The document provides information on various methods of emergency and terminal contraception. It defines emergency contraception as methods that can be used within a few days after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. The main methods discussed are emergency contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen, and copper IUDs. It also describes terminal contraceptive methods like vasectomy and tubal ligation that provide permanent sterilization. The presentation aims to educate about the objectives, indications, effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages of different emergency and terminal contraceptive options.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
Bivalve speculum (Cusco's speculum) The two-bladed, or bivalve, speculum is the most common type of instrument gynecologists use to examine the vagina and cervix. ...
Pediatric speculum. ...
Huffman speculum. ...
Pederson speculum. ...
Graves speculum.
A forceps delivery is a type of assisted delivery. Instrumental delivery refers to any delivery process which is assisted by vaginal operations. It is an art, which should be learnt by all obstetricians for optimum maternal and perinatal outcome.
Globally the incidence of unwed mothers is rising.Unwed mothers remain a challenge in obstetric practice due to a complex interplay of obstetric,medical,social and psychological complications associated with them.so ,it is important to know who are unwed mothers,causes and nurses role.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
Bivalve speculum (Cusco's speculum) The two-bladed, or bivalve, speculum is the most common type of instrument gynecologists use to examine the vagina and cervix. ...
Pediatric speculum. ...
Huffman speculum. ...
Pederson speculum. ...
Graves speculum.
A forceps delivery is a type of assisted delivery. Instrumental delivery refers to any delivery process which is assisted by vaginal operations. It is an art, which should be learnt by all obstetricians for optimum maternal and perinatal outcome.
Globally the incidence of unwed mothers is rising.Unwed mothers remain a challenge in obstetric practice due to a complex interplay of obstetric,medical,social and psychological complications associated with them.so ,it is important to know who are unwed mothers,causes and nurses role.
As an additional PHC , the services provided are Very minimal . The services provided were mainly OP services , rarly IP with around IO deliveries per month, minor emergencies only during working hours.
“Clinicians should proactively talk to their patients of reproductive age about ECPs and offer advance prescriptions for ECPs during routine gynecologic office visits….”
It is just a concise presentation about anatomy of larynx & TB tree. little bit about anaesthetic consideration regarding vocalcordpalsy and aspiration pneumonitis.
Meaning, Objectives and Importance. Introducing contents status – Factors affecting – Remedial Measures for Controlling Population, Small Family Norms, Advantages.
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION & RECENT ADVANCEMENT OF CONTRACEPTION.pptxTanuShekhawat6
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION & RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN CONTRACEPTION
Introduction
Emergency contraception (EC) is a method of contraception used as an emergency procedure before menstruation is missed, to prevent pregnancy following unprotected intercourse or expected failure of contraception.
Cont..
Emergency contraception is any method of contraception which is used after intercourse and before the potential time of implantation. This nomenclature, advocated by WHO lately and accepted by international Medical Advisory Panel and others recently.
Alternative terms: Postcoital contraception- still commonly used and 'morning after' contraception
Emergency contraception is not true contraception but rightly called interception. Interceptive - agents that do not interfere with fertilization but act on blastocyst before or soon after missing periods.
Emergency contraception is a backup plan. It cannot be used as an ongoing method of contraception because:
i) relatively high failure rates
ii) High incidence of irregular bleeding
INDIAN SCENARIO: NEED
India has the highest number of unsafe abortions in the world.
6,20,472 abortions reported in India in 2012, Two-third of them were unsafe
A woman dies every two hours due to unsafe abortion.
Widespread availability of EC can help reduce these abortions.
INDICATIONS
1. For aged couples who meet very infrequently.
2. Following single act of sexual exposure in young girls
3. When pregnancy is apprehended owing to rupture of condom, premature ejaculation in couples practising coitus interruptus etc.
4. In case of rape.
ADVANTAGES
Saves the couple from unwanted pregnancies
From unnecessary operative interferences for fear of pregnancy
From the agony of waiting for the next menstrual cycle.
Prevents adolescent pregnancies
Helps to reduce unsafe abortion
COMBINED ETHINYL ESTRADIOL AND LEVONORGESTREL (YUZPE METHOD)
Yuzpe method (Canadian Prof. Albert Yuzpe) consists of the oral administration of 2 doses of 0.1mg(100 µg) ethinyl estradiol (EE) and 0.5mg(500 µg) levonorgestrel 12 hours apart.
