This document provides an overview of a lecture on smart grids. It discusses the key EU climate and energy targets for 2020, including reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and improvements in energy efficiency. It also outlines Germany's energy situation, including the shares of different energy sources for electricity production in Bavaria. The document defines smart grids and discusses their benefits for system operators, users, and the system as a whole. It provides examples of how smart grids can enable demand side management and self-healing through automated decentralized control. Finally, it lists some of the topics that will be covered in subsequent lectures, including power systems basics, renewable energy integration, and electric mobility.

1. Informatik 7
Rechnernetze und
Kommunikationssysteme
Overview of Smart Grid
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad
14.10.2015

2. The EU climate and energy package
The "20-20-20" targets are three key objectives for
2020:
A 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions
from 1990 levels;
Raising the share of EU energy consumption produced
from renewable resources to 20%;
A 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 1

3. 2
Source: NASA

4. Source: Wikipedia
3

5. Situation in Germany
Source: BDEW
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 4

6. 5

7. Shares of energy sources to the
electricity in Bavaria (2011)
Source: bayerische landesamt für statistik und datenverarbeitung
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 6

8. Structure of the share of renewable
energy sources in electricity generation
in Bavaria (2011)
Source: bayerische landesamt für statistik und datenverarbeitung
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 7

9. substantial amount of Renewable Energy
Is that good?
Do we have problems?
Solutions?
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 8

10. What is Smart grid? „Definition“
“A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses
information and communications technology to
gather and act on information, such as information
about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in
an automated fashion to improve the efficiency,
reliability, economics, and sustainability of the
production and distribution of electricity”
[Wikipedia]
Short Answer: Smart Grid = ICT + Power Grid
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 9

11. Heat
demand
PV/T
Electricity
demand
Heat
storage
Boiler
Battery
µCHP
Controller
Two-Way Power Flow
Two-Way Data Flow
Utility Company
Integration
of DER
Data/
Control
Smart meter
Smart Grid
E-Mobility
10

12. Why Smart Meters? What are they good
for?
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 11
Provider:
billing,
dynamic rate
Operator:
adapt system
parameters,
detect outage
Internet/
Network
Customer:
transparent,
adjust power
usage

13. Who can benefit from Smart grid?
System operators
Normal user (e.g., Household)
The system
In some cases we have a win-win situation
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 12

14. The “Smart Grid” will exploit:
Distributed computing
Real-time communication
The “Smart Grid” will involve:
Smart meters
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
Higher band width capability
data communication network
The “Smart Grid” will enhance:
Monitoring
Control
Protection
Optimization of interconnected elements operation.
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15. Source: Die Welt 14

16. Application: Demand Side Management
Shift some load from high demand periods to low
demand periods
Economical Reasons
Technical Reasons
Time
Demand
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 15

17. Economical Reasons
Different costs of different energy sources
To cover a load start with the cheapest one.
Avoid expensive energy sources
Time
Demand
Demand
ElectricityPrice/MWh
Merit-Order
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18. Energy Costs
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 17

19. Day-ahead price
Day-ahead electricity prices are calculated for each
hour of the day-ahead on the basis of demand and
supply
Time
Time
DemandElectricityPrice/kWh
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20. Day-ahead price
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 19

21. Day Ahead Electricity
Price from European
Energy Exchange AG
In Leipzig
www.eex.com
Best time to charge a battery?
20

