This document provides information on various contraceptive methods, including:
- Hormonal methods such as oral contraceptive pills, injectables like DMPA, and implants.
- Barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides.
- Intrauterine devices (IUDs) including copper and hormonal IUDs.
- Surgical methods like tubal ligation and vasectomy.
It discusses the types of each method, how they work, effectiveness, side effects, benefits, and other important details about family planning options. Counseling approaches and medical eligibility criteria for contraceptives are also covered.
This document summarizes various contraception methods. It groups them into barrier methods like condoms, hormonal methods like birth control pills, IUDs, natural methods like fertility awareness, and permanent sterilization. Barrier methods include male and female condoms and diaphragms. Hormonal methods primarily discuss oral contraceptives and emergency contraception. IUDs are described as 98-99% effective devices that prevent implantation. Natural methods cover rhythm/fertility awareness and withdrawal, which are less effective. Permanent sterilization discusses tubal ligation and vasectomy.
This document provides information on various contraceptive methods. It discusses hormonal methods like oral contraceptives (birth control pills), injections (Depo-Provera), implants (Norplant), and the vaginal ring. It also covers barrier methods, including condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, and cervical caps. Surgical sterilization options for both females (tubal ligation) and males (vasectomy) are described. The document concludes with behavioral methods like withdrawal and fertility awareness/natural family planning. Considerations for choosing a method include effectiveness, cost, safety, comfort/ease of use, and future fertility.
A subdermal implant is a small plastic rod placed under the skin that releases estrogen to prevent egg release and pregnancy for up to 3 years. It provides highly effective birth control without needing to take daily pills but can cause side effects like irregular bleeding and spotting between periods for some women. Removal of the implant costs between $75-$100.
This document discusses hormonal contraceptives, including their mechanisms of action and types. It begins by listing the possible methods of contraception and then focuses on hormonal methods. It explains that hormonal contraceptives work by suppressing GnRH and the subsequent release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland, preventing follicle maturation and ovulation. The main types discussed are combined oral contraceptive pills containing estrogen and progestin, progestin-only pills, and emergency contraception. Combined pills can be monophasic, biphasic, or triphasic depending on hormone levels. Potential side effects and regimens for emergency contraception are also summarized.
Significant increase in live birth rate is found when IUI is done with stimulation compared with IUI in natural cycle in women with Unexplained Infertility .
An intensive material on recent advances on contraception including the current contraceptive methods and a brief overview on immunocontraception and contraceptive vaccines
Ovulation induction - not all fertility treatment is IVF by Dr Aishwarya Parthasarathy, Fertility specialist, A4 Fertility Centre, chennai
#ovulationinduction #FertilityTreamtent #a4fertilitycentre #a4hopsitals #chennai
This document summarizes various contraception methods. It groups them into barrier methods like condoms, hormonal methods like birth control pills, IUDs, natural methods like fertility awareness, and permanent sterilization. Barrier methods include male and female condoms and diaphragms. Hormonal methods primarily discuss oral contraceptives and emergency contraception. IUDs are described as 98-99% effective devices that prevent implantation. Natural methods cover rhythm/fertility awareness and withdrawal, which are less effective. Permanent sterilization discusses tubal ligation and vasectomy.
This document provides information on various contraceptive methods. It discusses hormonal methods like oral contraceptives (birth control pills), injections (Depo-Provera), implants (Norplant), and the vaginal ring. It also covers barrier methods, including condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, and cervical caps. Surgical sterilization options for both females (tubal ligation) and males (vasectomy) are described. The document concludes with behavioral methods like withdrawal and fertility awareness/natural family planning. Considerations for choosing a method include effectiveness, cost, safety, comfort/ease of use, and future fertility.
A subdermal implant is a small plastic rod placed under the skin that releases estrogen to prevent egg release and pregnancy for up to 3 years. It provides highly effective birth control without needing to take daily pills but can cause side effects like irregular bleeding and spotting between periods for some women. Removal of the implant costs between $75-$100.
This document discusses hormonal contraceptives, including their mechanisms of action and types. It begins by listing the possible methods of contraception and then focuses on hormonal methods. It explains that hormonal contraceptives work by suppressing GnRH and the subsequent release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland, preventing follicle maturation and ovulation. The main types discussed are combined oral contraceptive pills containing estrogen and progestin, progestin-only pills, and emergency contraception. Combined pills can be monophasic, biphasic, or triphasic depending on hormone levels. Potential side effects and regimens for emergency contraception are also summarized.
Significant increase in live birth rate is found when IUI is done with stimulation compared with IUI in natural cycle in women with Unexplained Infertility .
An intensive material on recent advances on contraception including the current contraceptive methods and a brief overview on immunocontraception and contraceptive vaccines
Ovulation induction - not all fertility treatment is IVF by Dr Aishwarya Parthasarathy, Fertility specialist, A4 Fertility Centre, chennai
#ovulationinduction #FertilityTreamtent #a4fertilitycentre #a4hopsitals #chennai
This document summarizes hormonal methods of contraception. It describes family planning and the criteria for an ideal contraceptive. Hormonal contraceptives are classified as oral pills, depot formulations, injections, subdermal implants, and vaginal rings. Combined oral contraceptive pills contain estrogen and progesterone while progesterone-only pills contain only progesterone. Depot formulations provide long-lasting, reversible contraception through injections or implants. The various hormonal methods, their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, and potential side effects are discussed.
India was the first country to launch a national family planning program in 1952. Contraception is needed as 21% of pregnancies are unintended and 40% of pregnancies overall are unintended. This can be addressed by meeting unmet contraceptive needs, which could avoid 55 million unwanted pregnancies, 22 million abortions, and 90,000 maternal deaths. Various contraceptive methods available include barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, hormonal methods like pills and implants, and long acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs and injectables. The ideal contraceptive is safe, effective, free of side effects, easily obtainable, affordable, acceptable to users, and does not affect future fertility.
Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), also known as birth control pills, contain a combination of estrogen and progestin hormones. Taken correctly, OCPs are over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. There are different pill formulations including monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic pills. OCPs have significant health benefits but also some risks, such as a small increased risk of blood clots. Emergency contraceptive pills can also be used within 5 days of unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy.
Oral contraceptive pills contain estrogen and progesterone hormones that prevent pregnancy through three main mechanisms: blocking ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry, and changing the uterine lining. They are a popular, effective, and relatively safe contraceptive method with potential side effects like headaches, mood changes, and weight gain. Proper use and avoiding certain drug interactions are important for preventing contraceptive failure and unplanned pregnancy.
Emergency contraception, Combination Birth Control Pill, Progestogen-Only Pillsmaria may dizon
This document discusses different types of emergency contraception and birth control methods including combination birth control pills and progestogen-only pills. It provides information on how each method works, effectiveness rates, benefits and risks, side effects, drug interactions, complications and important considerations for patient education. The methods discussed are levonorgestrel, ulipristal acetate, combination birth control pills containing estrogen and progestin, and progestogen-only pills.
The document discusses different types of oral contraceptives including combination pills containing estrogen and progestin, progestin-only pills, and emergency contraceptive pills. Combination pills are available in monophasic, multiphasic, and extended-cycle formulations. Progestin-only pills contain only progestin and have no inactive pills. Emergency contraceptive pills can prevent pregnancy if taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex. Oral contraceptives work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, or altering the uterine lining. They are highly effective but can have side effects like headaches or mood changes. Long term use carries small risks of blood clots, heart attack, or stroke.
1) The document discusses the evolution of using GnRH antagonists in IVF treatment instead of agonists. Antagonists allow for a shorter, less invasive treatment with fewer injections and side effects like ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
2) Clinical trials and Cochrane reviews have found antagonist protocols to be as effective as agonist protocols with comparable live birth rates but significantly reduced risk of OHSS. This makes antagonists the preferred protocol especially for high risk groups like PCOS patients.
3) The antagonist approach creates a safer, less stressful IVF experience for patients and allows treatments that were not possible with agonists, such as protocols for cancer patients needing immediate fertility preservation. The document predicts antagonists
This document provides an overview of various methods of contraception, including hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, barrier methods, natural methods, and sterilization. For hormonal methods, it discusses oral contraceptive pills, the contraceptive patch, progestin-only pills, and injectable contraception. For intrauterine devices, it describes copper and hormonal IUDs. Barrier methods discussed include diaphragms and condoms. Natural methods outlined are fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea. The document concludes with a brief section on surgical sterilization.
1. Emergency contraception, also known as the "morning after pill", can prevent pregnancy up to 5 days after unprotected sex but is most effective the sooner it is taken.
2. The document discusses various case presentations involving patients seeking emergency contraception and provides guidance on appropriate contraceptive options and counseling points.
3. Key recommendations include no need for physical exam prior to emergency contraception, offering advance prescriptions, and providing the most effective option of copper IUD insertion for emergency contraception when possible.
This document provides information about an Indian physician named Dr. Laxmi Shrikhande, including her professional accomplishments and roles. It lists that she has served as Chairperson Elect of the Indian College of OB/GYN, National Corresponding Editor of the Journal of OB/GYN of India, Founder Patron and President of ISOPARB Vidarbha Chapter, and various other leadership positions in medical organizations. It also notes some of the awards and recognition she has received for her work in women's health and related fields.
Combination oral contraceptives are the most common type and contain estrogen and progestin. They come in monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic formulations. Other options include transdermal patches, vaginal rings, progestin-only pills, injectables, and implants. Intrauterine devices provide long-term contraception for 3-5 years. Emergency contraception can be used after unprotected sex and works best if used within 72 hours. Estrogen and progestin work to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Common side effects include breast tenderness, headaches and mood changes.
This document discusses ovulation induction using gonadotropin preparations. It outlines the different types of gonadotropins including human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG), urofollitropin, highly purified FSH, and recombinant gonadotropins. The main indications for gonadotropin use are hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, clomiphene-resistant anovulation, unexplained infertility, and elderly patients. Various protocols are described such as step-up, step-down, chronic low-dose, and fixed dose regimens. Complications include ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The document recommends that gonadotropins only be used by
This document discusses female infertility, including definitions of primary and secondary infertility, common causes, and initial investigations for infertile couples. It covers testing for ovulation and tubal patency, as well as the roles of laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Tests of ovulation include LH kits, progesterone assays, basal body temperature tracking, examining cervical mucus, and transvaginal ultrasounds. Tests of tubal patency comprise hysterosalpingography, laparoscopy with dye tests, and sonohysterosalpingography.
GUIDELINES ON COVID VACCINATION IN PREGNANCY IN INDIA : Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
This document provides guidelines for COVID vaccination in pregnancy in India. It recommends that all pregnant women should be vaccinated in any trimester, with high-risk mothers receiving Covaxin. Low-risk mothers should receive Covishield. It provides guidance on vaccination for various at-risk groups and medical conditions. The COVID vaccine can be given on the same day as other vaccines at different sites. Pregnant mothers should be counseled on vaccination and their vaccination status recorded in their RCH card.
Contraception refers to preventing pregnancy through various methods. The document discusses the characteristics of ideal contraception and provides examples of different contraceptive methods including natural family planning, hormonal methods, barriers, intrauterine devices, sterilization, and emergency contraception. It also covers assessments to determine the appropriate method, how different methods work, when they can be started, common side effects, and contraindications.
Family planning: is defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities and services which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved.
Birth control: Birth control is the use of any practices, methods, or devices to prevent pregnancy from occurring in a sexually active woman. Also referred to as family planning, pregnancy prevention, fertility control, or contraception; birth control methods are designed either to prevent fertilization of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. Birth control methods may be reversible or irreversible.
Contraception: (birth control) prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act at different points in the process.