Failure rate- 0-2%
Ovral tablets (each containing 50 µg ethinyl estradiol and 250 µg levonorgestrel) are most commonly used to provide these doses.
Others- Noral, Ovidon
PROGESTIN-ONLY (LEVONORGESTREL)
In India- EC pill, Pill 72, unwanted
LNG-ONLY PILLS
2 doses of 0.75mg LNG pill to be taken orally 12 hours apart within 72hours of intercourse. OR Single dose of 1.5mg LNG pill to be taken within 72 hours of intercourse.
Trials have shown that a high proportion of pregnancies were averted even up to 5days (120hours). WHO recommends levonorgestrel for emergency contraceptive pill use.
Failure rate- 0-1%
Cont.
Side Effects:-
1. Nausea- in 50% using Yuzpe regimen & 20% for Levonorgestrel.
2. Vomiting - in 20% Yuzpe regimen & 5% using LNG-only pills.
If vomiting occurs within 2 hours of taking the pills - the dose should be repeated. In cases of severe vomiting - administer pills vaginally.
3. Irregular uterine bleedi
The process of birth control takes into account actions , sexual practices, devices or medications that are followed for preventing intentionally or reducing the chances of childbirth or pregnancy.
Family planning: is defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities and services which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved.
Birth control: Birth control is the use of any practices, methods, or devices to prevent pregnancy from occurring in a sexually active woman. Also referred to as family planning, pregnancy prevention, fertility control, or contraception; birth control methods are designed either to prevent fertilization of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. Birth control methods may be reversible or irreversible.
Contraception: (birth control) prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act at different points in the process.
Benefits of Family planning
Women/family
• Better health
• Less physical/emotional strain
• Improved quality of life
• Increased educational opportunities
• Increased economic opportunities
• More energy for household activities
• More energy for personal development and community activities
For Children:
• Better health
• More food and other resources available
• Greater opportunity for emotional support from parents
• Better opportunity for education
Factors that affect on the decision of using contraception:
• husband involvement
• Effectiveness--statistics show two numbers:
- Failure rate: no. of women per 100 who become pregnant after 1 yr. when using a birth control consistently & correctly
- Typical use failure rate: takes into account improper or inconsistent use
• Cost
• Ease of use
• Side effects
Family planning methods
• Hormone-based contraceptives
6 types
1) Oral contraceptives (pills)
2) Vaginal ring
3) Transdermal patch
4) Injected hormones
5) Hormonal implants
6) Hormonal IUDs
Oral contraceptives pills
Types of Contraceptives Pills
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)
Most widely used
Contain both estrogen & progestagen
Triphasic pill
Levels of hormones (estrogen & progestin) fluctuate during cycle
Progestin-only pills (POPs)
Contain only a progestagen, mostly Levonorgestrel (no estrogen).
Especially suitable for breastfeeding women.
How hormonal contraceptives work
FSH & LH trigger ovulation
How to use oral contraceptives
This presentation include a short description about the importance of family planning, various methods such as biological, mechanical, chemical and biological methods that are adopted in family planning and role of pharmacist in family planning etc.methods include mainly usage of pills, condoms, abstinance, withdrawal, IUDs, and terminational methods such as vasectomy and tubectomy
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
Reproductive health
Birth Control
Contraceptives and their types
Various Characteristics of Contraceptive
Natural Method , Surgical Method , Chemical methods explained
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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2. FAMILY PLANNING
Family planning is defined as the voluntary,
responsible decision made by individuals and
couples as to the desired family size and timing of
births.
3. FAMILY PLANNING
Family planning is the ability for a woman or couple
to determine when and how many children they are
going to have by practicing safe sexual practices.
4. OBJECTIVES FAMILY PLANNING
According to WHO expert committee-----
To avoid unwanted births
To regulate the interval between pregnancies
To control the time at which birth occurs.
To determine the number of children in a family.
5. DEFINITION OF ELIGIBLE COUPLE-
An eligible couple refers to a currently married
couple wherein the wife is in the reproductive age,
which is generally assumed to lie between the ages
of 15-45 years. There will be at least 150-180 such
couples per 1000 populations in India.
6. DEFINITION OF TARGET COUPLE
The term target couples are applied who have 2-3
living children, and family planning was largely
directed to such couples.
