This document discusses various methods of family planning. It describes natural family planning methods like withdrawal and calendar-based methods. It then discusses barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides. Intrauterine devices that contain copper or hormones are explained next. The document also covers hormonal contraceptives like oral contraceptive pills containing estrogen and progestin, and progestin-only pills, implants, and injectables. Advantages and disadvantages are provided for many of the methods.
Health education on Antenatal care include definition,aim, objectives, registration, antenatal check up, immunization, iron & folic acid, diet, bowel care, cleanliness, clothing, shoes, dental care, care of breast, sleep, exercise, coitus, travel, smoking & alcohol, family support & dangers signs during pregnancy.
Chhaya is an oral contraceptive pill which does not contain any hormone. It is available in the market in some places as 'Saheli' tablet. It has been introduced in the public health system in the name of 'Chhaya' to benefit more women at no cost. It is a safe spacing option for both breast feeding and non-breast feeding women and needs to be taken only twice a week for the first 3 months and then once a Week.
Health education on Antenatal care include definition,aim, objectives, registration, antenatal check up, immunization, iron & folic acid, diet, bowel care, cleanliness, clothing, shoes, dental care, care of breast, sleep, exercise, coitus, travel, smoking & alcohol, family support & dangers signs during pregnancy.
Chhaya is an oral contraceptive pill which does not contain any hormone. It is available in the market in some places as 'Saheli' tablet. It has been introduced in the public health system in the name of 'Chhaya' to benefit more women at no cost. It is a safe spacing option for both breast feeding and non-breast feeding women and needs to be taken only twice a week for the first 3 months and then once a Week.
This slides contain description about breast feeding, anatomy of breast, types of human milk, good position for latching, holding for the baby, advantages of breast feeding, contraindication of breast feeding, barriers and problems associated with breast feeding with their management
Contraception
Contraception is defined as the intentional prevention of conception through the use of various devices, sexual practices, chemicals, drugs or surgical procedures.
The preventive methods to help women avoid unwanted pregnancies are called contraceptive methods.
Need for contraception
• To avoid unwanted pregnancies.
• To regulate the timing of pregnancy.
• To regulate the interval between pregnancy.
Ideal Contraceptive
• Safe
• Effective
• Acceptable
• Reversible
• Inexpensive
• Long lasting
• Requires little or no medical supervision
Contraceptive methods
Spacing methods
Natural
Barrier
IUDs
Emergency contraception
Terminal methods
Male fertilisation
Female fertilisation
Natural Methods
Coitus inteyrruptus / withdrawal
Rhythm Method
Lactational Amenorrhoea
Barrier Methods
Mechanical
Male : Condom
Female : Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap
Chemical
Creams - Deleen
Jelly – Koromex, Volpar paste
Foam tablets – Aerosol foams, Chlorimin T or Contab
Combination
Combined use of Chemical and Mechanical methods.
Male condom
• Most commonly known and used contraceptive.
• Better known in India as NIRODH.
Female condom
Femidom
Diaphragm
Spermicides
Spermicides are surface active agents which attach
themselves to spermatozoa and kill them.
Available in various forms like
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices
Cu T200
T shaped device Polyethylene frame.
215 mm2 surface area of Cu wire.
Contains 124 mg of copper
Cu is lost at the rate of 50 µg/day.
Polyethylene monofilament tied at vertical stem.
Cu is radio opaque so additionally barium is
incorporated in the device.
Supplied in a sterilised sealed packet.
Lifetime 4 years.
Cu T 380A
380 mm square surface area of copper wire.
Replacement 10 years.
Multiload Cu 250
60-100 ug/day
Replacement 3 years
Multiload - 375
Mode of action
Biochemical and histological changes in endometrium.
Increased tubal motility.
Endometrial inflammatory response.
Prevents implantation.
Contraindication for insertion of IUCD
Presence of pelvic infection
Genital tract bleeding (undiagnosed)
Suspected pregnancy
Uterine fibroid
Severe dysmenorrhoea
Ectopic pregnancy history
Caesarean section
Cu allergy
Time of insertion
Interval
2-3 days after menstrual phase.
