Effect of Grazing Land Improvement Practices on Herbaceous production, Grazin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The effects of different grazing land improvement practices on herbaceous production, grazing capacities and their economics were studied in Ejere district, west Shoa zone, Ethiopia. Four different treatments, i.e., application of Urea and Diammonium phosphate (DAP), cattle manure, wooden ash, and a control/no application) were randomly applied to the study plots in three replications for each treatment. All experimental plots were fenced throughout the study period. The application of urea and DAP significantly increased grass (3620.86 kg ha-1) and total biomass production (5742.93 kg ha-1). Of the 6 herbaceous species recorded in the Urea and DAP plots, four of them were grasses with Setaria verticellata having the highest percentage composition (35.54%) while the control plot was dominated by Cyperus rotundus (31.5%) and Cerastium octandrum (31.5%). Less land is required to maintain a tropical livestock unit (TLU) in Urea and DAP applied plots (0.03 ha TLU-1) than in plots applied with other treatments (mean = 0.09 ha TLU-1). Similar to the result of the biological data, the participants of the grassland day rated the Urea and DAP applied treatment best because of the high production of grass. Considering total biomass production, application of manure was advantageous to the farmers due to increased net benefits and the marginal rate of return is above the minimum accetable rate for this sort of treatment. On the other hand, considering grass production alone, application of Urea and DAP was more profitable for farmers as far as they store and sell it in the dry seasons. In conclusion, we recommend a long-term study to examine the effects of the different treatments on productivity of grazing lands, herbaceous species composition, grazing capacities, livestock, the environment, and their economics.
Influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to determine influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on yield and Gross Monetary Value (GMV) of sorghum. The treatments were included two legume crops, two time of planting, three planting patterns of legumes and sole crops (sorghum, soybean and cowpea). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replication. Sorghum/soybean cropping system reduced sorghum grain yield by 23.9% where as sorghum/cowpea reduced by grain yield by 40.3%. The highest LER (1.55) and the lowest LER (1.19) was recorded in sorghum/soybean and sorghum/cowpea intercropping system. Highest gross monetary benefit (20561 Ethiopian birr) accrued from planting two rows of cowpea with the first weeding of sorghum in between the two rows of sorghum. However, it was at par with simultaneous planting of cowpea in double alternate plants within sorghum plants along with two rows of cowpea in between sorghum rows and two rows of soybean planted in between two rows of sorghum with first weeding of sorghum. Legumes crop soybean and cowpea should involved in sorghum cropping either simultaneously planting or sowing at first weeding or hoeing of sorghum.
1) The document discusses livestock-water interactions in the Gumara watershed of Ethiopia. It assesses livestock water productivity (LWP) under different farming systems and management practices.
2) LWP varies between farming systems and is highest for wealthy farmers who practice early livestock off-take. Collective management of communal grazing lands, with regulated grazing and resting periods, helps sustain pasture quality and reduces runoff and soil loss.
3) Determinants of good pasture condition on communal lands include larger areas of restricted grazing land and lower oxen numbers per village. Proper management of communal grazing resources is important for mixed smallholder systems in water-scarce areas.
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
Yield Forecasting to Sustain the Agricultural Transportation UnderStochastic ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Agricultural transportation is a major part of the United States’ transportation systems. This system follows a complex multimodal network consisting of highway, railway, and waterways which are mostly based on the yield of the agricultural commodities and their market values. The yield of agricultural commodities is dependent on stochastic environment such as weather conditions, rainfall, soil type and natural disasters. Different techniques such as leaf growth index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and regression analysis are used to forecast the yield for the end of harvest season. The yield forecasting techniques are used to predict the agricultural transportation needs and improve the cost minimization. This study provides a model for yield forecasting using NDVI data, Geographical Information System (GIS), and statistical analysis. A case study is presented to demonstrate this model with a novel tool for collecting NDVI data.
Evaluation of Fertilizer Management on Yield and Yield Components and Product...Premier Publishers
This fertilizer management trial on maize was conducted to offer research evidence to the universal dispute on the economic viability and productivity of divergent fertility management strategies. We compared six treatments including a control or no fertilizer (T1), T2 NPK (15-15-15), T3 chemical and granular organic fertilizer with hormone mixed formula 1 (HO-1), T4 formula 2 (HO-2), T5 formula 3 (HO-3), T6 granular organic fertilizer (GOF). The trial was replicated thrice in a Randomized Complete Block Design with a plot size of 6 m x 5 m. The maize cultivar (Pacific 999 Super) and a fertilizer dose of 0.9 kg plot-1 were used. The results revealed that HO-3 produced the highest yield components and a significant (p < 0.05) yield (8,276.69 kg ha-1), representing an increase of (50 %) over the control. Also, HO-2 and NPK treatments recorded equal effects on maize yield (7,420.00- and 7,266.69 kg ha-1, respectively). The production cost, revenue and profit of HO-3 were highest (31,317.37-, 72,896.82- and 41,579.45-baht rai-1, respectively). A significant 17.4 % rise in profit was realized with HO-3 application over NPK treatment. The Benefit: Cost ratio of HO-3 fertilizer was the best (2.33) and suitable for farmers to maximize returns.
Effect of Grazing Land Improvement Practices on Herbaceous production, Grazin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The effects of different grazing land improvement practices on herbaceous production, grazing capacities and their economics were studied in Ejere district, west Shoa zone, Ethiopia. Four different treatments, i.e., application of Urea and Diammonium phosphate (DAP), cattle manure, wooden ash, and a control/no application) were randomly applied to the study plots in three replications for each treatment. All experimental plots were fenced throughout the study period. The application of urea and DAP significantly increased grass (3620.86 kg ha-1) and total biomass production (5742.93 kg ha-1). Of the 6 herbaceous species recorded in the Urea and DAP plots, four of them were grasses with Setaria verticellata having the highest percentage composition (35.54%) while the control plot was dominated by Cyperus rotundus (31.5%) and Cerastium octandrum (31.5%). Less land is required to maintain a tropical livestock unit (TLU) in Urea and DAP applied plots (0.03 ha TLU-1) than in plots applied with other treatments (mean = 0.09 ha TLU-1). Similar to the result of the biological data, the participants of the grassland day rated the Urea and DAP applied treatment best because of the high production of grass. Considering total biomass production, application of manure was advantageous to the farmers due to increased net benefits and the marginal rate of return is above the minimum accetable rate for this sort of treatment. On the other hand, considering grass production alone, application of Urea and DAP was more profitable for farmers as far as they store and sell it in the dry seasons. In conclusion, we recommend a long-term study to examine the effects of the different treatments on productivity of grazing lands, herbaceous species composition, grazing capacities, livestock, the environment, and their economics.
Influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to determine influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on yield and Gross Monetary Value (GMV) of sorghum. The treatments were included two legume crops, two time of planting, three planting patterns of legumes and sole crops (sorghum, soybean and cowpea). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replication. Sorghum/soybean cropping system reduced sorghum grain yield by 23.9% where as sorghum/cowpea reduced by grain yield by 40.3%. The highest LER (1.55) and the lowest LER (1.19) was recorded in sorghum/soybean and sorghum/cowpea intercropping system. Highest gross monetary benefit (20561 Ethiopian birr) accrued from planting two rows of cowpea with the first weeding of sorghum in between the two rows of sorghum. However, it was at par with simultaneous planting of cowpea in double alternate plants within sorghum plants along with two rows of cowpea in between sorghum rows and two rows of soybean planted in between two rows of sorghum with first weeding of sorghum. Legumes crop soybean and cowpea should involved in sorghum cropping either simultaneously planting or sowing at first weeding or hoeing of sorghum.
1) The document discusses livestock-water interactions in the Gumara watershed of Ethiopia. It assesses livestock water productivity (LWP) under different farming systems and management practices.
2) LWP varies between farming systems and is highest for wealthy farmers who practice early livestock off-take. Collective management of communal grazing lands, with regulated grazing and resting periods, helps sustain pasture quality and reduces runoff and soil loss.
3) Determinants of good pasture condition on communal lands include larger areas of restricted grazing land and lower oxen numbers per village. Proper management of communal grazing resources is important for mixed smallholder systems in water-scarce areas.
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
Yield Forecasting to Sustain the Agricultural Transportation UnderStochastic ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Agricultural transportation is a major part of the United States’ transportation systems. This system follows a complex multimodal network consisting of highway, railway, and waterways which are mostly based on the yield of the agricultural commodities and their market values. The yield of agricultural commodities is dependent on stochastic environment such as weather conditions, rainfall, soil type and natural disasters. Different techniques such as leaf growth index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and regression analysis are used to forecast the yield for the end of harvest season. The yield forecasting techniques are used to predict the agricultural transportation needs and improve the cost minimization. This study provides a model for yield forecasting using NDVI data, Geographical Information System (GIS), and statistical analysis. A case study is presented to demonstrate this model with a novel tool for collecting NDVI data.
Evaluation of Fertilizer Management on Yield and Yield Components and Product...Premier Publishers
This fertilizer management trial on maize was conducted to offer research evidence to the universal dispute on the economic viability and productivity of divergent fertility management strategies. We compared six treatments including a control or no fertilizer (T1), T2 NPK (15-15-15), T3 chemical and granular organic fertilizer with hormone mixed formula 1 (HO-1), T4 formula 2 (HO-2), T5 formula 3 (HO-3), T6 granular organic fertilizer (GOF). The trial was replicated thrice in a Randomized Complete Block Design with a plot size of 6 m x 5 m. The maize cultivar (Pacific 999 Super) and a fertilizer dose of 0.9 kg plot-1 were used. The results revealed that HO-3 produced the highest yield components and a significant (p < 0.05) yield (8,276.69 kg ha-1), representing an increase of (50 %) over the control. Also, HO-2 and NPK treatments recorded equal effects on maize yield (7,420.00- and 7,266.69 kg ha-1, respectively). The production cost, revenue and profit of HO-3 were highest (31,317.37-, 72,896.82- and 41,579.45-baht rai-1, respectively). A significant 17.4 % rise in profit was realized with HO-3 application over NPK treatment. The Benefit: Cost ratio of HO-3 fertilizer was the best (2.33) and suitable for farmers to maximize returns.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The document discusses a study on the impact of climate change on teff production in Southeast Tigray, Ethiopia. It finds that climate factors, particularly temperature and rainfall, significantly influence net teff revenues. Increasing temperature was found to reduce teff revenues, while increasing rainfall was found to increase teff revenues. Adaptation to climate change was also found to play a key role in net revenues. The study utilized a Ricardian model and data from 210 farming households across three agro-ecological zones to analyze how various factors, including climate, socioeconomic characteristics, and adaptations strategies, influence teff production and revenues.
Investigating the Genetic Diversity in Upland Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Genotype...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted using thirty six upland rice genotypes in 2017 at Gojeb and Guraferda; Southwestern Ethiopia to classify and identify groups of similar genotypes and thereby estimate the genetic difference between clusters of the genotypes, the experiment was laid down in 6 × 6 simple lattice design. The combined analysis of variance over the two locations revealed that the genotypes showed highly significant (P≤0.01) differences for all the characters studied, except for days to 50% heading, panicle weight, thousand seed weight, lodging incidences, leaf blast and brown spot. Similarly genotype × location interactions revealed highly significant (P≤0.01) differences for panicle shattering and grain yield and significant (P≤0.05) differences for days to 85% maturity, plant height, number of fertile tillers per plant, number of unfilled spikelets per panicle and biomass yield. The squared distance (D2) analysis grouped the 36 genotypes in to four clusters. This makes the genotypes moderately divergent. The Chi-square (x2) test showed that all inter-cluster squared distances was highly significant. The principal component analysis revealed that four principal components have accounted for 70.54% of the total variation. The present study revealed that number of panicles per meter square and harvest index can be considered for selection.
Effect of soil conservation investment on efficiency of cassava production in...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effect of soil conservation investment on the efficiency of cassava production in Oyo State, Nigeria. 80 cassava farmers were surveyed. The most common soil conservation methods used were bush fallowing, manuring, mulching, crop rotation, and herbicides, though fertilizer was less used. Regression analysis found that larger farm size was negatively associated with soil conservation investment, while greater farming experience had a positive influence. The study concluded that providing credit facilities could help cassava farmers adopt more modern soil conservation technologies to boost production and meet food demands.
Economic Analysis of Chickpea Production in Damot Gale District, Southern Eth...Premier Publishers
The study examined determinants, resource use efficiency and profitability of smallholder chickpea production in Damot Gale district. The study employed multistage sampling to collect relevant primary data and used secondary data to substantiate the findings. A total of 146 producers selected from two administrative kebeles. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used for the study. Descriptive statistics, production function, resource use efficiency index and budgetary technique were the analytical methods employed in the study. The finding revealed that output of chickpea was influenced by plot size, fertilizer, pesticide, oxen days, level of education of the producer and the type of chickpea seed used positively and significantly. Resource use efficiency index of plot size (4.1), seed (1.3), pesticide (15.7) and oxen power (2.8) indicated the resources were underutilized while labor (-0.5) was the only over utilized resource. The study revealed the production is profitable even with resource use inefficiency. The average net revenue obtained by the typical chickpea producer was 20,377.87 birrs/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.7. Shortage of land, pest and disease, high price of fertilizer, grain price fluctuation, high prices of improved seed and sudden drought were among important constraints of chickpea production in the study area. Thus, concerned bodies should work on policy relevant significant variables to improve the productivity, resource use efficiency and profitability of the production.