Benefits of Family planning
Women/family
• Better health
• Less physical/emotional strain
• Improved quality of life
• Increased educational opportunities
• Increased economic opportunities
• More energy for household activities
• More energy for personal development and community activities
For Children:
• Better health
• More food and other resources available
• Greater opportunity for emotional support from parents
• Better opportunity for education
Factors that affect on the decision of using contraception:
• husband involvement
• Effectiveness--statistics show two numbers:
- Failure rate: no. of women per 100 who become pregnant after 1 yr. when using a birth control consistently & correctly
- Typical use failure rate: takes into account improper or inconsistent use
• Cost
• Ease of use
• Side effects
Family planning methods
• Hormone-based contraceptives
6 types
1) Oral contraceptives (pills)
2) Vaginal ring
3) Transdermal patch
4) Injected hormones
5) Hormonal implants
6) Hormonal IUDs
Oral contraceptives pills
Types of Contraceptives Pills
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)
Most widely used
Contain both estrogen & progestagen
Triphasic pill
Levels of hormones (estrogen & progestin) fluctuate during cycle
Progestin-only pills (POPs)
Contain only a progestagen, mostly Levonorgestrel (no estrogen).
Especially suitable for breastfeeding women.
How hormonal contraceptives work
FSH & LH trigger ovulation
How to use oral contraceptives
Family planning refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy and control the timing and spacing of births. Contraceptive methods include barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, sterilization procedures, and emergency contraception. Effective family planning counseling involves creating a private and respectful environment, engaging in two-way communication, maintaining confidentiality, and showing empathy without judgment. The document outlines various contraceptive methods, their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages to help counsel patients on the options best suited to their needs and circumstances.
The document provides information about family planning and hormonal contraception for high-risk patients. It discusses:
1) Contraceptive methods including hormonal options like pills, injections, implants and IUDs. Combined oral contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin while progestin-only pills contain no estrogen.
2) Guidelines for prescribing contraception for those with medical conditions. Conditions are categorized from no restriction to unacceptable health risks. Clinical judgement is required.
3) Detailed information about combined oral contraceptives including how they work, benefits, side effects, prescribing considerations for different patient populations, and what to do if pills are missed. High-risk patients require careful consideration of risks and
This document summarizes hormonal methods of contraception. It describes family planning and the criteria for an ideal contraceptive. Hormonal contraceptives are classified as oral pills, depot formulations, injections, subdermal implants, and vaginal rings. Combined oral contraceptive pills contain estrogen and progesterone while progesterone-only pills contain only progesterone. Depot formulations provide long-lasting, reversible contraception through injections or implants. The various hormonal methods, their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, and potential side effects are discussed.
India was the first country to launch a national family planning program in 1952. Contraception is needed as 21% of pregnancies are unintended and 40% of pregnancies overall are unintended. This can be addressed by meeting unmet contraceptive needs, which could avoid 55 million unwanted pregnancies, 22 million abortions, and 90,000 maternal deaths. Various contraceptive methods available include barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, hormonal methods like pills and implants, and long acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs and injectables. The ideal contraceptive is safe, effective, free of side effects, easily obtainable, affordable, acceptable to users, and does not affect future fertility.
Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), also known as birth control pills, contain a combination of estrogen and progestin hormones. Taken correctly, OCPs are over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. There are different pill formulations including monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic pills. OCPs have significant health benefits but also some risks, such as a small increased risk of blood clots. Emergency contraceptive pills can also be used within 5 days of unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy.
Oral contraceptive pills contain estrogen and progesterone hormones that prevent pregnancy through three main mechanisms: blocking ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry, and changing the uterine lining. They are a popular, effective, and relatively safe contraceptive method with potential side effects like headaches, mood changes, and weight gain. Proper use and avoiding certain drug interactions are important for preventing contraceptive failure and unplanned pregnancy.
Emergency contraception, Combination Birth Control Pill, Progestogen-Only Pillsmaria may dizon
This document discusses different types of emergency contraception and birth control methods including combination birth control pills and progestogen-only pills. It provides information on how each method works, effectiveness rates, benefits and risks, side effects, drug interactions, complications and important considerations for patient education. The methods discussed are levonorgestrel, ulipristal acetate, combination birth control pills containing estrogen and progestin, and progestogen-only pills.
The document discusses different types of oral contraceptives including combination pills containing estrogen and progestin, progestin-only pills, and emergency contraceptive pills. Combination pills are available in monophasic, multiphasic, and extended-cycle formulations. Progestin-only pills contain only progestin and have no inactive pills. Emergency contraceptive pills can prevent pregnancy if taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex. Oral contraceptives work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, or altering the uterine lining. They are highly effective but can have side effects like headaches or mood changes. Long term use carries small risks of blood clots, heart attack, or stroke.
1) The document discusses the evolution of using GnRH antagonists in IVF treatment instead of agonists. Antagonists allow for a shorter, less invasive treatment with fewer injections and side effects like ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
2) Clinical trials and Cochrane reviews have found antagonist protocols to be as effective as agonist protocols with comparable live birth rates but significantly reduced risk of OHSS. This makes antagonists the preferred protocol especially for high risk groups like PCOS patients.
3) The antagonist approach creates a safer, less stressful IVF experience for patients and allows treatments that were not possible with agonists, such as protocols for cancer patients needing immediate fertility preservation. The document predicts antagonists
This document provides an overview of various methods of contraception, including hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, barrier methods, natural methods, and sterilization. For hormonal methods, it discusses oral contraceptive pills, the contraceptive patch, progestin-only pills, and injectable contraception. For intrauterine devices, it describes copper and hormonal IUDs. Barrier methods discussed include diaphragms and condoms. Natural methods outlined are fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea. The document concludes with a brief section on surgical sterilization.
1. Emergency contraception, also known as the "morning after pill", can prevent pregnancy up to 5 days after unprotected sex but is most effective the sooner it is taken.
