This study examined the effect of soil conservation investment on the efficiency of cassava production in Oyo State, Nigeria. 80 cassava farmers were surveyed. The most common soil conservation methods used were bush fallowing, manuring, mulching, crop rotation, and herbicides, though fertilizer was less used. Regression analysis found that larger farm size was negatively associated with soil conservation investment, while greater farming experience had a positive influence. The study concluded that providing credit facilities could help cassava farmers adopt more modern soil conservation technologies to boost production and meet food demands.
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
The natural environment of the Nsukka, is characterized by a combination of trees and grasses in different proportions. This readily provides conducive conditions for the combined cultivation of annual crops and perennial crops, or trees. But, some factors might have stalled the espousal and practice of agro forestry in Nsukka; this is because Nsukka until recently was generally inaccessible and lacked basic infrastructure. These have contributed negatively to result in wastage of farm products especially during harvest periods, and consequent loss of income to the farmers. The broad aim of the study was to analyze agro forestry land use practices of Nsukka farmers, assess the benefits, and draw up lessons and recommendations for sustainable agro forestry development in community-based forestry projects by describing the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, determining the type of agro forestry practiced in the area, identifying the reasons for farmers’ participation in agro forestry practices, identifying the constraints to sustainable agro forestry in the area and the measures for tackling the constraints and determining the benefits of agro forestry to participating farmers and their communities at large. The results of the study showed that most farmers sale greater part of their produce as the only source of income and most farmers spend less because they use animal dropping as a source of fertilizer. The land tenure system of the entire study area is largely by inheritance, and land use is determined by the male head and, on whom the right of usage is vested. Similarly, the ownership, sponsorship and management of agro forestry farms are largely by the families.
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
The natural environment of the Nsukka, is characterized by a combination of trees and grasses in different proportions. This readily provides conducive conditions for the combined cultivation of annual crops and perennial crops, or trees. But, some factors might have stalled the espousal and practice of agro forestry in Nsukka; this is because Nsukka until recently was generally inaccessible and lacked basic infrastructure. These have contributed negatively to result in wastage of farm products especially during harvest periods, and consequent loss of income to the farmers. The broad aim of the study was to analyze agro forestry land use practices of Nsukka farmers, assess the benefits, and draw up lessons and recommendations for sustainable agro forestry development in community-based forestry projects by describing the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, determining the type of agro forestry practiced in the area, identifying the reasons for farmers’ participation in agro forestry practices, identifying the constraints to sustainable agro forestry in the area and the measures for tackling the constraints and determining the benefits of agro forestry to participating farmers and their communities at large. The results of the study showed that most farmers sale greater part of their produce as the only source of income and most farmers spend less because they use animal dropping as a source of fertilizer. The land tenure system of the entire study area is largely by inheritance, and land use is determined by the male head and, on whom the right of usage is vested. Similarly, the ownership, sponsorship and management of agro forestry farms are largely by the families.
Comparative Analysis of Fertilizer Use among Small-Scale Irrigation Farmers i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Cocoa is known as one of the notable cultivated cash crops of the tropical rainforest of the world that is rain dependent. The study examines the effect of rainfall variation on the yield of cocoa plantation in Ondo State, Nigeria. Data used for the study includes the rainfall data of 15 years from 2000 to 2014 collected from Ondo state agro climatological office as well as cocoa yield data for the same period of time from Ondo State ministry of agriculture and forest resources. Descriptive statistical method was employed to determine the relationship between both variables in which the result shows direct relationship between rainfall and cocoa yield. Results were presented using bar charts and line graph for the time series analysis of the variables. Linear regression statistical analysis was used to predict cocoa yield with certain amount of rainfall with the correlation coefficient ‘r’ value of 0.97 which implies that rainfall changes go a long way to determine the same variation trend in the cocoa yield. Though, not only the quantity of rainfall within the range of rainfall required for the growth of this crop affect the yield but its distribution. A little millimeter of rainfall above or below the required range of rain for cocoa plantation greatly affects cocoa yield.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Floristic Composition, Structural Analysis and Socio-economic Importance of L...IJEAB
Floristic assessment plays a crucial role in managing and conserving phytodiversity. Thisstudy tried to determine the floristic composition, woody structure and socio-economic importance of the legume flora in the commune of Mayahi. We used plot method based on systematic sampling approach to inventory legume species within the parklands in September 2012. We recorded 55 legume species belonging to 24 genera in 56 relevés. Fabaceae is the dominant family among the legume botanical families in the parklands of the commune of Mayahi. The average woody legume density is 62 individuals per hectare in the commune of Mayahi. The woody legume species of highest average density are Faidherbia albida and Piliostigma reticulatum. While the total basal area of legumes of the commune is 1.12m2 / ha in the Mayahi commune. The crown cover varies according to the vegetation types but it is higher in the Goulbi N’kaba forest reserve. Legume flora provides a myriad of benefits to the people of Mayahi. The present study recommends furtherresearch that examines the impact of human activities on the legume flora of the parklands in the commune of Mayahi.