2007 Census of Commercial Agriculture: Crops (South Africa)ExternalEvents
This document summarizes the crops covered in South Africa's 2007 Census of Commercial Agriculture and recommendations from the FAO for agricultural censuses. It discusses the methodology used for South Africa's 2016 Community Survey, which collects agricultural data between full censuses. The 2007 Census covered areas and production of various crops like cereals, oilseeds, legumes, and fruits. The FAO recommends additional data on temporary and permanent crop areas and production. The 2016 Community Survey used a two-stage stratified sample to collect limited agricultural data from households.
Presented by IWMI’s Yvan Altchenko at the 26th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), held in Prague - Czech Republic, on June 25, 2015.
Session - Societal Relevance of Groundwater: Ever Increasing Demands on a Limited Resource
A Necessary Transformation - The Basis for Innovative Vocational Training in...TheophilusVRLindzter
Facts and a moral responsibility are the keys to initiating and sustaining value partnerships capable of igniting youth capacity. Stefan Frey and Theophilus van Rensburg Lindzter presented those two elements during the 2 October launch of the ANT initiative. Over 2 years, starting January 2020 some 26 young people will participate in a multi-layered, interactive vocational training program that will dramatically increase employability, immediately create a real value chain and establish the beginnings of raising South African young people as in-demand-agricultural-role-players.
The document discusses factors affecting agriculture including natural factors like climate, soil, and topography as well as economic factors like markets, transportation, labor, capital, and government policy. It also discusses methods of cultivation such as intensive vs extensive systems and rain-fed, irrigated, or dry farming. In 1981-82 in India, 30.5% of the total geographical area was available for utilization, with 20% being forests and 12% not available for cultivation. Food grain production in India in 1998-99 included 86 million tons of rice, 71 million tons of wheat, and a total of 205 million tons. The Green Revolution in the mid-1960s aimed to increase food production in India through the introduction of new high
Pros and cons of VRT in Indian Agriculture as compared to Developed countries PragyaNaithani
Variable-rate technology (VRT) allows fertilizer,
chemicals, lime, gypsum, irrigation water and other farm
inputs to be applied at different rates across a field,
without manually changing rate settings on equipment
or having to make multiple passes over an area.
Variable-rate application (VRA) can range from the
simple control of flow rate to the more complex
management of rate, chemical mix and application
pattern. VRA can match changes in crop yield potential
with specific input rates resulting in a more efficient
system and minimising potential environmental impacts.
VRT can be used to deal with spatial variability between
paddocks or between management zones/classes. There
are two types of VRT:
1. Map-based control: a map of application rates is
produced for the field prior to the operation.
2. Real-time control: decisions about what rates
to apply in different locations are made using
information gathered during the operation. This
requires sensors to detect necessary information
‘on-the-go’ and is usually designed for a specific
job such as herbicide application.
This document summarizes research on crop rotations in Iowa. A 2-year corn-soybean rotation is compared to 3-year and 4-year rotations that include oats, red clover, and alfalfa. The longer rotations require more labor but use 86-96% less nitrogen fertilizer and 97% less herbicide. Soil quality improves with longer rotations, which also have similar or higher yields compared to the 2-year system. Integrating livestock through manure application provides nitrogen to the crops and improves the economics and environmental sustainability of the farming system.
Population dynamics and the contraction of the miombo woodland ecozoneAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on population dynamics and deforestation of Miombo woodlands in Sikonge District, Tanzania between 1984-2012. The results showed that closed woodlands decreased by 46.7 hectares per year on average, while cultivated land increased by 265 hectares annually over this period. This expansion of farmland has come at the expense of the Miombo woodlands due to population growth, agricultural expansion, fuelwood collection, and increased tobacco curing. Unless actions are taken to mitigate energy demands, continued deforestation from these socio-economic drivers risks economic problems and increased poverty in the region.
This document summarizes a workshop on potato yield gap analysis held in Kenya. It discusses the importance of analyzing yield gaps to meet increasing global food demand through closing yield gaps rather than expanding agricultural land. Potato production and yields are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa but remain low on average. The concepts of potential yield, attainable yield, and actual farmer yields are introduced. Yield gaps are defined as the difference between potential and actual yields and can be measured at local or broader scales. Methods for estimating potential and actual yields are described. An example from Rwanda shows a large yield gap between potential and actual potato yields.
Adapting Livestock Production System to Climate Change in Nepal (Durga D. Pou...Colorado State University
A talk presented by Dr. Durga Poudel, Project Leader of the LCC CRSP SLPS Project (http://lcccrsp.org/projects/central-asia/slps/), to the School of Geosciences at the University of Louisiana, Lafayette on September 20, 2011.
Improving estimates of GHG emission factors from livestock production systems...ILRI
In sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is estimated to account for over 60% of GHG emissions, primarily due to land use change and enteric methane production in ruminants; and over 80% of agriculture (both area and production) is smallholder systems. No empirical studies on enteric CH4 emissions and very few studies on GHG emissions from soils in these systems have been conducted. This study sampled 60 farms in western Kenya using static chambers (3 reps) and analyzed soils once for total C/N content, BD and texture and 4 times for soil IN concentration.
Farmers’ uptake of improved feed practices and reasons for adoption/ non adop...ILRI
Presented by Gregory Ndwandwa Sikumba at the CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013
Senior Research Fellow Alex De Pinto's presentation at IUCN side event at COP23 (November 2017)
Land and forest degradation is a global problem and must be addressed globally.
Alternate source of energy By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert KPK PakistanMr.Allah Dad Khan
- Agriculture faces challenges of increasing food production to feed a growing population while dealing with resource scarcity and climate change. Alternative energy sources and more efficient use of energy and water in agriculture are needed.
- Agriculture provides livelihoods for many and is key to reducing poverty, but more investment is needed in irrigation and water management. New technologies like drip irrigation, solar power and biodiesel can help conserve resources.
- Recommendations include supporting sustainable practices like no-till farming, investing in infrastructure, and building capacity for alternative energy and efficient use of energy and water in agriculture.
The transformative role of livestock in the developing worldILRI
Presented by Christopher Delgado (World Resources Institute) at the ILRI@40 side event on Livestock-based options for sustainable food systems, Des Moines, USA, 15 October 2014
The GLOBIOM model is a global partial equilibrium model that can be used to study land use and its impacts. It has 30 geographical regions modeled at varying spatial resolutions. It optimizes land allocation between major agricultural crops, livestock, forestry, and bioenergy to maximize economic surplus. Model outputs include production, trade, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions. The model was applied in a case study of the Congo Basin that examined scenarios of infrastructure development, productivity increases, and REDD policies on deforestation and its impacts.