During lactational amenorrhoea.
Postabortal
Done immediately following termination of pregnancy.
Postpartum
After 6 weeks of delivery.
Postplacental delivery
Post delivery of placenta.
Method of Insertion
Preliminary steps:
History taking and examination
Patient is informed and consent is obtained.
Insertion is done in OPD aseptic conditions.
Placement of device in inserter.
Steps of operation
The patient is asked to remain empty bladder.
The patient is placed in lithotomy position.
Local antiseptic cleaning is done.
Posterior vaginal speculum is introduced.
Anterior lip of cervix is grasped with Allis tissue forcep.
The device is placed in the inserter and introduced through cervical
This slides contain description about breast feeding, anatomy of breast, types of human milk, good position for latching, holding for the baby, advantages of breast feeding, contraindication of breast feeding, barriers and problems associated with breast feeding with their management
Contraception
Contraception is defined as the intentional prevention of conception through the use of various devices, sexual practices, chemicals, drugs or surgical procedures.
The preventive methods to help women avoid unwanted pregnancies are called contraceptive methods.
Need for contraception
• To avoid unwanted pregnancies.
• To regulate the timing of pregnancy.
• To regulate the interval between pregnancy.
Ideal Contraceptive
• Safe
• Effective
• Acceptable
• Reversible
• Inexpensive
• Long lasting
• Requires little or no medical supervision
Contraceptive methods
Spacing methods
Natural
Barrier
IUDs
Emergency contraception
Terminal methods
Male fertilisation
Female fertilisation
Natural Methods
Coitus inteyrruptus / withdrawal
Rhythm Method
Lactational Amenorrhoea
Barrier Methods
Mechanical
Male : Condom
Female : Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap
Chemical
Creams - Deleen
Jelly – Koromex, Volpar paste
Foam tablets – Aerosol foams, Chlorimin T or Contab
Combination
Combined use of Chemical and Mechanical methods.
Male condom
• Most commonly known and used contraceptive.
• Better known in India as NIRODH.
Female condom
Femidom
Diaphragm
Spermicides
Spermicides are surface active agents which attach
themselves to spermatozoa and kill them.
Available in various forms like
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices
Cu T200
T shaped device Polyethylene frame.
215 mm2 surface area of Cu wire.
Contains 124 mg of copper
Cu is lost at the rate of 50 µg/day.
Polyethylene monofilament tied at vertical stem.
Cu is radio opaque so additionally barium is
incorporated in the device.
Supplied in a sterilised sealed packet.
Lifetime 4 years.
Cu T 380A
380 mm square surface area of copper wire.
Replacement 10 years.
Multiload Cu 250
60-100 ug/day
Replacement 3 years
Multiload - 375
Mode of action
Biochemical and histological changes in endometrium.
Increased tubal motility.
Endometrial inflammatory response.
Prevents implantation.
Contraindication for insertion of IUCD
Presence of pelvic infection
Genital tract bleeding (undiagnosed)
Suspected pregnancy
Uterine fibroid
Severe dysmenorrhoea
Ectopic pregnancy history
Caesarean section
Cu allergy
Time of insertion
Interval
2-3 days after menstrual phase.
During lactational amenorrhoea.
Postabortal
Done immediately following termination of pregnancy.
Postpartum
After 6 weeks of delivery.
Postplacental delivery
Post delivery of placenta.
Method of Insertion
Preliminary steps:
History taking and examination
Patient is informed and consent is obtained.
Insertion is done in OPD aseptic conditions.
Placement of device in inserter.
Steps of operation
The patient is asked to remain empty bladder.
The patient is placed in lithotomy position.
Local antiseptic cleaning is done.
Posterior vaginal speculum is introduced.
Anterior lip of cervix is grasped with Allis tissue forcep.