2. The document discusses various case presentations involving patients seeking emergency contraception and provides guidance on appropriate contraceptive options and counseling points.
3. Key recommendations include no need for physical exam prior to emergency contraception, offering advance prescriptions, and providing the most effective option of copper IUD insertion for emergency contraception when possible.
This document provides information about an Indian physician named Dr. Laxmi Shrikhande, including her professional accomplishments and roles. It lists that she has served as Chairperson Elect of the Indian College of OB/GYN, National Corresponding Editor of the Journal of OB/GYN of India, Founder Patron and President of ISOPARB Vidarbha Chapter, and various other leadership positions in medical organizations. It also notes some of the awards and recognition she has received for her work in women's health and related fields.
Combination oral contraceptives are the most common type and contain estrogen and progestin. They come in monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic formulations. Other options include transdermal patches, vaginal rings, progestin-only pills, injectables, and implants. Intrauterine devices provide long-term contraception for 3-5 years. Emergency contraception can be used after unprotected sex and works best if used within 72 hours. Estrogen and progestin work to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Common side effects include breast tenderness, headaches and mood changes.
This document discusses ovulation induction using gonadotropin preparations. It outlines the different types of gonadotropins including human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG), urofollitropin, highly purified FSH, and recombinant gonadotropins. The main indications for gonadotropin use are hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, clomiphene-resistant anovulation, unexplained infertility, and elderly patients. Various protocols are described such as step-up, step-down, chronic low-dose, and fixed dose regimens. Complications include ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The document recommends that gonadotropins only be used by
This document discusses female infertility, including definitions of primary and secondary infertility, common causes, and initial investigations for infertile couples. It covers testing for ovulation and tubal patency, as well as the roles of laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Tests of ovulation include LH kits, progesterone assays, basal body temperature tracking, examining cervical mucus, and transvaginal ultrasounds. Tests of tubal patency comprise hysterosalpingography, laparoscopy with dye tests, and sonohysterosalpingography.
GUIDELINES ON COVID VACCINATION IN PREGNANCY IN INDIA : Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
This document provides guidelines for COVID vaccination in pregnancy in India. It recommends that all pregnant women should be vaccinated in any trimester, with high-risk mothers receiving Covaxin. Low-risk mothers should receive Covishield. It provides guidance on vaccination for various at-risk groups and medical conditions. The COVID vaccine can be given on the same day as other vaccines at different sites. Pregnant mothers should be counseled on vaccination and their vaccination status recorded in their RCH card.
Contraception refers to preventing pregnancy through various methods. The document discusses the characteristics of ideal contraception and provides examples of different contraceptive methods including natural family planning, hormonal methods, barriers, intrauterine devices, sterilization, and emergency contraception. It also covers assessments to determine the appropriate method, how different methods work, when they can be started, common side effects, and contraindications.
Family planning: is defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities and services which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved.
Birth control: Birth control is the use of any practices, methods, or devices to prevent pregnancy from occurring in a sexually active woman. Also referred to as family planning, pregnancy prevention, fertility control, or contraception; birth control methods are designed either to prevent fertilization of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. Birth control methods may be reversible or irreversible.
Contraception: (birth control) prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act at different points in the process.
Benefits of Family planning
Women/family
• Better health
• Less physical/emotional strain
• Improved quality of life
• Increased educational opportunities
• Increased economic opportunities
• More energy for household activities
• More energy for personal development and community activities
For Children:
• Better health
• More food and other resources available
• Greater opportunity for emotional support from parents
• Better opportunity for education
Factors that affect on the decision of using contraception:
• husband involvement
• Effectiveness--statistics show two numbers:
- Failure rate: no. of women per 100 who become pregnant after 1 yr. when using a birth control consistently & correctly
- Typical use failure rate: takes into account improper or inconsistent use
• Cost
• Ease of use
• Side effects
Family planning methods
• Hormone-based contraceptives
6 types
1) Oral contraceptives (pills)
2) Vaginal ring
3) Transdermal patch
4) Injected hormones
5) Hormonal implants
6) Hormonal IUDs
Oral contraceptives pills
Types of Contraceptives Pills
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)
Most widely used
Contain both estrogen & progestagen
Triphasic pill
Levels of hormones (estrogen & progestin) fluctuate during cycle
Progestin-only pills (POPs)
Contain only a progestagen, mostly Levonorgestrel (no estrogen).
Especially suitable for breastfeeding women.
How hormonal contraceptives work
FSH & LH trigger ovulation
How to use oral contraceptives
Family planning refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy and control the timing and spacing of births. Contraceptive methods include barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, sterilization procedures, and emergency contraception. Effective family planning counseling involves creating a private and respectful environment, engaging in two-way communication, maintaining confidentiality, and showing empathy without judgment. The document outlines various contraceptive methods, their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages to help counsel patients on the options best suited to their needs and circumstances.
The document provides information about family planning and hormonal contraception for high-risk patients. It discusses:
1) Contraceptive methods including hormonal options like pills, injections, implants and IUDs. Combined oral contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin while progestin-only pills contain no estrogen.
2) Guidelines for prescribing contraception for those with medical conditions. Conditions are categorized from no restriction to unacceptable health risks. Clinical judgement is required.
3) Detailed information about combined oral contraceptives including how they work, benefits, side effects, prescribing considerations for different patient populations, and what to do if pills are missed. High-risk patients require careful consideration of risks and
This document provides an overview of different contraceptive methods classified as natural methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, and sterilization. It describes the ideal properties of a contraceptive and discusses various contraceptive options in detail, including their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects, advantages, and disadvantages. Hormonal contraceptives discussed include oral contraceptive pills, injections, implants, patches, and vaginal rings. Long-acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs are also covered. The document aims to inform about family planning and contraception.