Importance of livestock production from grasslands for national and local foo...ILRI
Presented by Iain A Wright, Polly Ericksen, Andrew Mude, Lance W. Robinson and Jason Sircely at the International Grassland Congress, New Delhi, 20-24 November 2015
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The document discusses a study on the impact of climate change on teff production in Southeast Tigray, Ethiopia. It finds that climate factors, particularly temperature and rainfall, significantly influence net teff revenues. Increasing temperature was found to reduce teff revenues, while increasing rainfall was found to increase teff revenues. Adaptation to climate change was also found to play a key role in net revenues. The study utilized a Ricardian model and data from 210 farming households across three agro-ecological zones to analyze how various factors, including climate, socioeconomic characteristics, and adaptations strategies, influence teff production and revenues.
Investigating the Genetic Diversity in Upland Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Genotype...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted using thirty six upland rice genotypes in 2017 at Gojeb and Guraferda; Southwestern Ethiopia to classify and identify groups of similar genotypes and thereby estimate the genetic difference between clusters of the genotypes, the experiment was laid down in 6 × 6 simple lattice design. The combined analysis of variance over the two locations revealed that the genotypes showed highly significant (P≤0.01) differences for all the characters studied, except for days to 50% heading, panicle weight, thousand seed weight, lodging incidences, leaf blast and brown spot. Similarly genotype × location interactions revealed highly significant (P≤0.01) differences for panicle shattering and grain yield and significant (P≤0.05) differences for days to 85% maturity, plant height, number of fertile tillers per plant, number of unfilled spikelets per panicle and biomass yield. The squared distance (D2) analysis grouped the 36 genotypes in to four clusters. This makes the genotypes moderately divergent. The Chi-square (x2) test showed that all inter-cluster squared distances was highly significant. The principal component analysis revealed that four principal components have accounted for 70.54% of the total variation. The present study revealed that number of panicles per meter square and harvest index can be considered for selection.
Effect of soil conservation investment on efficiency of cassava production in...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effect of soil conservation investment on the efficiency of cassava production in Oyo State, Nigeria. 80 cassava farmers were surveyed. The most common soil conservation methods used were bush fallowing, manuring, mulching, crop rotation, and herbicides, though fertilizer was less used. Regression analysis found that larger farm size was negatively associated with soil conservation investment, while greater farming experience had a positive influence. The study concluded that providing credit facilities could help cassava farmers adopt more modern soil conservation technologies to boost production and meet food demands.
Economic Analysis of Chickpea Production in Damot Gale District, Southern Eth...Premier Publishers
The study examined determinants, resource use efficiency and profitability of smallholder chickpea production in Damot Gale district. The study employed multistage sampling to collect relevant primary data and used secondary data to substantiate the findings. A total of 146 producers selected from two administrative kebeles. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used for the study. Descriptive statistics, production function, resource use efficiency index and budgetary technique were the analytical methods employed in the study. The finding revealed that output of chickpea was influenced by plot size, fertilizer, pesticide, oxen days, level of education of the producer and the type of chickpea seed used positively and significantly. Resource use efficiency index of plot size (4.1), seed (1.3), pesticide (15.7) and oxen power (2.8) indicated the resources were underutilized while labor (-0.5) was the only over utilized resource. The study revealed the production is profitable even with resource use inefficiency. The average net revenue obtained by the typical chickpea producer was 20,377.87 birrs/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.7. Shortage of land, pest and disease, high price of fertilizer, grain price fluctuation, high prices of improved seed and sudden drought were among important constraints of chickpea production in the study area. Thus, concerned bodies should work on policy relevant significant variables to improve the productivity, resource use efficiency and profitability of the production.
2007 Census of Commercial Agriculture: Crops (South Africa)ExternalEvents
This document summarizes the crops covered in South Africa's 2007 Census of Commercial Agriculture and recommendations from the FAO for agricultural censuses. It discusses the methodology used for South Africa's 2016 Community Survey, which collects agricultural data between full censuses. The 2007 Census covered areas and production of various crops like cereals, oilseeds, legumes, and fruits. The FAO recommends additional data on temporary and permanent crop areas and production. The 2016 Community Survey used a two-stage stratified sample to collect limited agricultural data from households.
Presented by IWMI’s Yvan Altchenko at the 26th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), held in Prague - Czech Republic, on June 25, 2015.
Session - Societal Relevance of Groundwater: Ever Increasing Demands on a Limited Resource
A Necessary Transformation - The Basis for Innovative Vocational Training in...TheophilusVRLindzter
Facts and a moral responsibility are the keys to initiating and sustaining value partnerships capable of igniting youth capacity. Stefan Frey and Theophilus van Rensburg Lindzter presented those two elements during the 2 October launch of the ANT initiative. Over 2 years, starting January 2020 some 26 young people will participate in a multi-layered, interactive vocational training program that will dramatically increase employability, immediately create a real value chain and establish the beginnings of raising South African young people as in-demand-agricultural-role-players.
The document discusses factors affecting agriculture including natural factors like climate, soil, and topography as well as economic factors like markets, transportation, labor, capital, and government policy. It also discusses methods of cultivation such as intensive vs extensive systems and rain-fed, irrigated, or dry farming. In 1981-82 in India, 30.5% of the total geographical area was available for utilization, with 20% being forests and 12% not available for cultivation. Food grain production in India in 1998-99 included 86 million tons of rice, 71 million tons of wheat, and a total of 205 million tons. The Green Revolution in the mid-1960s aimed to increase food production in India through the introduction of new high
Pros and cons of VRT in Indian Agriculture as compared to Developed countries PragyaNaithani
Variable-rate technology (VRT) allows fertilizer,
chemicals, lime, gypsum, irrigation water and other farm
inputs to be applied at different rates across a field,
without manually changing rate settings on equipment
or having to make multiple passes over an area.
Variable-rate application (VRA) can range from the
simple control of flow rate to the more complex
management of rate, chemical mix and application
pattern. VRA can match changes in crop yield potential
with specific input rates resulting in a more efficient
system and minimising potential environmental impacts.
VRT can be used to deal with spatial variability between
paddocks or between management zones/classes. There
are two types of VRT:
1. Map-based control: a map of application rates is
produced for the field prior to the operation.
2. Real-time control: decisions about what rates
to apply in different locations are made using
information gathered during the operation. This
requires sensors to detect necessary information
‘on-the-go’ and is usually designed for a specific
job such as herbicide application.