22. Day Ahead Electricity
Price from European
Energy Exchange AG
In Leipzig
Negative Price!
21

23. Example (Losses)
5+j10 Ω
33 kV
2
1
4
186 22 24
2
1.5
3
186 22 24
Load Shifting
LoadMW
LoadMW
 Compute Energy Losses
Load MW(P) I=P/(√3*33*1000) Losses(kW)=I2R
1 17.5 1.53
1.5 26.3 3.45
2 35 6.13
3 52.5 13.78
4 70 24.5
Load
3 Phase 3 Phase
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24. Example (Energy Loss)
5+j10 Ω
33 kV
2
1
4
186 22 24
2
1.5
3
186 22 24
Load Shifting
LoadMW
LoadMW
Load MW(P) I=P/(√3*33*1000) Losses(kW)=I2R
1 17.5 1.53
1.5 26.3 3.45
2 35 6.13
3 52.5 13.78
4 70 24.5
Loss/Line=8*1.53+12*6.13+4*24.5
=183.8 kWh Loss=3*183.8 kWh
Loss/Line=8*3.45+12*6.13+4*13.7
8=156.3 kWh  Loss=3*156.3 kWh
Load
 Compute Energy Loss in the Transmission Line
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Savings
3*183.8-3*156.3
=82.5 kWh

25. Example (Costs)
5+j10 Ω
33 kV
2
1
4
186 22 24
2
1.5
3
186 22 24
Load Shifting
LoadMW
LoadMW
Time Cost (Euro/MWh)
0-8 20
8-12 30
12-16 40
16-22 50
22-0 20
Load
 Compute Energy Costs
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26. Example (Costs)
5+j10 Ω
33 kV
2
1
4
186 22 24
2
1.5
3
186 22 24
Load Shifting
LoadMW
LoadMW
Time Cost (Euro/MWh)
0-8 20
8-12 30
12-16 40
16-22 50
22-0 20
Cost=1*8*20+2*2*20+2*4*30+2*4
*40+2*2*50+4*4*50=1800 Euro
Cost=1.5*8*20+2*2*20+2*4*30+2*4
*40+2*2*50+4*3*50=1680 Euro
Load
 Compute Energy Costs
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Saving
=1800-1680
=120 Euro

27. How could be implemented?
Heat
demand
PV/T
Electricity
demand
Heat
storageBoiler
Battery
µCHP
Controller
Two-Way Power Flow
Two-Way Data Flow
Smart meter
When should I buy electricity?
I know, when it is cheap, but cheap is relative , is 20cent /kWh cheap?
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28. Problem: profit maximization
How much energy should be sold/bought
How much energy should be charged/discharged
The answer depends on many factors
Current price and price in the future
Current demand and demand in the future
Current production and production in the future
Current battery level
Charging and discharging efficiency
We have also several constraints
The capacity of the battery
Maximum charging/discharging power to/from the battery
Time Production(kW) Demand(kW) Battery(kWh)
12-13 1.2 0.06 0
Example
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29. Day ahead price
Production forecast
Load forecast
Amount of power to export
Amount of power to import
Amount of power to store
Amount of power to retrieve
Elastic Load
Allocate the elastic load
Technical
Data
Controller
Power Management System
The controller solves an optimization problem to find
the best strategy to be followed to maximize the profitDr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 28

30. Example2
Self-Healing: Automated Decentralized Control:
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31. Example2
Self-Healing: Automated Decentralized Control:
Got damaged
How to restore the
energy in the
disconnected part?
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32. Example2
Self-Healing-Automated Decentralized Control:
Several solutions
1- SW8 on
2- SW6 on
3-SW6 on SW2 on
SW4 off
4-SW10 on SW9 off
SW6 on
.....
Got damaged
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33. The multidisciplinary world of smart
grids
Control
Data Management
Optimization
Power Grid
Security and Privacy
Energy Market
Communication
AI
Smart Grid
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 32

34. Contents
Overview
Basics of Power Systems
Applications
Communications Technologies
Renewable Energy
Demand Side Management
Standards & Interoperability
E-Mobility
Monitoring and Control
Privacy and Security
Market Mechanisms
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35. Basics of Power Systems
Loads and Generation
Power factor
3phase
Per unit
Economic Dispatch
Optimal Power Flow
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36. Smart Grid Applications
Volt and var control (VVC)
Fault detection, isolation and restoration (FDIR)
Demand response (DR) management
Distributed energy Resources (DER) integration and
management
Wide area monitoring, protection and control
(WAMPC)
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 35