This document discusses contraception and various contraceptive methods. It defines contraception as any method used to prevent pregnancy and notes its importance in allowing people to choose whether and when to have children. The document then covers female contraception methods including hormonal methods like combined oral contraception (COC), progestogen-only methods, emergency contraception, and natural family planning methods. It discusses the effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of each method.
Emergency contraception refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. The main methods are:
1. Levonorgestrel ECPs (LNG-ECPs) which are pills taken within 72 hours in a single or two doses.
2. Ulipristal acetate ECPs (UPAECPs) which is a single pill taken within 120 hours.
3. Copper IUD which can be inserted within 7 days and is over 99% effective.
It is important to note the effectiveness varies based on the method used and time elapsed since intercourse. Managing side effects like nausea is also important when using ECPs.
The document discusses family planning objectives and methods in India. It notes that India's total fertility rate has fallen below the replacement level of two children per woman. It also outlines several government initiatives to increase access to contraceptives and family planning services. The document describes various family planning methods available in India, including spacing methods like pills, condoms, and IUDs, as well as permanent sterilization methods. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of different contraceptive options.
This document discusses various hormonal contraceptive methods. It describes combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen and progestin), progestogen-only contraceptives including the progestogen-only pill, implants containing etonogestrel, progestogen-only injectables such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. The methods are compared in terms of their mechanisms of action, administration, effectiveness, side effects, and contraindications. Combined oral contraceptives are highlighted as the most commonly used reversible contraceptive worldwide.
This document provides an overview of various contraception methods. It discusses natural family planning methods like the rhythm method, withdrawal, and lactational amenorrhea. It also covers barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms and spermicides. Major hormonal contraceptives like combined oral contraceptives and progestin-only pills are explained in detail, including their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, disadvantages and contraindications. Surgical sterilization methods are also briefly mentioned. The document aims to inform readers on the different temporary and permanent contraception options available.
- Family planning, also known as contraception, involves limiting family size and preventing unwanted pregnancy. There are about 1.2 billion women of reproductive age worldwide.
- In Nigeria, the total fertility rate is high at 5.7, leading to high population growth and a doubling of the population every 22 years if trends continue. However, contraceptive use is low, with only 14.6% using any method and 9.7% using modern methods.
- Family planning methods include natural methods like fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea, as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, patches, rings, and IUDs. Barrier methods and permanent sterilization procedures
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including their definitions, mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects, and other considerations. It describes barrier methods like withdrawal as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, and intrauterine devices. For each method, it discusses how they work to prevent pregnancy, effectiveness rates, advantages and disadvantages, and medical eligibility criteria. The document provides a comprehensive overview of modern reversible contraceptive options.
This document outlines various methods of contraception, including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, transdermal patches, injectables, and emergency contraception. It describes the formulations and mechanisms of different hormonal contraceptives, such as monophasic and triphasic oral contraceptives that contain constant or varying levels of estrogen and progestin, extended cycle pills, and progestin-only mini pills. Long acting reversible contraceptives like the contraceptive implant and intrauterine device are also discussed.
Explain the wider meaning of family planning.
Give contraceptive counselling.
List the efficiency, contraindications and side effects of the various contraceptive methods.
List the important health benefits of contraception.
Advise a postpartum patient on the most appropriate method of contraception.
This document provides information about various contraceptive methods. It discusses natural family planning methods, mechanical methods like condoms and diaphragms, and hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills, injectables, implants, and intrauterine devices. For each method, it covers efficacy, mechanisms of action, usage instructions, benefits, side effects, and risks. The ideal is described as a contraceptive that is safe, effective, free of side effects, available, acceptable to users, and does not impact future fertility.
Contraceptive and birth control presentationJasim Salman
This document summarizes different types of contraceptive methods including behavioral methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, sterilization, and emergency contraception. Behavioral methods include withdrawal and fertility awareness. Barrier methods discussed are male/female condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and spermicides. Hormonal methods covered combined oral contraceptives, patches/rings, progesterone only pills and injections, implants, and IUDs. Sterilization involves tubal ligation for females and vasectomy for males. Emergency contraception uses high doses of hormones to prevent ovulation.
Family Planning & Contraception discusses various contraceptive methods including natural/fertility awareness methods like the Standard Days Method and Calendar Rhythm Method, as well as artificial/hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptive pills and progestin-only pills. The document outlines the goals of family planning to enable couples to choose family size and birth timing safely and effectively. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of medical experts to provide harm-free contraception information and options.
This document provides information on various forms of emergency contraception. It discusses the Yuzpe method, levonorgestrel, copper IUDs, and ulipristal acetate. For each method, it covers mechanisms of action, effectiveness, appropriate usage, side effects, limitations, and clinical considerations. The document aims to educate health professionals on the options available for emergency contraception and factors to consider when recommending a method.
The document discusses family planning in Kenya. It notes that Kenya's fertility rate is between 4-5 children per woman, and that contraceptive prevalence has increased but remains below targets. Maternal mortality has not improved. Barriers to family planning include social and cultural factors as well as weak health systems. The document then discusses various family planning methods including fertility awareness, mechanical methods like IUDs and condoms, hormonal methods like pills and implants, and surgical methods like tubal ligation and vasectomy. It provides details on combined oral contraceptive pills, including types, effectiveness, eligibility criteria, and potential side effects.
Gynecology Medical Student notes describing use of contraceptives and application in the medical field. A guide on the criteria use of oral contraceptives and their indications for use.
The document discusses various methods of contraception, including their mechanisms of action, effectiveness rates, benefits, limitations, and medical conditions that may require caution or restrict their use. It provides details on barrier methods like male and female condoms, hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives and progestogen-only pills, and long-acting reversible contraceptives. Guidelines from the WHO on appropriate categories of use for different medical conditions are also summarized.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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2. A method or a system which allows intercourse and
yet prevents conception is called a contraceptive
method.
Temporary/ permenant.
Depends on:
Availability, cost.
Age and parity of the couple.
Reliability (failure rate).
Side effects, contraindications to a particular
method.