This document summarizes research on crop rotations in Iowa. A 2-year corn-soybean rotation is compared to 3-year and 4-year rotations that include oats, red clover, and alfalfa. The longer rotations require more labor but use 86-96% less nitrogen fertilizer and 97% less herbicide. Soil quality improves with longer rotations, which also have similar or higher yields compared to the 2-year system. Integrating livestock through manure application provides nitrogen to the crops and improves the economics and environmental sustainability of the farming system.
Population dynamics and the contraction of the miombo woodland ecozoneAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on population dynamics and deforestation of Miombo woodlands in Sikonge District, Tanzania between 1984-2012. The results showed that closed woodlands decreased by 46.7 hectares per year on average, while cultivated land increased by 265 hectares annually over this period. This expansion of farmland has come at the expense of the Miombo woodlands due to population growth, agricultural expansion, fuelwood collection, and increased tobacco curing. Unless actions are taken to mitigate energy demands, continued deforestation from these socio-economic drivers risks economic problems and increased poverty in the region.
This document summarizes a workshop on potato yield gap analysis held in Kenya. It discusses the importance of analyzing yield gaps to meet increasing global food demand through closing yield gaps rather than expanding agricultural land. Potato production and yields are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa but remain low on average. The concepts of potential yield, attainable yield, and actual farmer yields are introduced. Yield gaps are defined as the difference between potential and actual yields and can be measured at local or broader scales. Methods for estimating potential and actual yields are described. An example from Rwanda shows a large yield gap between potential and actual potato yields.
Adapting Livestock Production System to Climate Change in Nepal (Durga D. Pou...Colorado State University
A talk presented by Dr. Durga Poudel, Project Leader of the LCC CRSP SLPS Project (http://lcccrsp.org/projects/central-asia/slps/), to the School of Geosciences at the University of Louisiana, Lafayette on September 20, 2011.
Improving estimates of GHG emission factors from livestock production systems...ILRI
In sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is estimated to account for over 60% of GHG emissions, primarily due to land use change and enteric methane production in ruminants; and over 80% of agriculture (both area and production) is smallholder systems. No empirical studies on enteric CH4 emissions and very few studies on GHG emissions from soils in these systems have been conducted. This study sampled 60 farms in western Kenya using static chambers (3 reps) and analyzed soils once for total C/N content, BD and texture and 4 times for soil IN concentration.
Farmers’ uptake of improved feed practices and reasons for adoption/ non adop...ILRI
Presented by Gregory Ndwandwa Sikumba at the CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013
Senior Research Fellow Alex De Pinto's presentation at IUCN side event at COP23 (November 2017)
Land and forest degradation is a global problem and must be addressed globally.
Alternate source of energy By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert KPK PakistanMr.Allah Dad Khan
- Agriculture faces challenges of increasing food production to feed a growing population while dealing with resource scarcity and climate change. Alternative energy sources and more efficient use of energy and water in agriculture are needed.
- Agriculture provides livelihoods for many and is key to reducing poverty, but more investment is needed in irrigation and water management. New technologies like drip irrigation, solar power and biodiesel can help conserve resources.
- Recommendations include supporting sustainable practices like no-till farming, investing in infrastructure, and building capacity for alternative energy and efficient use of energy and water in agriculture.
The transformative role of livestock in the developing worldILRI
Presented by Christopher Delgado (World Resources Institute) at the ILRI@40 side event on Livestock-based options for sustainable food systems, Des Moines, USA, 15 October 2014
The GLOBIOM model is a global partial equilibrium model that can be used to study land use and its impacts. It has 30 geographical regions modeled at varying spatial resolutions. It optimizes land allocation between major agricultural crops, livestock, forestry, and bioenergy to maximize economic surplus. Model outputs include production, trade, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions. The model was applied in a case study of the Congo Basin that examined scenarios of infrastructure development, productivity increases, and REDD policies on deforestation and its impacts.
Importance of livestock production from grasslands for national and local foo...ILRI
Presented by Iain A Wright, Polly Ericksen, Andrew Mude, Lance W. Robinson and Jason Sircely at the International Grassland Congress, New Delhi, 20-24 November 2015
A presentation made to the Narok North and South Districts Head teahcers during a training Workshop on Energy Saving Insitutional Stoves organized by the World Food Programme
The document provides information on feeding dairy cattle in East Africa. It was compiled by experts from the East Africa Dairy Development Project and covers topics such as nutrients, production systems, forage production, supplements, feeding calves, heifers and dairy cows. The document aims to help smallholder farmers in East Africa improve milk production through better cattle feeding practices.
Agricultural vocational training in Kenya a needs assessmentLewa Children's Home
The dairy sector is of enormous importance in Kenya. While agricultural training institutions are wide spread over the country. Practical skills and farm management skills are not up to the required standard.
This document describes the benefits of hydroponic farming, which is a soilless cultivation technique using nutrient solutions in a controlled environment. Some key benefits include year-round production with much higher yields than traditional farming while using less land, water, labor, and other resources. The document provides details on how hydroponic systems work, the advantages like lack of diseases and pests, consistent production, and lower costs. It promotes growing green fodder hydroponically, which provides high nutrition for animals and increases milk production. Contact information is provided to learn more about turnkey hydroponic solutions.
The document discusses different types of forages used for feeding domestic animals. Fodders include plants that are cultivated and cut to feed animals indoors, such as guinea grass and fodder maize. Pastures include grasses and legumes grown in pasture lands for animals to graze, like Cenchrus, marvel grass, and spear grass. Forages can also be classified as grasses like maize, sorghum, and guinea grass or legumes like cowpea, cluster bean, and lucerne. The document then provides details on specific forage crops, including guinea grass, Napier grass, Cumbu Napier hybrid, and lucerne.
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
Response of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Different Rates of Nitrogen and P...Premier Publishers
In Ethiopia, wheat is being cultivated on about 1.51 million hectares, delivering 3.3 million tons of grain yields. However, productivity of this crop is low compared to its potential due to many factors among which N and P play a vital role. Field study was conducted in 2014 crop season at Fiche-Salale with the objective of determining the optimum rates of N and P fertilizer for wheat production. The treatments consist factorial combination of four level of N (0, 32, 64 and 96 kg/ha) and four level of P (0, 23, 46 and 69kg P2O5/ha) which were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Wheat variety, Digelu, was used as a test crop. The result of the study indicated that grain and biological yields were significantly affected only due to main effect N. The highest (3284 kg/ha) and lowest (2383 kg/ha) grain yield was obtained from application of 96 kg N/ha and 0 kg N/ha, respectively. Similarly, the highest (6611.00 kg/ha) and lowest (5145.00 kg/ha) biological yield was obtained from 96 kg N/ha and 64 kg N/ha, respectively. The highest MRR was also attained at 96 kg N/ha (6998.80%). Hence, 96 kg N/ha is profitable for the area.