Bangladesh though a LDC have generated national database on Land and Soil Resources which is mainly used for agricultural development planning and farmers service. SOLARIS and OFRS are two systems dealing with the NR database to generate output needed by academicians, researchers, extentionists and farmers
Long term effects of soil tillage systems and crop sequence on irrigated whea...mohammad reza mehrvar
In the presented oral paper on long-term effects of Conservation Agriculture in irrigated production environments, the positive synergies as a result of adoption suitable managed approaches for holistic cropping systems can be observed.
Comparative Analysis of Fertilizer Use among Small-Scale Irrigation Farmers i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Cocoa is known as one of the notable cultivated cash crops of the tropical rainforest of the world that is rain dependent. The study examines the effect of rainfall variation on the yield of cocoa plantation in Ondo State, Nigeria. Data used for the study includes the rainfall data of 15 years from 2000 to 2014 collected from Ondo state agro climatological office as well as cocoa yield data for the same period of time from Ondo State ministry of agriculture and forest resources. Descriptive statistical method was employed to determine the relationship between both variables in which the result shows direct relationship between rainfall and cocoa yield. Results were presented using bar charts and line graph for the time series analysis of the variables. Linear regression statistical analysis was used to predict cocoa yield with certain amount of rainfall with the correlation coefficient ‘r’ value of 0.97 which implies that rainfall changes go a long way to determine the same variation trend in the cocoa yield. Though, not only the quantity of rainfall within the range of rainfall required for the growth of this crop affect the yield but its distribution. A little millimeter of rainfall above or below the required range of rain for cocoa plantation greatly affects cocoa yield.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Floristic Composition, Structural Analysis and Socio-economic Importance of L...IJEAB
Floristic assessment plays a crucial role in managing and conserving phytodiversity. Thisstudy tried to determine the floristic composition, woody structure and socio-economic importance of the legume flora in the commune of Mayahi. We used plot method based on systematic sampling approach to inventory legume species within the parklands in September 2012. We recorded 55 legume species belonging to 24 genera in 56 relevés. Fabaceae is the dominant family among the legume botanical families in the parklands of the commune of Mayahi. The average woody legume density is 62 individuals per hectare in the commune of Mayahi. The woody legume species of highest average density are Faidherbia albida and Piliostigma reticulatum. While the total basal area of legumes of the commune is 1.12m2 / ha in the Mayahi commune. The crown cover varies according to the vegetation types but it is higher in the Goulbi N’kaba forest reserve. Legume flora provides a myriad of benefits to the people of Mayahi. The present study recommends furtherresearch that examines the impact of human activities on the legume flora of the parklands in the commune of Mayahi.
Bangladesh though a LDC have generated national database on Land and Soil Resources which is mainly used for agricultural development planning and farmers service. SOLARIS and OFRS are two systems dealing with the NR database to generate output needed by academicians, researchers, extentionists and farmers
Long term effects of soil tillage systems and crop sequence on irrigated whea...mohammad reza mehrvar
In the presented oral paper on long-term effects of Conservation Agriculture in irrigated production environments, the positive synergies as a result of adoption suitable managed approaches for holistic cropping systems can be observed.