Advantages and disadvantages.
Requirement of follow-up.
Counselling
3. Types
)
Stages of Family
PlanningCounselling
Stage I: General – Counselling
Stage II: Method Specific
Counselling
• Stage III: Follow-Up Counselling
Purpose of counselling
Counselling is a client
centered approach guide
him/her towards
decision making.
COUNSELLING
6. Long acting:
Three-monthly oral tablets
Three-monthly IM injections
Implants
IUCD
Surgical methods
Medium acting:
Weekly
Monthly injections
Short acting:
Condoms, barrier methods
Postcoital pill
Daily pills
Skin patches
7. Medical Eligibility Criteria
The Medical EligibilityCriteria (MEC) forms the scientific foundation for client assessment
regarding family planning methods. It gives a detailed guidance regarding whether a
family planning method can safely be given to a woman with a certain medical condition.
The criteria has been adapted and modified according to the Indian situation, based on the
skills, knowledge and availability of resources in the health delivery system.
Four categories for MEC
Category With
Clinical judgme
nt
With Limit
ed clinical
judgment
1. A condition for which there is no restriction for the use of
the contraceptive method.
Use method in
any circumstances
Yes (Use
the Method)
2. A condition where the advantages of using the method
generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks
Generally use
the method
Yes (Use
the Method)
3. A condition where the theoretical or proven
risks usually outweigh the advantages of using
the method
Use of method not
usually recommended
No
(Do not use
the method)
4. A condition which represents
an unacceptable health risk if
the contraceptive method is used.
Method not to be used No
(Do not
use the
method)
8. Clinical Assessment and Screening
of Clients
Use Screening checklist placed at
Annexure 2 of Reference Manual for
Injectable Contraceptive MPA
Screening checklist, based on the
contraceptive wheel of
GoI 2015 adapted from WHO MEC
2015
1/6/2017 Family Planning Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
9. Four Types of Birth Control
• Hormonal Methods
• Barrier methods
• Surgical Methods
• Behavioral Methods
12. Hormonal Methods
• Oral Contraceptives
(Birth Control Pill)
• Injections (Depo-Provera)
• Implants (Norplant I & II)
• Vaginal ring
13. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION-all hormonal birth
control measures act via same mechanism
Inhibiting
ovulation
Changes in
the
endometrium
Cervical
mucus
changes
14. Oral contraceptive
pills (OCP)
• Oral contraceptive made from synthetic hormones
• 97%-99% effective
• Combined pill or mini- pill
• Contains estrogen and progestin
• 21-day or 28-day form
• Monophasic or multiphasic (fewer side effects)
16. COC
Combined Oral Contraceptive
Pills (COCs)…
• Available in public sector as free and
ASHA supply (Mala-N)
• In each strip, 21 are hormonal tablets
and 7 non hormonal (iron) tablets
• Each hormonal tablet contains
Levonorgestrel (0.15mg) and
Ethinyl estradiol (30 micrograms)
• Should not be given to breastfeeding
women till 6 months postpartum
•Started within 5 days of starting of
menstruation.
• Once a day at the same time ,everyday
18. Con’s
• ↑ Risk of CV disease
• ↑ Risk of breast cancer
• ↑ Risk of cervical cancer
• ↑ Risk of thromboembolic
episodes
• ↑ Risk of liver adenoma
• Lipid metabolism disorders
• Nausea
• Depression
• Post-pill amenorrhea
• Weight gain
• Breast tenderness
19. Mini-pill- POP
• Contains only progestin
• All 28 pills in a packet are hormone
tablets (EITHER LEVONORGESTREL
OR DESOGESTREL)
Used continuously 28 days
• Effect: thickens the cervical mucus
and makes the lining of the uterus
less receptive to implantation
• Indicated because of medical reasons
and women breatsfeeding
• Started within 5 days of starting of
menstruation
• Once a day at the same time, everyday
• .
20. ORMELOXIFEN- (CHHAYA)
NON STEROIDAL, NON-HORMONAL AND ONCE-A WEEK PILL
Weak estrogenic action on bones but strong anti-estrogenic
action on uterus, breasts
MOA: Creates asynchrony between developing zygote and
endometrial maturation, which prevents implantation of zygote
Acts like a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and
anti-estrogenic effects on uterus
Safe for breast feeding mothers soon after childbirth
Can be used safely in conditions where hormonal contraceptives
are not advised
For initiation: 1st pill is to be taken on 1st day of period (1st day
of bleeding) and the 2nd pill 3 days after-for first 3 months.
Then once a week from 4th month.
21.
22. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE PILL (ECP)
• To be taken immediately after
unprotected/accidental intercourse or as soon as
possible within next 3 days (72 hours)
• To be used within 72 hours of unprotected sex -contraceptive
accident like condom rupture or missed pills.)I
Sooner it is taken, more effective
Not appropriate as a regular contraceptive method due
to less effective than other contraceptives, chances
of menstrual irregularities
• Do not disrupt an existing pregnancy
• In national program, EC pill contains only progestin -
Levonorgestrel (1.5 mg per tab) and available as free
and ASHA supply (ezy-pill)
• Provides an opportunity for women to start using
a regular contraceptive method.
• All methods of contraception can be initiated on the same
day of EC pill.( CuT/ COC/POP/Inj DMPA).