7. DEFINITION OF SMALL FAMILY NORM
it is composed of mother , father and few children.
8. HEALTH ASPECT OF FAMILY PLANNING
ADVANTAGES TO MOTHER
•-- Reasonable gap between two children will give the
mother sufficient time to replenish her body nutrients
depleted due to the earlier pregnancy.
•Loss of fear about unwanted pregnancy.
- More time and energy to give proper attention and
love to her children.
- More time to participate in other fruitful activities like
education, vocational training, community projects etc.
- Can avail of better job opportunities when not tied
down by small children.
9. HEALTH ASPECT OF FAMILY PLANNING
ADVANTAGES TO FATHER
- Can provide sound economic base for the family.
- Can provide children with better education,
comfort, food, clothing, recreation etc.
- Can be more relaxed and enjoy good
health.
- Improved living standards, better health,
more productive labour force
10. HEALTH ASPECT OF FAMILY PLANNING
ADVANTAGES TO CHILD
Less chances of foetal death, birth
defects, mortality during infancy and
childhood.
Conducive atmosphere for proper
physical and psychological growth of the child.
Get proper nutrition, education,
parental care and love.
11. HEALTH ASPECT OF FAMILY PLANNING
ADVANTAGES TO COMMUNITY AND COUNTRY
-Conversation of natural resources and savings.
- Enough schools, hospitals and other basic services.
- More employment
- Planned families would gradually bring happiness,
peace, harmony, prosperity.
12. CONCEPTION
It is the fertilization of a
female ovum by a male
sperm. Every 28 days, in an
adult female, one ovum
leaves the ovary and is
directed into fallopian tube
by the fimbriated end, which
passes along with the tube.
13. CONTRACEPTION
it is the voluntary prevention of pregnancy, a
process with individual and social implications.
Contraception (birth control) prevents pregnancy
by interfering with the normal process of ovulation,
fertilization, and implantation. There are different
kinds of birth control that act at different points in
the process.
14. Emergency contraception
Emergency contraception refers to back up
method for contraceptive emergencies which
woman can use within the first few days after
unprotected intercourse to prevent an unwanted
pregnancy. Emergency contraceptive is not
suitable for regular use.
(WHO, 2005)
15. •After voluntary sexual act without contraceptive protection.
•Incorrect or inconsistent use of regular contraceptive
methods. Failure to take oral contraceptive for more than
three days.
•In case of contraceptive failure or mishap, miscalculation of
infertile period, expulsion of an intrauterine device and
failed coitus interruptus or in case of leakage of condom.
•In the case of sexual assault.
•Emergency contraception should not be used as regular
birth control. Other birth control methods are much better
at keeping women from becoming pregnant.
INDICATIONS OF EMERGENCY
CONTRACEPTIVES
16. METHODS OF EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) emergency
contraceptive pills; ECPs
Medication containing synthetic hormones for preventing
pregnancy after unprotected vaginal intercourse.
All the hormonal oral contraceptive pills (combined as well
as single) in varying doses and IUD can be used for EC. The
method currently used in india are :
High dose of progesterone only pill containing
levonorgestrel (LNG).
high doses of combined oral contraceptive containing
ethylestradiol and levonorgestrol (yuzpe regimen).
17. Cont…..
•Copper releasing intrauterine devices (IUCD) such
as CuT 380A.
•Under the national family welfare programme, the
drug controller of india has only approved
levonorgestrel (LNG) 0.75mg tablet for use as ECP.
LNG is the specially packaged at the correct doses
for use as ECP.
18. MODE OF ACTION OF ECPs
Inhibition or delay of ovulation.
Thickening of cervical mucus.
Direct inhibition of fertilization.
Alteration in endometrium leading to impaired
endometrium receptivity to implantation of the
fertilized egg..
19. MODE OF ACTION OF ECPs
Alteration in transport of egg, sperm and
embryo.
Interference with corpus luteum and luteolysis
20. Effectiveness of ECPs
The probability of conception after single act of
intercourse is approximately 8%.
A normally fertile sexually active couple not using
contraception has an average monthly chance of
conceiving of 20-25% (counting on pregnancies that
result in live births.
ECPs taken within 72 hours of unprotected
vaginal intercourse are 85% effective .
ECPs are more effective if used within 12-24 hours
of unprotected intercourse any delay in taking the
pills decrease the efficiency of ECPs.