The device is placed in the inserter and introduced through cervical
This presentation include a short description about the importance of family planning, various methods such as biological, mechanical, chemical and biological methods that are adopted in family planning and role of pharmacist in family planning etc.methods include mainly usage of pills, condoms, abstinance, withdrawal, IUDs, and terminational methods such as vasectomy and tubectomy
National Family Planning methods - different types of methods temporary as well as permanent used to prevent pregnancy #Barrier methods #Oral pills #Mirena #Cu T #Female sterilization methods #Tubal Ligation #NSV
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
5. Family planning is the planning of when
to have children, and the use of birth
control and other techniques to
implement such plans
6. Raising a child requires significant amounts of resources:
time, social, financial, and environmental. Planning can help
assure that resources are available
To improve the health of the mother and child.
Helping to prevent HIV/AIDS
7. It should be safe for use means free from any kind of
side effects.
It should be reliable.
It should be easy to administer and convenient.
It should be cost effective.
It should be culturally feasible and acceptable.
8. 1.) Spacing methods:
a.) Natural methods
b.) Barrier :- physical barrier methods
- chemical barrier methods
- intra-uterine devices
- hormonal methods
- post conceptional methods
2.) Terminal methods
9. - help in prevention of pregnancy as long as they are
used.
- These methods can help in timing and spacing of
pregnancies, preventing unwanted children. These
methods are temporary methods
10. Natural methods do not involve the use of any
of the man made devices.
These methods are useful for timing and spacing
of pregnancies.
11. In this method the penis is withdrawn from the
vagina before ejaculation. In this way semen is
prevented from entering the uterine cavity and
pregnancy does not take place . Since the penis is
withdrawn and ejaculation takes place outside the
vagina, this method is called coitus interruptus or
withdrawal method.
12. - Involves no cost.
- it does not require any other device.
- With self control and discipline it can be fairly
effective.
13. - Require a great deal of self control
- slightest delay in withdrawal can leads to
pregnancy.
- pre-ejaculatory fluid contains enough quantity of
semen that leads to pregnancy.
Thus failure rate is very high
14. based upon the process of ovulation and menstrual cycle which
helps in determination of the safe period when coitus can be done
and unsafe period when coitus can be avoided to prevent
pregnancy.
MERITS: Does not require any man made device.
DEMERITS: Require self control by the partners during the
highly unsafe period.
- not suitable for the women who does not have regular periods.
- require great deal of will power and motivation
- failure rate is high.
- not applicable during changes in menstrual cycle.
15.
16. This involves complete avoidance of sexual cohabit.
17. Barrier methods are those methods which prevent
meeting of sperms with the ovum. There are three
types of barrier methods.
18. A.) Nirodh: (condom): It is a thin rubber sheeth which
is used by men. It is rolled over the erect penis before
having sex.This rubber sheath prevents the entry of
semen into the vagina. The condom must be held
carefully when taking out the penis from the vagina
to prevent spilling of semen into the vagina. It is
available free of cost from urban or rural family
welfare centers.
19.
20. Dry nirodh, for a price of rs 25 paisa per packet of 3
pieces.
Deluxe nirodh for a price of rs 1.50 per packet of 5
pieces, these are lubricated nirodh
Super deluxe nirodh for a price of rs 3 per packet of
four pieces, these are very thin sheeth , lubricated and
coloured
21. MERITS:
- It is most simple and effective method
- easy to use
- Disposable
- no medical supervision is required.
- protects from sexually transmitted disease.
DEMERITS:
- if not used correctly it may slip or get tear of and
the semen gets spilled into vagina.
- in some rare cases the person may have allergic to
rubber.
- some people may not enjoy sex because of
interference with the sensation.
22. The diaphragm is used by women in her vagina to form a barrier
in front of the cervix. The diaphragm is dome shaped and is like a
shallow cap.
It is made of soft synthetic rubber or plastic with a stiff but
flexible rim around the edge. It is also known as DUTCH CAP.
Diaphragm is available in different ranging from 5-10 cm.
The size of diapgragm will vary with each women. It is held in
position partly because of the tension created by the spring and
partly because of the muscle tone of vagina. It is very important
to observe the vaginal muscle tone otherwise the diaphragm may
not remain in position.
