variation in language that reflects social identities and can be classified based on levels of formality from frozen to intimate. Factors like occasion, social class, education, age, gender, and ethnicity can influence one's language style.
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This document discusses styles and registers in language. It defines styles as varieties of language used for specific purposes, often analyzed on a scale of formality. Five levels of formality are described, ranging from oratorical style for public speaking to intimate style between close friends and family with no social inhibitions. Registers are varieties associated with occupational or socioeconomic groups, like legalese or the language of sports commentators. Verbal and nonverbal communication are also discussed, with nonverbal communication including body language, facial expressions, eye contact, space/proximity, artifacts, touch, and olfactory dimensions like smell.
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This document discusses the linguistic concepts of register and style. It defines register as the way language varies based on three factors: field (the topic), tenor (the relationship between speakers), and mode (the communication channel). Style refers to variations based on social factors like formality. There are different linguistic styles like formal, informal, and colloquial. The document also discusses the sociolinguistic concept of audience design, where speakers adapt their language based on the perceived characteristics of their audience. It provides an example of a travel agent varying her use of glottalization based on the social class of the client. In summary, this document analyzes the concepts of register and style in linguistics and how speakers adapt
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Discourse analysis considers the relationship between language and the context in which it is used by examining both spoken and written communication beyond the sentence level. It studies how people comprehend and produce speech acts in concrete situations through a pragmatic analysis. The cultural and social characteristics of speakers and audiences also influence communicative competence and cultural ways of speaking. Discourse shapes and is shaped by language, mediums, social identities, performances, and the differences between spoken versus written language use.
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1. Code switching refers to switching between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation. It can occur between speaker turns or within a single turn.
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The document discusses four principles of language:
1. Directness - Language should be active, personal, and use "you" to directly address the audience.
2. Abstraction - Language should be specific rather than abstract.
3. Objectivity - Words can have both denotative and connotative meanings, so speakers should consider how audiences may interpret terms.
4. Formality - Language should be at a slightly formal level, using common words and informal constructions that are not incorrect. The summary captures the key points about the four principles of language discussed in the document.
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Nature of language
Language can refer to a system of communication used by humans or a specific instance of such a system. There are approximately 3000-6000 natural languages spoken worldwide with sign languages and written languages also considered forms of language. Language allows humans to learn and use complex communication systems. Words can have literal meanings as well as implied meanings from context and interpretation. Different types of meanings include denotative, connotative, social, metaphorical, emotive, and pragmatic meanings which depend on factors such as context, intent, interpretation, and cultural associations.
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Presentation1
Discourse analysis considers the relationship between language and the context in which it is used by examining both spoken and written communication beyond the sentence level. It studies how people comprehend and produce speech acts in concrete situations through a pragmatic analysis. The cultural and social characteristics of speakers and audiences also influence communicative competence and cultural ways of speaking. Discourse shapes and is shaped by language, mediums, social identities, performances, and the differences between spoken versus written language use.
whorfian hypothesis
1. The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which claims that the structure of a language influences how its speakers think and experience reality.
2. It presents the hypothesis as having both a strong version of linguistic determinism, where language completely determines thought, and a weaker version of linguistic relativity, where language influences but does not determine thought.
3. While widely criticized, the hypothesis highlights the complex relationship between language, thought, and culture, and that speakers of different languages may experience the world in different ways.
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Mutual intelligibility
Mutual intelligibility refers to the extent that speakers of related languages or dialects can understand each other without special training. It is sometimes used as a criterion to distinguish languages from dialects, with dialects being mutually intelligible and languages not. However, this characterization is problematic, as some languages like Scandinavian tongues are mutually intelligible while some dialects of languages like German are not. Degree of mutual intelligibility and non-linguistic political/historical factors can also influence whether related varieties are considered languages or dialects. Mutual intelligibility is not an absolute criterion.
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1. All languages are equally complex and capable of expressing ideas. There are no primitive languages - the vocabulary of any language can expand.
2. Descriptive linguistics focuses on objectively describing how a given language is actually used by its native speakers, rather than judging what is correct or incorrect.
3. Black English, also known as African American Vernacular English, is a systematic dialect with its own rules rather than just random errors. It is as complex and logical as Standard English.