24. Injectable Contraceptives
• Synthetic hormones resembling the natural female
hormones
Types Injectables Schedule
Progestogen-only
Injectables (POI)
Depot
MedroxyProgesterone
Acetate (DMPA)
3 Monthly
Norethisterone enanthate
(NET-EN)
2 Monthly
1 Monthly
Combined Injectables
Contraceptive (CIC)
Estrogen (usually
ethinylestradiol)
and progesterone
Note: Under National Family Planning Program Injectable MPA is introduced
1/6/2017 Family Planning Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
26. Mechanism of Action
Thinning of
endometrial
lining
Inhibiting
ovulation
Thickening of
cervical mucus
• Suppressing
mid cycle peaks
of LH and FSH
• Depletion of • High
oestrogen progesterone
and depleted
oestrogen
• Thick mucus
prevents sperm
penetration • Unfavorable for
implantation of
fertilized ovum
1/6/2017 Family Planning Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
27. Benefits
Contraceptive Non Contraceptive
Long term contraceptive benefits. May decrease menstrual cramps and reduce
pre-menstrual syndrome/tension
Easy to use Improves anaemia
Acts for 3 months (grace period of 4 weeks). Reduces the symptoms of endometriosis
Completely reversible: 7-10 months from date Decreases benign breast disease and ov
of last injection cyst
Private and confidential method Helps prevent uterine tumours (fibroids)
Does not interfere with sexual
intercourse/pleasure
Reduces the incidence of symptomatic pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID).
Pelvic examination not required prior to use. Protect against endometrial & ovarian cancer
Reduces sickle-cell crises
Suitable for breast feeding women (after 6
weeks postpartum)
Immediate postpartum (Non Breast Feeding)
and post abortion contraception
Protects against ectopic pregnancy
Minimal drug interactions
Any age or parity if they are at risk of
pregnancy
1/6/2017 Family Planning Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
28. Eligibility Criteria
• MPA is safe in women who:
Are of any age, including adolescents and women over 45
years old.
Have or have not had children.
Are unmarried.
Have just had an abortion or miscarriage.
Are smoker, regardless of age.
Are breastfeeding (starting 6 weeks after child birth).
Are at risk of STI/ HIV infection.
Are infected with HIV, whether or not on antiretroviral therapy
1/6/2017 Family Planning Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
29. MPA is not recommended for the
woman
• Breastfeeding woman less than six weeks
postpartum,
• Blood pressure 160/100 mm Hg or more,
• Unexplained vaginal bleeding etc (Category
IV as per WHO MEC).
1/6/2017 Family Planning Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
30. SIDE EFFECTS
• Extremely irregular menstrual bleeding and
spotting for 3-6 months!
• NO PERIOD after 3-6 months
• Weight change
• Breast tenderness
• Mood change
*not every woman has side-effects!
31. Intrauterine Devices (IUD)
• T-shaped object placed in the
uterus to prevent pregnancy
• Must be on period during
insertion
• A Natural childbirth required to
use IUD
• Extremely effective without using
hormones > 97 % and with
hormones- 99 %
• IUCD can be
• Plain
• Copper
• Silver
• Hormones.
32.
33.
34. What are the most cu ( IUD ) used today ?
Today two types of cu IUD are used mostly
Multiload (left) and cupper T (right) :
35. Inverted U shaped device
3.5 cm long and 1.8 cm wide with 5 stubs on each
side on the ‘U’
Only vertical stem is wound with copper wire 375
sq.mm / nylon threads
5 years from the day of insertion,
Both IUCD 380 A and IUCD 375 have the same
mechanism of action. • Copper ions decrease sperm
motility and function by altering the uterine and
tubal fluid environment, thus preventing sperm
from reaching the fallopian tubes and fertilizing the
egg (Rivera et al. 1999) •The device stimulates
foreign body reaction in the endometrium that
releases macrophages and prevents implantation
T shaped device
Dimensions 3.6 cm long and 3.2 cm
wide
CopperWireVertical stem and
horizontal arms are wound with
copper wire
Surface Area of Copper 380 sq. mm
Material of the Strings Polyethylene
strings Monofilament
Duration 10 years from the day of
insertion
INTRAUTERINECONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE
Cu-T380A
Cu-T375
36. Types of IUCD Insertion
After informed consent from the client, the IUCD can be inserted by trained providers in:
1.EXTENDED POSTPARTUM/INTERVAL IUCD: women who return for postpartum
care at 6 weeks or later, can receive the IUCD.The technique of insertion and the
related precautions are the same as for regular IUCD insertion.
2.POSTPLACENTAL IUCD the IUCD is held in a suitably long forceps without a lock (eg.
PPIUCD Insertion forceps).The instrument is inserted up to the fundus of the uterus, and the
IUCD is released.
3. INTRA CESAREAN IUCD:IUCD is introduced through the uterine incision during a caesaren
section and placed at the uterine fundus.This is done manually or using a regular ring forceps
(sponge holding forceps), since it is not necessary to use a long instrument to reach the fundus.
4.POSTPARTUMWITHIN 48 hours: the IUCD is inserted within 48 hours following the birth of
the baby.The trained provider can insert the IUCD in a procedure or examination room in the
postpartum ward using PPIUCD insertion forceps.
5.(POSTABORTION IUCD). - After SurgicalAbortion: Immediately or within 12 days of an
abortion procedure, after ensuring that the abortion is
complete (there are no retained products of conception) and infection and injury to the genital
tract are ruled out or resolved
• After Medical Method of Abortion: Around day 15 of MMA (follow up/
3rd scheduled visit for medical method of abortion), provided the abortion process is complete
and evidence of infection is ruled out
37. IUD Contraindications
• Pregnancy or past ectopic history
• Undiagnosed irregular bleeding
• Current or suspected pelvic or vaginal infection
• HIV or immunosuppressive therapy
• Distorted scarred uterine cavities
• Small uterus 5.5cm
38. Possible side-effects
After insertion:
• Some cramps
for several
days
• Some spotting
for a few weeks
Other common side-
effects:
• Longer and
heavier periods
• Bleeding or spotting
between periods
• More cramps or
pain during
periods
May get less after a few
months
How would you feel
about these side-
effects?
If you choose this method, you may have some side-effects.
They are not usually signs of illness.
39. • The LNG IUS is made of flexible
plastic
• The LNG IUS contains a progestin hormone
called levonorgestrel which has been used in
birth control pills since the 1970s.
• Not available in government setup.