23.
24. MERITS: -A diaphragm along with spermicidal is very
effective. The failure rate is low. There is no risk or any
kind of contraindication.
DEMERITS:
- It requires the assistance of doctor and any other health
personnel.
- it requires periodical checkup
- It requires privacy and time to place it in the vagina.
- it requires facilities for its proper care and storage.
25. It is small polyurethane foam sponge, diffused with
spermicide. The sponge is shaped in a way that it can be
fitted on to the cervix and has a loop on its outer surface
which can be used to pull out the sponge after use.
should be inserted before the coitus.
provides protection for 24 hours.
26.
27. It should remain be there for at least 6 hours after
coitus.
Sperms are trapped on in the sponge and are
destroyed by spermicide.
It is better than not to use any method.
28. These methods usually kills the sperms and this way
chemical contraceptives help in preventing the
pregnancy. The chemical contraceptives which are in
use are:
FOAM TABLET AROSOLS
CREAM JELLY AND PASTES
SUPPOSITORIES
SOLUBLE FILMS
29. MERITS:
-They are easy to administer
- available free in health centers
- not very expansive
- increases vaginal lubrication
DEMERITS:
- Must be inserted deep down and in all such points
where sperms are likely to reach
- must be applied each time before sex
- may cause irritation and burning.
30. These are the devices which are placed in the uterine
cavity. Earlier these devices were made up of silk
worm gut, silk and gold. The three different types of
IUD’s generations are:
31.
32. These devices were made of polyethylene and are non-
medicated. These are available in different sizes and
shapes such as coils, spirals, loops. The lippes loop is
the most popular and commonly used device.
It is made of polyethylene and contains barium
sulphate which makes it possible to be located when
required by x-ray. The loop is double s shaped and has
an attached tail made of fine nylon threads.
33. These are also made of polyethylene but copper is added into
these. The copper enhances the contraceptive effect. Variety
of copper devices are:
Copper-7 and copper t-200:
Variants of T devices: TCU: 220C and TCU: 380A
Multi load devices: ML-CU: 250, ML-CU: 375
Nova T: T CU-380
All cu devices are more effective and less chances of side
effects i.e pain and bleeding,
can be fitted easily in nulliparous women and can be
tolerated by them.
34. These contains hormones which is released slowly in the uterus.
The hormone affects the lining of uterus and cervical mucus. It may
affects the sperm.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF HORMONE IUD :
PROGESTASERT: It is T shaped device and contains
progesterone which is a natural hormone. Progesteron is in more
use than the other hormone devices.
LEVONORGESTREL DEVICE: This is also a T shaped device
which has levonorgestrel a synthetic steroid. It is found to be
more effective. It needs to be changed after five years.
35. MERITS:
Can be used for longer period
- can be easily removed when couple wantsto have
child.
- do not interfere with coitus
- very effective and failure rate if less
- inexpensive
- does not require hospitalization
DEMERITS:
- Bleeding, pain, PID, perforation of uterus,
expulsion, pregnancy
36. Hormonal methods of contraceptives are found to be
the most effective method to prevent unwanted
pregnancies. It is of two main types:
37. there are varity of oral contraceptive pills. They are :
1.) COMBINED PILLS: The pill is composed of two
hormones i.e synthetic oestrogen and progesteogen in
very small doses.
Its action is to inhibit ovulation of ovum by blocking the
secretion of gonadotropin from pituitary gland.
Progestogen also thickens the mucosa of the cervix which
prevents the entry of sperm into the genital cannal. There
are two types of pills available with the name of:
MALA-D, MALA-N:
40. MERITS: It is 100% effective if taken regularly
- easy to use and does not interfere with coitus.
- reduces the risk of anemia because menstrual bleeding is less
- reduces the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cyst and
uterine cancer.
DEMERITS: failuAre rate increase s if taken irregularly
- minor side effects like dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache,
tenderness of breast, weight gain which de
- increases the risk of heart problems if women is already at risk.
- may increases the risk of gall bladder disease and cervical cancer.