37. Communications Technologies
Network architecture
Home Area Networks, Neighborhood Area Networks, Wide Area
Networks
Wireless Communication
ZigBee, WSN, 6LoWPAN, WiFi, WiMAX, Mobile Communication
(GPRS, UMTS, LTE), Satellite
Wired Communication
Power Line Communication (PLC), DSL, Ethernet, Fiber, ...
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 36

38. Renewable & DER Integration
Importance
Types
Construction
Contribution (size)
Cost and challenges
Energy Storage
Feed-in Tariff
Goals and challenges (In Germany)
Module1
Module2
Module3
Module4
+
-
SP
Module1
Module2
Module3
Module4
+
-
AP
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39. Demand Side Management (DSM)
Direct and Indirect DSM
Autonomous DSM
Optimal operation
Price prediction
Managing user side Storage and Generation
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 38

40. E-mobility (Electric Vehicles)
Electric vehicle network
Batteries
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
Challenges
Importance
Generation
33%
Trans.
94%
Plug-to-Wheels
76%
Refining
82%
Trans.
98%
Pump-to-Wheels
16%
31%
80%
= 23%
=
13%Source: http://www.nesea.org
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41. Monitoring & Control
Sensors (number, location, data)
Optimal operation
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
SCADA
Requirements
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42. Standards & Interoperability
IEEE Standards
For Example IEEE C37.118
IEC Standards
For example IEC 61968 Distribution
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43. Security & Privacy
Importance
Challenges
IEC 62351 Security
IEEE 1686 Cyber Security Capabilities
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Air Condition (AC)
Refrigerator
EV charging Signal

44. Market Mechanisms
Day-ahead Price
Risk Management
Forecast
Merit Order
Situation in Deutschland (EEX www.eex.com)
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45. 44
Week Lectures Exercises
12.10-16.10 Overview of Smart Grid No exercises
19.10-23.10 Basics of Power Systems1 Power Systems
26.10-30.10 Basics of Power Systems2 Power Systems Simulation
2.11-6.11 Applications Power Systems Simulation
9.11-13.11 Standards & Interoperability Optimization and
Applications
16.11-20.11 Demand Side Management Lab work
23.11-27.11 Communications Technologies -1 Demand Response (Profit
maximization)
30.11-4.12 Communications Technologies -2 TCP and UDP socket
Programming
7.12-11.12 Communications Technologies -3 IEEE C37.118
14.12-18.12 Communications Technologies -4 Lab work
23.12-6.1 Closed Closed
11.1-15.1 Privacy and Security Lab work
18.1-22.1 Renewable Energy sources Encryption and decryption
25.1-29.1 E-Mobility Lab work
1.2-5.2
Tentative Schedule

46. Literature
Literatur
[1] L. T. Berger, K. Iniewski, Smart Grid –
Applications, Communications, and Security, Wiley,
2012.
[2] J. Ekanayake, K. Liyanage, J. Wu, A.
Yokoyama, N. Jenkins, Smart Grid – Technology
and Applications, Wiley, 2012
[3] Integration der erneuerbaren Energien in den
deutsch-europäischen Strommarkt (Integration EE),
Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena), 2012
[4] Untersuchungen zu einem zukunftsfähigen
Strommarktdesign, Energiewirtschaftliches Institut
an der Universität zu Köln (ewi), 2012.
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 45

47. Literature
[5] M. D. Galus, R. A. Waraich, F. Noembrini, K.
Steurs, G. Georges, K. Boulouchos, K. W.
Axhausen, and G. Andersson, Integrating Power
Systems, Transport Systems and Vehicle
Technology for Electric Mobility Impact Assessment
and Efficient Control, IEEE Transactions on Smart
Grid, VOL. 3, NO. 2, JUNE 2012.
[6] J. Lassila, J. Haakana, V. Tikka, and J.
Partanen, Methodology to Analyze the Economic
Effects of Electric Cars as Energy Storages, IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, VOL. 3, NO. 1, MARCH
2012.
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 46

48. Journals and conferences
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy
IEEE Smartgridcomm
….
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