IRJET- Assessment of Farmers’ Perception Towards the Adoption of Soil and Wat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of soil and water conservation practices and soil quality in Kechabira Woreda, Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) The most commonly used indigenous soil conservation practices by farmers were application of manure, indigenous tree planting, and crop rotation. Modern practices like grass strips and fanaya juu terraces were also widely adopted.
2) Farmers' adoption of conservation practices was influenced by demographic and farm characteristics.
3) Soil samples from plots using conservation practices for over 5 years had significantly higher moisture, organic carbon, nutrients compared to untreated plots, especially at lower slopes.
1) The study assessed the impact of different cultivation methods on soil fertility and rural livelihoods in Arsi Zone, southeast Ethiopia. 2) Soil samples were collected from fields with different cropping systems, including wheat-wheat, wheat-barley, wheat-bean, and wheat-maize. 3) The results showed that wheat-bean and wheat-pea cropping systems improved soil properties like soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while wheat-barley and wheat-maize systems had adverse effects compared to continuous wheat cropping.
Human wildlife conflicts the case of livestock grazing inside tsavo west nati...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on human-wildlife conflicts related to livestock grazing inside Tsavo West National Park in Kenya. Some key findings include:
- Livestock from surrounding communities frequently enter the park for grazing, with over 60% citing grazing/pasture as the reason. Goats and cattle make up the majority.
- Grazing occurs primarily in the dry season when resources are scarce outside the park. Over 75% of cattle owners bring their livestock into the park during dry seasons.
- The number of livestock correlated with increased intensity and seriousness of human-wildlife conflicts. As livestock numbers rose so did conflicts between wildlife, livestock, and humans.
- Incompatible land
This document summarizes the findings of a 16-year field experiment comparing the effects of no-tillage with straw cover (NTSC) and traditional tillage with straw removal (TTSR) on soil properties in a winter wheat cropping system on the Loess Plateau in China. The study found that NTSC increased soil organic matter by 21.7% and total nitrogen by 51% in the top 10 cm of soil, and available phosphorus by 97.3% in the top 5 cm, compared to TTSR. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were also 135.3% and 104.4% higher under NTSC. Winter wheat yields were approximately 15.5% greater with NTSC. The results
Adaptation and Performance Evaluation of Released Napier Grass Varieties unde...PriyankaKilaniya
Five Napier grass varieties were evaluated for agronomic performance and yield at Abobo agricultural research center under rain fed condition in Gambella. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on agronomic parameters such as plant height, survival rate, leaf to stem ratio, node number per plant, internodes length per plant, tillering performance and dry matter yield were analyzed using general linear model(GLM) procedure of SAS, least significant difference (LSD) at 5% was used for mean separation. Combined analysis indicated that tested varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) for survival rate, plant height, leaf to stem ratio, tillering performance, internodes length per plant and dry matter yield. The highest plant survival rate (86.33%) was recorded for Check followed by varieties 16819(73.60%), 16984(71.92%), and 16791(67.83%) respectively. On the other hand, variety 15743(66.67%) showed the lowest plant survival rate. The mean plant height ranges from 2.09m to 2.49m with an overall mean plant height of 2.31m. The tallest mean plant height (2.49m) was recorded in 15743 while shortest mean plan height (2.09m) was recorded in check. The mean leaf to stem ratio range from 1.71 to 1.28 with the overall mean of 1.52, and The higher leaf to stem ratio value (1.71) were recorded from check, followed by 16984(1.67), 15743(1.59), 16819(1.35) while the lowest value were recorded in 16791(1.28). In a combined analysis the mean dry matter yield range from 20.02 t/ha to 14.05 t/ha with the overall mean of 16.24 t/ha. The higher dry matter yield value (20.02 t/ha) were recorded from 16819, followed by 16791(16.77t/ha) and check (16.12t/ha) respectively. The lowest mean dry matter yield were recorded in 16984(14.05 t/ha) and 15743(14.26t/ha). Generally, Napier grass varieties tested has shown variation for agronomic performance and yield under rain fed condition in Gambella
Adaptation and Performance Evaluation of Released Napier Grass Varieties unde...PriyankaKilaniya
Five Napier grass varieties were evaluated for agronomic performance and yield at Abobo agricultural research center under rain fed condition in Gambella. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on agronomic parameters such as plant height, survival rate, leaf to stem ratio, node number per plant, internodes length per plant, tillering performance and dry matter yield were analyzed using general linear model(GLM) procedure of SAS, least significant difference (LSD) at 5% was used for mean separation. Combined analysis indicated that tested varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) for survival rate, plant height, leaf to stem ratio, tillering performance, internodes length per plant and dry matter yield. The highest plant survival rate (86.33%) was recorded for Check followed by varieties 16819(73.60%), 16984(71.92%), and 16791(67.83%) respectively. On the other hand, variety 15743(66.67%) showed the lowest plant survival rate. The mean plant height ranges from 2.09m to 2.49m with an overall mean plant height of 2.31m. The tallest mean plant height (2.49m) was recorded in 15743 while shortest mean plan height (2.09m) was recorded in check. The mean leaf to stem ratio range from 1.71 to 1.28 with the overall mean of 1.52, and The higher leaf to stem ratio value (1.71) were recorded from check, followed by 16984(1.67), 15743(1.59), 16819(1.35) while the lowest value were recorded in 16791(1.28). In a combined analysis the mean dry matter yield range from 20.02 t/ha to 14.05 t/ha with the overall mean of 16.24 t/ha. The higher dry matter yield value (20.02 t/ha) were recorded from 16819, followed by 16791(16.77t/ha) and check (16.12t/ha) respectively. The lowest mean dry matter yield were recorded in 16984(14.05 t/ha) and 15743(14.26t/ha). Generally, Napier grass varieties tested has shown variation for agronomic performance and yield under rain fed condition in Gambella
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Efficiency and Yield Gap Analysis in Potato Production: The Case of Potato Fa...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes potato production efficiency, yield gaps, and responsiveness to inputs among potato farmers in central Ethiopia. A survey of 196 farmers found the average technical efficiency was 62.6% and actual yield gap was 15.2 tons/ha. Eighty-six percent of yield variation was due to technical inefficiency, accounting for a 13.07 ton/ha yield gap. Efforts to improve efficiency through better farm management would be more cost-effective than introducing new technologies like varieties to increase production and productivity in the region.