- decreases the quantity of breast milk and its early cessation
41. This pill is also known as mini pill. It contains only
progesteogen and it thickens the cervical mucus which
prevents the entry of sperms into the uterine cavity.
Mini pills are taken throughout the menstrual cycle
and these are not used widely because of its high
failure rate.
42. It is modified combined pill. It contains long acting
oestrogen and short acting pregesteogen. These pills
are not in use because experimental results revealed
high pregnancy rate and irregularity in the menstrual
cycle
43. :These are long acting hormonal contraceptive
contains only synthetic progesteogen. These are
available in three forms:
44. It is again of two types:
PREGESTAGEN ONLY INJECTABLE: There are
two preprations which are available.
DMPA: (Depot-medroxy pregestron acetate) and
NET-EN.
45.
46. MERITS: It is easy to administer, highly effective
and irreversible, do not interfere with lactation and
does not cause any effect on infant.
CONTAINDICATION: Abnormal uterine bleeding,
any malignancy of the genital tract, suspected
malignant growth and cancer breast.
47. Thesecontains progestogen and oestogen.
Contraceptive action is similar to that of progestagen-
only injectable.
The injection is given once in a month three days early
or three days late.
It is contraindicated in pregnancy, women having
any other problem like diabetes with complications,
vascular disorder, suspected malignancy, migrane.
48. There are two varieties. The earlier one is known as
Norplant and latest one is Norplant R-2.
The norplant has six small silicon rubber tubes. Each of
these tubes contains 30mg of progestogen(Levonorgestrel)
The norplant-R-2 has two small rods.
Both of these devices are placed under the skin of the
arm. The tubes or the rods allow steady diffusion of
steroids into the blood stream for a period of five years to
give effective contraceptive effects.
49. This method is not much in use. It consist of ring
which contains small amount of pregestogen. The ring
is fitted into the vagina for three weeks of
menstruation cycle, after which it is removed for a
week and then reworn after menstruation cycle. The
steroid is directly absorbed by the mucus lining of the
vagina.
50.
51. These are the methods which are used after the missed
period and pregnancy may or may not have occurred.
This method is used in regulating and inducing the
menstruation and terminating the pregnancy or
aborting the fetus. These methods are:
52. It is done with in 14 days of missed period when
pregnancy is doubted but it is not confirmed. In this the
uterine contents are evacuated. The procedure is very
safe. There is no legal restriction.
The complication which can occur are :
Local injury, perforation of uterus, injection,
The complication which may occur later are:
infertility, menstruation disorders, ectopic pregnancy, RH-
immninzation
53. This is done with in few days of missed period. It is
done by application of prostaglandin F2 under
sedation. This induces continuous contraction of
uterus lasting for 7 min. It is then followed by cyclic
contraction which continues for next 3-4 hours. This
initiates bleeding which lasts for a weak or so.
54. Abortion refers to the termination of pregnancy
before the fetus become viable i.e before it is able to
live outside the womb. This period is fixed at 28
weeks when the foetus weighs1000 grams. Abortion
are either spontaneous or induced.
55.
56. Sterilization is only method which gives permanent
protection from conception. Either husband and wife
can undergo sterilization by a simple surgical
operation i.e vasectomy or tubectomy.
57. Vasectomy is sterilization of male. It is very simple
and minor operation which takes hardly 15-20 min.
The operation involves a small cut on both sides of
scrotum then a small portion of vasdeferens(about
1cm) on either side of the scrotum is cut and ligated,
folded back and sutured. The operation does not
affects the sexual characterestics and sex life in
anyform. The sperms are produces but not ejaculated
along with semen.
58. It is sterilization of females.This is done by resecting
a small part of fallopian tubes and ligate the sected
ends.The closing of the tubes can also be done by
using other methods like closing the tubes with bands,
clips and electrocautery.
The operation can be done through abdominal or
vaginal approach. The most common abdominal
procedure are laproscopy and minilaprotomy.
The tubectomy can be done after delivery, between
delivery and after abortion.