Lots of great background info on conservation agriculture including use of cover crops and carbon sequestration rates. Delivered to Project Breadbasket conservation agriculture field workshop in Parana State Brazil by Ademir Calegari, PhD, IAPAR, on July 12, 2011 in Pato Branco.
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
Stephen Loss and Hichem Ben Salem presentation during the event "Conservation Agriculture: Overcoming the challenges to adoption and scaling-up" held by IFAD jointly with the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Soil fertility improvement by Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A Gray and its e...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Evaluating the performance of improved sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) ...Innspub Net
Field trials were conducted in the 2014 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Bayero University, Kano (11°58’N and 8°25’E) and Agricultural Research Station Farm, Minjibir (12°11’N and 8°32’E). The objective of the study wasto evaluate the performance of improved sweetpotato lines with a view to identify those that may be adaptable with high yielding potential in the study area.The treatments consisted of 16 sweetpotato advanced lines: Centennial, AYT/08/055, TIS8164, TIS87/0087, NRSP12/097, UMUSPO/2, UMOSPO/1, SOLOMON-1, EA/11/022, EA/11/025, EA/11/003, UM/11/015, NRSP/12/095, UM/11/001, UM/11/022, and a local check
(Kantayiidda). These were laid out in a Randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Significant differences were observed in number of roots per plant, number of marketable roots, number of pencil roots, flesh colour, root shape and root yield. Kantayiidda produced significantly (p<0.05) higher root yield (10315kg/Ha) than all other lines. Solomon-1, Umuspo/1, EA/11/022, UM/11/001 and TIS87/0087 were found to be promising among the advanced lines evaluated; thus could relatively compete with Kantayiidda local for adaptation and high root yield in the study area. Get full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Fertility Levels of Soils under Selected Tree Vegetations for Efficient Agro-...AI Publications
In many parts of Nigeria, large areas of lands are dominated by tree crop vegetations for timber production and for fruits with land users not knowing the fertility status of soils in these vegetations. Continual evaluation of soil properties of these tree vegetations has become pertinent for agricultural sustainability. This study therefore was carried out to evaluate the fertility levels of soils under selected tree vegetations at National Horticultural Research Institute Okigwe, Imo State, Nigeria. Five tree vegetations that were over 20 years of establishment were selected namely: oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth), African breadfruit (Treculia africana), mango (Mangnifera indica), Ogbonu (Irvingia gabonensis) and orange (citrus spp). In each of these tree vegetations, four soil samples were collected at uniform depths (0 – 20, 20 – 40 and 40 – 60 cm) at different locations using soil auger. The samples were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. Data collected were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. Results obtained showed that despite the ages of these vegetations, the soils were acidic, low in macronutrient and basic cation concentrations when compared to FAO standard. The highest exchangeable bases and organic matter (1.78%) was recorded on bread fruit vegetation. Therefore, there is need to increase the fertility status of these soils in these tree crop vegetations by adopting measures that will boost organic matter content of the soil irrespective of the duration of the vegetation and this will help in agro forestry and alley cropping.
Economics of Processed Cassava Products in Imo State, NigeriaQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the economics of processed cassava products in Imo State, Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select 106 cassava processors for this study. Information on the objectives of this study was elicited from the sampled respondents through a well structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as the mean, analyses of variance and net returns model. The socio-economic features of the farmers reveals a mean age of 54 years, 4 persons per household, 7 years educational attainment, 16 years of processing experience and a business size of N4,531. The result of the analysis of variance showed no significant differences in net returns of processed cassava products across the three agricultural zones of the State. Hence, Okigwe and Owerri zone recorded the highest net returns in garri and fufu processing respectively showing the profitability of the enterprise. However there is urgent need for the government to assist the rural cassava processors by providing direct extension services to cushion the processing inefficiencies faced by these farmers in the area.