Dilbilim 22-
This document provides an overview of key concepts in linguistics, including definitions of language, properties of language like arbitrariness and duality of patterning, the origin of language, and methods of classifying languages. It discusses language as a system of arbitrary symbols used for communication, and outlines properties like displacement and creativity. The functions of language are described, including as a means of expression and communication. Theories on the origin of language incorporate both natural and divine explanations. Languages can be classified geographically, genetically based on ancestry, or typologically based on structural features.
Various fallacies concerning English Grammar
This document discusses common grammar fallacies, or false ideas about linguistic rules. It defines grammar fallacies and examines four specific examples: the idea that some languages have no grammar; that simplicity or complexity determines a grammar; that grammars should be logical and analogical; and that spoken and written language grammars are equivalent. While languages have differing levels of complexity, all languages have underlying rule systems or grammars that govern their structure and use. Grammars also naturally contain some irregularities that arise over time.
Sociolinguistics project
Code-switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation. It can occur between sentences or within sentences. Speakers may switch languages based on the social situation, to emphasize a particular word or point, or due to habitual experience growing up with more than one language. Bilingual speakers often switch between languages depending on factors like the topic of discussion, the social relationships involved, and the level of formality required.
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Discourse Analysis
- 1. Discourse Analysis Teacher: Jacqueline I de Teran II Term I Partial 2009
- 2. Register In linguistics , a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For example, an English speaker may adhere more closely to prescribed grammar , pronounce words ending in -ing with a velar nasal (e.g. "walking", not "walkin'") and refrain from using the word " ain't " when speaking in a formal setting, but the same person could violate all of these prescriptions in an informal setting. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_register
- 3. Formality Scale In one prominent model, Joos (1961) describes five styles in spoken English: Frozen: Printed unchanging language such as Biblical quotations; often contains archaisms . Formal: One-way participation, no interruption. Technical vocabulary; "Fussy semantics" or exact definitions are important. Includes introductions between strangers. Consultative: Two-way participation. Background information is provided — prior knowledge is not assumed. "Back-channel behaviour" such as "uh huh", "I see", etc. is common. Interruptions are allowed. Casual: In-group friends and acquaintances. No background information provided. Ellipsis and slang common. Interruptions common. Intimate: Non-public. Intonation more important than wording or grammar. Private vocabulary. Formality scaleThis diagram is from Quirk et al. (1985), who use the term attitude rather than style or register Very formal, Frozen, Rigid ← FORMAL Neutral INFORMAL -> Very informal, Casual, Familiar
- 4. Variety A register (sometimes called a style ) is a variety of language used in a particular social setting. [9] Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality, [10] or in terms of socially recognized events, such as baby talk , which is used in many western cultures when talking to small children, or a joking register used in teasing or playing the dozens [9] There are also registers associated with particular professions or interest groups; jargon refers specifically the vocabulary associated with such registers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#Registers_and_Styles
- 5. Language A language is a system for encoding information . In its most common use, the term refers to so-called " natural languages " — the forms of communication considered peculiar to humankind . In linguistics the term is extended to refer to the human cognitive facility of creating and using language. Essential to both meanings is the systematic creation and usage of systems of symbols —each referring to linguistic concepts with semantic or logical or otherwise expressive meanings. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language
- 6. Verbatim transcript http://www.essentialsecretary.co.uk/verbatim_transcription.htm It is a full transcript of everything that is said in the recording which includes the common 'ems' and 'ers', 'you knows', 'I mean', and 'sort of' etc. These types of transcripts are often required for interviews by universities for qualitative analysis and for interviews given in evidence for legal purposes.
- 7. Rhetorical Plato: Rhetoric is "the art of winning the soul by discourse." Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion. Cicero: "Rhetoric is one great art comprised of five lesser arts: inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, and pronunciatio." Rhetoric is "speech designed to persuade." Quintillian: "Rhetoric is the art of speaking well." Francis Bacon: Rhetoric is the application of reason to imagination "for the better moving of the will." George Campbell: [Rhetoric] is that art or talent by which discourse is adapted to its end. The four ends of discourse are to enlighten the understanding, please the imagination, move the passion, and influence the will.
- 8. Structural elements http://www.speakspeak.com/html/d10_english_grammar.htm - lists of all the tenses in English - structures and examples of the tenses - grammar rules, including example sentences - examples of common errors and how you can avoid making them.