PROGESTASERT( 38mg/ 65 µg ) yearly
LEVONOVA ( 60mg/ 20 µg ) 5 years
MIRENA ( 53 mg / 20 µg ) 5years
Levonorgestrel Intrauterine system
40. Mirena: Theoretical Mechanism
of Action
• Cervical mucus
thickened
• Sperm motility and
function inhibited
• Endometrial effects
• Ovulation inhibited
(in some cycles)
Jonsson B et al. Contraception1991;43:447-458.
Nilsson CG et al. Fertil Steril 1984;41:52-55.
Videla-Rivero L et al. Contraception 1987;36:217-226.
42. Contraceptive patch
• Transdermal delivery system
• Effect: same as OCP
• Application: stuck on skin every week
• Side effects: same as OCP, greater risk (con)
• Pro: better compliance
44. IMPLANTS
• Physically inserted in simple 15 minute outpatient
procedure
• Plastic capsules the size of paper matchsticks inserted
under the skin in the arm
• 99.5% effectiveness rate
46. Contraceptive implants
• Slow release of a progestin
over a period of five years(
each rod- 36mg/ 85µg)
• Effect: prevents the release of
the egg from the ovary
(ovulation); promotes thick
cervical mucus
• Application: inserted in the
upper arm under local
anesthesia
• Side effects: irregular
bleeding
• Pro: fertility rapidly returns
47. Implanon
• Contains 68 mg etonogestrel
• Single rod implanted subdermally on day 1-5 of
cycle
• Last for 3 years.
• Works by thickening cervical mucus and also
inhibits ovulation
• Extremely effective in pregnancy prevention >
99%
• Irregular bleeding common side effect
49. Vaginal Ring (NuvaRing)
• 95-99% Effective A new ring is inserted into the vagina each
month
• Does not require a "fitting" by a health care provider/ self
insertion/ removed after 3 weeks/ 20 micro progesterone
• does not require spermicide, can make periods more regular and
less painful,
• no pill to take daily, ability to become pregnant returns quickly
when use is stopped.
50. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
51. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
Patch Once a week
52. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
Patch Once a week
Ring Once a month
53. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
Patch Once a week
Ring Once a month
Injection Every 3 months*
Implant (Implanon®) Every 3 years*
54. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
Patch Once a week
Ring Once a month
Injection Every 3 months*
Implant Every 3 years*
IUD Every 5 years*/ 10 years
56. SPERMICIDES
• Chemicals kill sperm in the vagina
• Different forms:
-Jelly -Film
-Foam -Suppository
• Some work instantly, others require pre-insertion
• Only 76% effective (used alone), should be used in combinationwith
another method i.e., condoms
57. Foam
• 80-85% effective
• Works immediately
• Effective for an hour
• Over the counter
• No douching for 6 hours after
intercourse
• 20% have burning (reaction)
58. Film
• 80-85% effective
• Works 10 min after
insertion
• Effective for an hour
• Over the counter
• No douching for 6 hours
after intercourse
• 20% have burning
(reaction
59. MALE CONDOM
• Perfect effectiveness rate = 97%
• Typical effectiveness rate = 88%
• Latex and polyurethane condoms are
available
• Combining condoms with spermicides
raises effectiveness levels to 99%
60. Female Condom
• 95% effective
• Protects against some STDs
• Noisy
• Use extra lubrication
62. DIAPRAGHM
• Perfect Effectiveness Rate = 94%
• Typical Effectiveness Rate = 80%
• Made out of LATEX
• Spermicidal jelly before insertion
• Placed in the vagina covering the os.
• Inserted up to 18 hours before intercourse and can
be left in for a total of 24 hours
63. DIAPHRAGM
The diaphragm is a flexible rubber cup that is filled with
spermicide and self-inserted over the cervix prior to
intercourse. The device is left in place several hours
after intercourse. The diaphragm is a prescribed device
fitted by a health care professional and is more
expensive than other barrier methods, such as condoms
65. CERVICAL CAP
• Latex barrier inserted in vagina before intercourse
• “Caps” around cervix with suction
• Fill with spermicidal jelly prior to use
• Can be left in body for up to a total of 48 hours
• Must be left in place six hours after sexual
intercourse
• Perfect effectiveness rate = 91%
• Typical effectiveness rate = 80%
66. Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is a flexible rubber cup-like device that is filled with
spermicide and self-inserted over the cervix prior to intercourse. The
device is left in place several hours after intercourse. The cap is a
prescribed device fitted by a health care professional and can be more
expensive than other barrier methods, such as condoms.
67. Sponge
The sponge is inserted by the woman into the vagina and covers the
cervix blocking sperm from entering the cervix. The sponge also
contains a spermicide that kills sperm. It is available without a
prescription
69. Behavioral Methods
• Withdrawal: removing the penis from the vagina
just before ejaculation
• Abstinence or outercourse (kissing, hugging,
touching)
• Fertility awareness
– Cervical mucus method
– Body temperature method
– Calendar method
71. TUBAL LIGATION
• Surgical procedure performed on a woman
• Fallopian tubes are cut, tied, cauterized, prevents eggs from reachingsperm
• Failure rates vary by procedure, from 0.8%-3.7%
• May experience heavier periods
Surgical sterilization which
permanently prevents the
transport of the egg to the uterus
by means of sealing the fallopian
tubes is called tubal ligation,
commonly called "having one's
tubes tied." This operation can be
performed laparoscopically or in
conjunction with a Cesarean
section, after the baby is delivered.
Tubal ligation is considered
permanent, but surgical reversal
can be performed in somecases
73. vasectomy
• Ligation of Vas Deferens tube
• Faster and easier recovery than a tubal ligation
• Failure rate = 0.1%, more effective than
female sterilization
74. During a vasectomy (“cutting the vas”) a urologist cuts
and ligates (ties off) the ductus deferens. Sperm are still
produced but cannot exit the body. Sperm eventually
deteriorate and are phagocytized. A man is sterile, but
because testosterone is still produced he retains his sex
drive and secondary sex characteristics.