This document discusses surface and interfacial tension. It introduces surface tension and interfacial tension, and defines them as the force per unit length at liquid surfaces and between immiscible liquids, respectively. It then discusses detergency and the mechanisms by which detergents remove dirt. It also covers foaming and anti-foaming agents, spreading coefficients, wetting, and provides examples of applications for these concepts such as in emulsions and coating tablets.

1. SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL
TENSION
Presented by,
RD

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Detergency
 Foaming agents
 Anti Foaming agents
 Spreading coefficient
 Wetting
 References

3. INTRODUCTION
 Surface tension- The tension in the surface is
the force per unit length that must be applied
parallel to the surface so as to counter balance the
net invert pull.
 This is called surface tension. Unit- N/m
 Interfacial tension- It is the force per unit length
existing at the interface between two immiscible
liquid phases and like surface tension has the unit
N/m.

4. DETERGENCY
 Surfactants in aqueous solution are used to
remove dirt from the substrate such as
glass, fabric, skin etc.
 The HLB requirement of detergent is from
13-16.
 Some ex. of detergent of ionic type are-
 Cationic – cetrimide
 Anionic – sodium lauryl sulfate

5. MECHANISM OF DETERGENCY
 The hydrocarbon tails of the detergents
anions dissolve in the grease
 The grease spot gradually breaks up and
becomes pin cutioned by the detergent
anions.
 Small bit of grease are held in colloidal
suspension by the detergent. The anionic
bonds keep the greece from combining
because the particles carries the same
electric charge.

6. FOAMING AGENTS
 Any solution containing surface active material
produces stable foams when mixed intimately
with air.
 A foam is relatively stable structure consisting of
air packets enclosed with in the films of liquid
i.e. the gas in liquid dispersion being stabilized
by foaming agents.
ANTI FOAMING AGENTS
 Some surfactants can be used to break the foam and
are known as Anti foaming agents.
Ex alcohols, ether, castor oil

7. SPREADING COEFFICIENT
 When a substance such as oleic acid is
placed on the surface of water , it will spread
as the film if the force of adhesion between
the oleic acid molecules is greater than
cohesive force between the oleic acid
molecules itself.
 It is the difference between work of adhesion
and work of cohesion.
 The HLB of the spreading agents is 04-09.

11. APPLICATION OF SPREADING COEFFICIENT
 Adsorption of medicaments from creams ,
lotions etc.
 Stabilization of emulsions.
 Coating of tablets.

12. WETTING AGENT
Adsorption at solid liquid interface is involved in the
phenomenon of wetting agents.
Wetting agents also decreases the surface energy of the
molecules as given in the formula-
E=W/A
Where, E= surface free energy of molecules
W= work done to release the dirt.
A = occupied surface area

13. CONTACT ANGLE
 The most important
action of wetting agent
is to lower the contact
angle between surface
and wetting liquid
 The contact angle is the
angle between a liquid
droplet and the surface
over which it spreads.

14. APPLICATION OF WETTING AGENT
 Intimate contacts of solids or liquid with liquid
is initial step towards the preparation of
suspension and emulsion.
 Film coating required wetting & spreading of
liquid over the tablet surface.
 Dissolution of the tablet or capsules
necessities the penetration of liquid into
pours of dosage forms.

15. REFERENCES
 Martin Alfred, “Physical pharmacy,” 4th
edition, B.I. Waverly private limited new
Delhi, page no. 145-168.
 Darle D.V. , essentials of Physical pharmacy,
Sai hanuman sagar boddu, 2th edition, new
Delhi, page no. 240-253.