21. ADVANTAGES OF ECPs
Effective if taken correctly as prescribed.
Safe for all woman including those who have
conditions, that are listed as precautions in case of
other hormonal contraceptives.
Does not affect lactation.
Can be taken at any time during the monthly
cycle.
It is available without a prescription (over the
counter medicine)
Use not associated with foetal malformation or
congenital defects.
22. DISADVANTAGES
•Has to be used within 72 hours of the first act of
sexual intercourse as use of ECP beyond this
period increases the risk of pregnancy.
•Effectiveness decreases with frequent use.
•Does not protect from STIs/HIV.
•Side effects: nausea, vomiting, irregular bleeding
per vagina, breast tenderness, headache,
dizziness, fatigue.
23. MODE OF INTAKE
ECPs must be taken 72 hours of an unprotected
act of intercourse best to be taken as soon as
possible after the unprotected act and as a single
dose of 2 tabs of 0.75 mg each.
There is an option of taking 2 doses of 1 tablet
0.75 mg each, 12 hours apart.
However no woman should be denied the pills in
case she comes later than 3 days (maximum 120
hours) but should be counseled regarding the
decreased efficacy).
24. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION PILLS
Calculation of 72 hours (three days interval)
Calculation of 72 hours or three days should
start from the first unprotected penetrative
vaginal intercourse the woman has had
during the particular menstrual cycle.
25. Side effects of ECPS
Nausea and vomiting
. Headache,
dizziness,
irregular bleeding,
breast tenderness,
fatigue
27. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD
• IUD is a small, T-shaped device placed into the
uterus by a doctor within 5 days after having
unprotected sex.
•This prevents implantation.
•The IUD works by keeping the sperm from joining
the egg or keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to
the uterus.
•It can remove the IUD after next period. Or left in
place for up to 10 years
28. STERILIZATION
Sterilization refers to surgical procedures intended
to render the person infertile. Most procedure
involve the occlusion of the passageways for the
ova and sperm.
29. TYPES OF TERMINAL METHODS
TYPES OF TERMINAL METHOD
FOR MALE
Vasectomy
Non scalpel vasectomy.
FOR FEMALE
Tubectomy
Minilap operation
Laproscopic sterilization
Tubal ligation.
30. MALE STERILIZATION - VASECTOMY
Male sterilization or vasectomy being a
comparatively simple and permanent method.
can be performed even in primary health
centres by trained doctors LA.
through a small scrotal incision on an out
patient basis.
When carried out under strict aseptic
conditions,.
31. TECHNIQUE OF MALE STERILIZATION
The tubes through which sperm travels from the
testes to the penis are cut and blocked.
So that spermatozoa can no longer enter the
semen that is ejaculated.
It is customary to remove a piece of vas at least 1
cm after clamping.
The ends are ligated and be then folded back on
themselves and sutured into portion so that the cut
ends face away from each other.
33. MALE STERILIZATION
The passage of the sperm along with the vas
deferens is blocked,
so that the sperm that is ejaculated does not
contain sperm.
It is important to stress that the acceptor is not
immediately sterile after the operation,
usually until approximately 30 ejaculations have
taken place.
During this intermediate period another method
of contraception must be used.
36. CARE AFTER OPERATION
•
Avoid heavy works for at least 3 days.
Avoid cycling for at least 7 days.
Avoid taking bath for at least 24 hours
after the operation.
Use contraceptives until aspermia has
been established
37. THE PATIENT NEEDS
Prescribe medicine.
Adequate diet.
Dry and clean dressing.
Scrotal support for one month.
Niroth to be used at least 12 ejeculation
after operation.
Suture removed after 3 rd day.
38. NONSCALPEL VASECTOMY
This new method of sterilization is being
actively promoted by the W.H.O.
it was developed in 1974 by Dr. Li Shungiang at
chongging Family Planning Scientific Research
Institute, peoples republic of china.
In contrast to the standard incisional method
of vasectomy, which requires several pieces of
surgical instruments, this new technique needs
only two essential instrument.
39.
40. TECHNIQUE OF NON SCALPEL
VASECTOMY
The first is the vas fixation clamp, used to grasp
the vas deferens from outside of the scrotal skin.
The second is the vas dissecting clamp, used to
make a puncture into the skin over lying the fixed
vas . after widening the essential punctured hole
with the vas dissecting clamp, the vas can be seen
and elevated out for any preferred methods of vas
occlusion.