Perception of Household on Greening methods to Ameliorate Climate change in S...IJEABJ
The project investigated the perception of household on greening methods to ameliorate climate change in south- west of Oyo state. The study was carried out in Oluyole local Government of Oyo state, Nigeria. Where two areas were randomly selected (Oluyole estate and Oluyole Extension). A total number of 91 structured questionnaires were retrieved out of 130 administered. Data collected were analyzed. Descriptive was used to analyzed socio economic characteristics, sources of information on greening, perception of respondent on greening, different greening method by the respondent and constraints, cross tabulation was used to explain association between socio characteristics and greening method and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to analyzed constraints and greening method by the respondents, relationship between the perception and greening method by the respondents. The result of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were male (65.9%),and between the ages of 31-40 (34.2%), majority also had tertiary education(58.2%) this showed that people within the study area were informed on the value of education, it was also revealed that majority of the respondent agreed that the human activities have led to climate change 3.51 mean value, Developing countries should take most of the blame for climate change (3.07) mean value and that laws governing the forestry management in Nigeria should be revisited with 2.03mean value. Respondents agreed that planting of trees, planting of tree crops, planting of flowers, planting of shrubs like Morida lucida, Moringa oleifera, Glyricidia sepium, management and development are the best method to ameliorate climate change, it was observed that deforestation, urbanization, industrialization, Lack of good policy by Federal Government are the major constraints. The use solar energy is the least that people use because majority are using generator which add carbon monoxide to the atmosphere. This study recommended that human activities should be controlled in order to modify our environment, planting of trees, planting of tree crops like mango, cashew, orange, coconut will serve as fruit for family as well as improvement on climate change, planting of flowers for beautification and planting of shrubs are the best method to ameliorate climate change. Laws should be enacted to avoid climate change based on deforestation and good policies should be put to practice by Federal Government base on industrialization in urban areas.
Influence of Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Societies on Vegetable Producti...ijtsrd
This work examined the influence of farmers multipurpose cooperative societies FMCS on vegetable production in Enugu State, Nigeria, as the broad objective. Specifically, the study examined the effect of farm resources from all sources on vegetable crops output and ascertained the effect of farm resources obtained from cooperatives on vegetable farm profitability. The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study was 3,020 FMCS with a membership of 30,257. A sample size sample of 353 was gotten by the application of Taro Yamani sample size formula. Primary data was used for the study. The research instrument was subjected to face and content validation. The reliability of the instrument was determined by a test re test method which returned a coefficient of .94. Descriptive and inferential were used in data analysis and hypotheses were tested at a 5 level of significance. Results indicated that farm resources from all sources statistically significantly predicted vegetable farm profitability F = 20.727, p .05 and that farm resources obtained from cooperatives statistically significantly predicted vegetable farm profitability F = 32.638, p .05 . It was concluded that FMCS have an influence on vegetable production in Enugu State. Sequel to this, it was recommended among others that farmers should be encouraged to join FMCS in Enugu State because of its obvious advantages. Aniagu Lauretta Ngozi | Nwankwo Frank "Influence of Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Societies on Vegetable Production in Enugu State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46272.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46272/influence-of-farmers-multipurpose-cooperative-societies-on-vegetable-production-in-enugu-state/aniagu-lauretta-ngozi
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
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Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
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Effect of soil conservation investment on efficiency of cassava production in oyo state of nigeria
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Effect of Soil Conservation Investment on Efficiency of Cassava
Production in Oyo State of Nigeria
Job Olatunji Oladeebo1*, Adepeju Aderinola Oyeleye2 and
Mutiu Oladapo Oladejo1
1. Department of Agricultural Economics,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
2. Department of Agricultural Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture, Igbo-Ora, Nigeria.
* E-mail of corresponding author: jooladeebo@lautech.edu.ng
Abstract
The study examined the effect of soil conservation investment on efficiency of cassava production in Oyo State
of Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 80 representative samples of cassava farmers
from whom data for the analysis were obtained. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics and
multiple regression analysis. The findings of the study showed that cassava production was dominated by male
farmers who were in their active farming years. The most prominent soil conservation methods practiced by
cassava farmers were: bush fallowing, manuring, mulching, crop- rotation and herbicide except fertilizer that
was averagely used. It was found that farm size had a negative influence on soil conservation investment while
farming experience had positive influence on it.