Integrated application of compost and inorganic fertilizers for production of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different application rates of compost and inorganic fertilizers on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Compost was prepared on-site using available materials and incorporated into soil 30 days before planting. Four levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and four levels of compost were applied to potato plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest potato yields were obtained with application of the recommended rates of 111 kg N and 39 kg P per hectare without compost. However, applying 10 tons of compost per hectare with 73.4 kg N and 26 kg P also resulted in substantial yield increases. The results indicate that integrated use of compost and inorganic fertilizers can boost potato yields
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Trends in Production and Export of Lentils in EthiopiaPremier Publishers
Lentils are among the major grain crops in Ethiopia that constituted the major food crops for the majority of the country’s population. It also served as a source of income at household level and a contributor for the country’s foreign currency earnings. The study was conducted to analyze the trend of production and export of Lentils in Ethiopia. Secondary data on production and export of the crop were used and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study identified that, the total land area and the total volume of lentil production has increased at a compound growth rate of 4% and 9% respectively, while the productivity of the crop has shown a 5%compounded growth. Ethiopia exports on average 2,339,693 kg of lentils and incurred birr 18,684,845. Pakistan and United Arab Emirates are the highest recipients for Ethiopian lentils with a share of 20 % and 16 % respectively. Italy was the destination country from which highest value/kg (birr 25/kg) from Lentils export is received. Therefore, it is important to give more attention to the crop in research system so as to have more improved varieties and agronomic recommendations. On the other hand, we need to export the crop and its product to those countries which have high Value to volume ratio (VVR).
The document discusses the state of global agriculture and its effects on ecosystems. It notes that 15 of 24 key ecosystem services have been degraded or unsustainably used in recent decades due largely to expansion of agriculture. About half of original forests have been lost to agriculture. Agriculture appropriates one third of the planet's net primary productivity and is a major driver of biodiversity loss and carbon emissions. Feeding a growing population while reducing these impacts will require intensifying production on existing farmland and improving sustainability through techniques like irrigation, fertilization, and conservation agriculture.
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
Iran has achieved self-sufficiency in wheat production for the first time in 40 years due to adopting effective soil and crop management practices combined with improved wheat varieties. Key factors contributing to this success include selecting the right strategies through policy coordination, integrating agronomy, crop breeding, and policies, releasing high-yielding varieties, considering water use efficiency and productivity, developing pressurized irrigation systems, adopting conservation agriculture techniques, and guaranteeing market prices for wheat. However, drought, heat, cold, diseases, pests, and weeds remain challenges. Research priorities to further increase production include improving agronomic practices, applying physiology in breeding, developing durable rust resistance, and biotechnology tools like MAS.
Abstract— This study was conducted in Gunugo watershed at Wolayitta zone to assess the amount of some soil chemical properties affected by traditional agroforestry practices and along different elevation gradients. The dominant agroforestry practices (homegarden, parkland and woodlot), and three elevation gradients (upper, middle and lower) were used to collect soil samples. One composite sample was taken from each sampling point from each soil depths, under three agroforestry practices and three elevation gradient with three replications to have a total of 54 soil samples at 20 x 20 m plot. Then the selected soil chemical properties among agroforestry practices and along elevation gradient was determined at p<0.05. The EC, pH and CEC of the top soil was significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot while EC, pH and total nitrogen of the sub soil were significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot. Further, only the top soil EC and CEC were significantly higher on lower elevation than upper and middle elevation and there was no significant difference in sub soil chemical parameters among elevation levels. In relation to this, most of the soil chemical properties show as the study area is being degraded. Therefore, are recommended for sustainable soil chemical property management. Hence, homegarden is suggested as a better agroforestry practice for rehabilitation of the area in a sustainable manner through enhanced accumulation of total nitrogen, good EC and CEC at all elevation gradients.
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Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Preventing preventable diseases: a 12-slide primer on foodborne diseaseILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Preventing a post-antibiotic era: a 12-slide primer on antimicrobial resistanceILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
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Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
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Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
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OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
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How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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Impact of changes in land use and land cover on feed resources in the Ethiopian highlands
1. Impact of changes in land use and land cover on feed resources in the
Ethiopian highlands
Kahsay Berhe1, Zerihun Woldu2, Don Peden1, Dirk Hoekstra1 and Alemayehu Mammo3
1International
Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3DC Office of planning, Washington DC 2009, USA
Corresponding author: k.berhe@cgiar.org
Introduction
Livestock are sources of food, draft power, cash income, fertilizer and energy among others. Ethiopia owns a large
number of livestock (45,930,163 TLU) (FAO 2010), the highest in Africa. The main sources of livestock feed in the
Ethiopian highlands are crop residues and natural pasture. The contribution of livestock is limited, because of poor
availability and quality of feed resources, among others.
Much of the change occurred on cultivated land (Fig. 4). The increase in cultivated land was 125%, which was mainly
at the expense of the grasslands. Out of the total cultivated land in 1971/72, 80% remained under the same land cover
while 1281 ha (17.8%) was converted to grasslands in 2000. The reason for the conversion to grasslands could
indicate that the land is no more suitable for agriculture. The increase of cultivated land from 7,186 in 1971/72 to
16,204 in 2000 is population driven, i.e. number of households increased from 2,064 to 5,518 while total population
increased from 9,288 to 35,940 over the study period, respectively.
The study area
The study site falls within 38051 43.63 to 39004’ 58.59 E and 8046 16.20 to 8059 16.38 N, located on the
western margin of the great East African Rift Valley in the Oromia region of Ethiopia (Fig. 1). Ten peasant associations
surrounding Yerer Mountain with a total population of 35,940 persons in 2000 and an area of 28,741 ha were selected
for the study.
Net
grassland
- 9388
+2148 ha
-11536 ha
10,034 ha
1281 ha
+10453 ha
-1435 ha
369 ha
28 ha
839 ha
Net
cultivated
+ 9018
50 ha
1236 ha
266 ha
65 ha
89 ha
Net wet &
water body
+253
Net
shrubland
+117
+1325 ha
-1208 ha
+331 ha
-78 ha
Figure 4. Land use and land cover dynamics 1971/72 and 2000
Feed resources
Figure 1. The study area
Objective
The objectives of the study were to describe the land use and land cover (LULC) changes over three decades and
assess implications to livestock feed resources and recommend appropriate interventions.
The household survey indicated that feed is sufficiently available during October to January, severely in short supply
during May to September, while the remaining months are intermediate. From among the cultivated crops, teff and
wheat were the major sources of crop residue, contributing to about 82% of the total residue (Table 1). Based on the
procedures for estimating crop residues from cultivated areas, a mean value of 1.52 t/ha DM was obtained (Table 2).
According to WBISPP (2001) 0.36 t/ha DM was also available as crop aftermath. Both figures were used for
multiplying the cultivated area to obtain total amount of crop residue in the study area. Based on WBSIPP (2001)
procedure, 1.45 and 0.83 t/ha was obtained from the other LULC types for 1971 and 2000, respectively (Table 2) .