41. FEMALE STERILIZATION
Occlusion of the fallopian tubes in some form is
the underlying principle to achieve female
sterilization. It is most popular method of
terminal contraception.
Time of operation
• Immediately after birth (within 24 to
48 hours)
• At the time of abortion.
• An interval procedure (during proliferative
phase of menstrual cycle )
43. LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION
This is a technique of female sterilization through
abdominal approach with a specialized instrument
called “laparoscope”. The abdomen is inflated with
gas(carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide or air).
Instrument is introduced into the abdominal cavity
to visualize the tubes.
Once the tubes are accessible, the Falope rings are
applied to occlude the tubes.
46. ADVANTAGES
•It is simple/ small
incision.
•Easy to perform.
•Done in the short time.
•Hospitalization is
limited.
•Scars will not be visible.
DISADVANTAGES
•The instrument is
expensive.
• Requires adequate
maintenance.
•Requires sufficient
training to use the
instrument
47. MINILAP OPERATION
•Much simpler procedure requiring a smaller
abdominal incision of only 2.5 to 3 cm conducted
under local aneaesthesia.
•Minilap is used for tubal ligtion through the cutting
of the tubes or to application of the band or clip.
48.
49. PUERPERAL STERILIZATION
Currently puerperal sterilization is becoming more
popular, an account for 85-90% and male
sterilization for 10-15% only in india. sterlization
services are provided free of charge in
government institution.
50. TUBECTOMY
• An operation in which
small piece of a tube on
each side is removed.
The passage of the
sperm into the tube is
blocked, so that sperm
and ovum can not be
meet.
51. VAGINAL TUBAL LIGATION
Tubal ligation through vaginal route is also done.
This approach to the tube is through posterior
colpotomy.
It can be done in the interval period or following
delivery or abortion, provided the uterus is smaller
than 12 weeks size.
53. COMPLICATION RELATED TO
STERILIZATION
General complication
•Loss of weight
•Occasional obesity
•Psychological upset.
•Gynaecological complication
•Chronic pelvic pain
•Congestive dysmenorrheal and.menstrual
abnormality such as menorrhagia,
hypomenorrhagia or irregular periods and
alteration in libido.
54. Incentives of terminal methods
The acceptor now receive a one time payment of
Rs 800 for vasectomy and 145 for laproscopic
tubectomy and Rs. 20 are given to IUD receptor.
Motivator also received a small amount (Rs 10 for
tubectomy and Rs 40 for vasectomy).
State govt employees, who undergo sterilization
after two or three children are eligible for a special
increments after 2 children and one after 3 children ).
Central Govt employees get one increment after
sterilization.
55. They get special leave (14 days for woman and 7
days for men). No maternity leave is allowed after 3
children.
In the event of death following sterilization,
recanalisation, or IUD insertion, ex-gratia payment
of Rs. 20,000 has been authorized to be paid to the
surviving spouse, natural heir, etc.
The state Govt has been requested to: issue
Green cards to individual acceptors of terminal
methods after two children as a mark of recognition
and for priority attention in scheme where
preferential treatment was feasible.
56. Administrative role -
Supervisory role.
Functional role
Educational role-
Role in research
Role in evaluation -
ROLE OF NURSE IN FAMILY PLANNING
57. BIBLIOGRAPHY
•Basawanthappa B. T, (2008),” Community Health Nursing”, Pp 600-
6001.
•Kamalam S. (2005), Essential In Community Health Nursing Practice,
Pp 319-321
•Lowdermilk Leonard Deitra, Perry Phinon E. (1997), “Maternity And
Woman Health Care”, New York, PP 1192-1195.
•Mahajan B. K, Gupta M.C. (1972),“ Textbook Of Preventive And Social
Medicin”, Second Edition, pp- 608.
•May Antley Katharyan, Laura Mahlmeister, “Comprehensive
Maternity Nursing” Pp-192.
•Jacob annamma, (2005), a comprehensive textbook of midwifery”, pp
– 242-245.
•Myles Margret f.,(1975), “text book for midwifes” pp 421.
•Park K. Preventive And Social Medicine , 20th Edition, Pp
•Gulani K. K, Community Health Nursing” First Edition, Pp 318-321.
•.wikipedia.com.