Materials and methods
Table 1. Estimated yearly dry matter (t/ha) obtainable from different crop residues for the sample farmers in 2000.
LULC analysis for the study area
Crop type
•
•
•
•
District maps (1:50,000 scale) to delineate study area,
1971/72: Seventeen black and white aerial photos,
2000: Landsat ETM+ satellite image of February 2000,
Digital image processing and visual interpretation of satellite images and aerial photos
Feed resources per ha from various LULC categories
• Cultivated land: Survey from 132 households (hh)
• Other LULC types: WBISPP, 2001
Livestock and hh population
• 1971/72: Topographic map to determine number of hh and CSO (1974) data to determine human and livestock
population
• 2000: Secondary data
Animal feed requirement
• Livestock daily minimum feed DM requirement (Berhanu et al. 2004)
All the above resources were used to compare available feed vs needs of the various livestock types for both periods.
Total area (ha)*
Wheat
Teff
Chickpeas
94.00
92.60
34.50
Faba bean
Rough pea
Field pea
Barley
Lentils
Maize
Total
11.20
6.70
6.60
6.20
1.10
1.80
255.70
12.30
6.18
5.23
6.75
0.61
1.40
1.42
1.54
3.30
1.86
1.56
2.04
12.25
6.64
12.04
8.80
0.66
2.00
431.21
on three years’ mean data (2001-2003) from household survey.
**Obtained from various sources (Kahsay 2004).
***Assuming that 70% of the crop residue will be used as livestock feed.
Table 2. Estimated yearly feed DM obtainable from different land cover types from the study area for 1971 and 2000
Multiplying factor DM
yield (t/ha/yr)
1.52** + 0.36***
1.45**** (1971);
0.83**** (2000)
Cultivated land
All other land cover
categories
Total
Area (ha)*
1971
2000
7,186
16,204
21,365
12,224
DM production (t)
1971
2000
13,510 (30.4%)
30,464 (75%)
30,979 (69.6%)
10,146 (25%)
28,551
Results and discussion
The 1971/72 land cover analysis (Fig. 2) showed that majority of the study area was under grasslands accounting for
18,784 (65.4%), while it was 9,396 ha (32.7%) in 2000 (Fig. 3). Cultivated land on the other hand increased from 7186
(25%) in 1971/72 to 16,204 ha (56.4%) in 2000. In 1971/72 majority of the shrublands were covered with Juniperus
procera and Acacia albida trees, while the area under these trees has dramatically decreased in 2000.
1.10
0.92
0.79
1.09
0.55
0.78
*Based
LULC type
LULC change
Average grain Total crop
Conversion factor Crop residue (t DM)***
yield (t/ha)*
production (t) (straw:grain ratio)**
1.42
133.29
2.06
192.49
1.00
92.32
2.47
160.11
1.05
36.23
1.31
33.22
44,489 (100%)
28,428
40,610 (100%)
*
Kahsay (2004)
** Based on Table 1, total crop residue (air dried)/total area multiplied by 90% to convert to DM yield/ha
***Air dried crop aftermaths at 0.4 t/ha/yr (WBISPP, 2001), but data multiplied by 90% to convert it to DM
****As per procedures by WBISPP (2001)
Feed utilization/balance
Considering minimum daily maintenance and 20% production requirements for livestock in the study area, annual feed
needs were calculated to be 23,551 (1971) and 63,922 t DM (2000) (Table 3). As can be seen from the table, there is
a substantial increase in cattle population over the study period (Table 3) because of increase in the need for more
draft power due to expansion of cultivated land. Accordingly, available feed (Table 2) exceeded requirements (Table 3)
by about 21,000 t in 1971, but fell short by about 23,000 t in 2000. Feed requirements for 2000 increased by over
170% due to increased livestock numbers (Table 3). Therefore, feed resources in the study area only met about 64%
of the minimum annual energy required (plus additional 20% for production) by livestock. In the central highlands of
Ethiopia, other similar works also reported that farms produce only 60% of the feed needed by livestock. This analysis
further indicated that about 75% of the DM to come from crop residues (including crop aftermath) in 2000 which only
contributed about 30% in 1971. In earlier works, it was also reported that 71% of the feed supply for Ada’a district (part
of the study area) to originate from crop residues.
Table 3. Daily and annual DM feed for MEm plus 20% production requirement for working animals in the study area
Livestock type Daily DM
requirement
(kg/head/d)*
Cattle (local)
4.33
Total number of livestock
Total annual DM feed requirement (t)****
1971**
11737
2000***
31462
1971
18549.7
2000
49724.1
Sheep
3349
8153
764.0
1859.9
Goats
0.625
4958
9091
1131.0
2073.9
Donkeys
3.00
2375
8164
2600.6
8939.6
Horses
Figure 2. Land Use and Land Cover: 1971/72
0.625
4.20
138
633
211.6
970.4
Mules
4.20
192
231
294.3
354.1
23551.2
63922.0
Total
*Berhanu
et al. (2004).
**Computed based on CSO (1974).
***Obtained from four Offices of Agriculture and Rural Development (2003).
**** Values obtained by multiplying daily DM requirement by total number of livestock and 365 days to get annual requirement.
In the past decade, several research and development organizations (amongst others the Improving Productivity and
Market Success (IPMS) Project) have worked on the introduction of improved feed technologies to boost the
development of livestock commodity value chains. These technologies had important impact on feed resource
availability in the study area, like the introduction of newly released teff varieties which reportedly yield about 3 and 5 t
of grain and crop residues, respectively. Similarly, improved management of grazing areas by regulating livestock
access and introduction of cut and carry in other IPMS districts showed biomass yields of up to 10 t. Similarly, to
reduce the need for draft power, the project also introduced conservation tillage.
Conclusion
As is the case in most highlands in Ethiopia, human population growth was the major driving force behind the LULC
changes, which in turn influenced livestock number, feed type and availability in the study area. Farmers’ priorities are
to grow food crops rather than forages or fodder for livestock. Cultivated area increased substantially at the expense
of grasslands. As a result, there is greater reliance on crop residues and on-farm production of fodder to feed stock.
The failure of available feed sources to meet even the maintenance needs of existing livestock indicates that
production from livestock will remain low unless strategies are developed to match existing livestock population. While
this trend is alarming, recent research and development activities in many areas, including the study area, show that
feed from existing grasslands and crop residues could easily increase using cut and carry system and newly released
high yielding varieties, respectively. Such new developments should, however, be integrated and follow multifaceted
approaches for creating a resilient ecosystem, including working on improving the quality of crop residues and
developing intensive livestock management systems, among others.
Figure 3. Land Use and Land Cover: 2000