Key words: Soil Conservation Investment, Efficiency, Cassava production, Oyo State
1.0
Introduction
Over five hundred million people live on cassava throughout the world, eating its roots or tubers due to its high
energy content and its leaves that are an abundant source of protein and vitamins A and B (Tchabana, 2002,
Kormawa et al, 2001). Cassava is an important staple food in tropical Africa and had the potential to become a
cash crop in many Africa countries (Van Oirschot et al, 2004). Cassava is Africa’s second most important food
staple after maize in terms of calories consumed. In the early 1960s, Africa accounted for 42% of world cassava
production. Thirty years later, in the early 1990s, Africa produced half of world cassava output, primarily
because Nigeria and Ghana increase their production four fold. In the process Nigeria replaced Brazil as the
world leading cassava producer (Nweke, 2004). In Nigeria, traditionally, cassava is produced on small scale
family farms. As noted by Nweke (2004) the roots are processed and prepared as a subsistence crop for home
consumption and for sale in village markets and transported to urban centers. In Nigeria, cassava is primarily a
food crop. In the year 2000, 90% of total production in Nigeria was used as food and the balance as livestock
feed (Nweke, 2004).
The presidential initiative move by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 2002 was geared towards raising the
production level of cassava to 150m metric tones by the end of year 2010 and realized an income of US $5.0
billion per annum from the export of 37.6m tonnes of dry cassava products (Nigerian National Report, 2006).
The term efficiency of a firm can be defined as its ability to provide the largest possible amount of
output from a given set of inputs. The modern theory of efficiency dates back to the pioneering work of Farrell
(1957) who proposed that the efficiency of a firm consist of technical and allocative components and the
combination of these two components provide a measure of total economic efficiency.
Soil conservation has to do with the prevention of the degradation of soil resources such that the soil
can be used on a profitable basis indefinitely (Lutz et al, 1994). Soil conservation is in fact a comprehensive
approach in soil and farm management. The practices contribute only a part of the overall target of maintaining
and improving soil fertility. This extends to the improved relationship between soil, water, plant and to higher
sustained yield and the most important segment of re-establishing and maintaining the ecological balance
between man and nature (Aromolaran, 1996).
In spite of the overwhelming importance of soil conservation, evidence of research show that the
adoption of soil conservation practices in various parts of the country is not high. For example, Agbamu (1993)
in a study carried out in Lagos state showed that adoption rates for multiple cropping, minimum tillage, and zero
tillage as soil conservation measures among small scale Nigerian farmers were on the average.
1.1
The Problem
In Nigeria, like in several other developing nations, the demand for food that is continually rising due to
the geometric rise in population has resulted in the need to intensify land use and employ other scientific way of
47
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
increasing agricultural productivity. Researchers and scientists consequently embarked upon various means
(traditional and scientific) aimed at achieving and generating higher yields per unit area of land. This is through
intensive cultivation which includes the use of non-environmentally friendly materials and substances in order to
boost agricultural productivity. However, these developed technologies aimed at increased food productivity
resulted in problems of rapid soil degradation, massive soil losses, falling yield potentials, deforestation, and
disruption of water resources, soil pollution and disruption of natural pasture. In this wise, Engelhard (1994)
observed that the loss of biodiversity, climatic change and land degradation are closely linked, and that the
immediate causes are population pressure, poverty and poor performance of extensive agriculture.
Akinbile and Adekunle (1999) too observed that the survival of man depends on the diversity of the ecosystem
as the evidence of accelerating depletion of natural resources. Hence, to meet the challenges posed by rising
population and demand for food, this study was therefore designed to provide answers to the following research
questions:
(i)
What are the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area?
(ii)
What are the methods of soil conservation practiced in the study area?
(iii)
What are the effects of soil conservation investment on efficiency of small scale cassava production?
An important motivating factor for this study is the fact that there is paucity of studies on soil
conservation investment and efficiency of cassava production in Oyo State.
1.2
Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of soil conservation investment on efficiency
of small scale cassava production. The specific objectives of the study were to:
(i)
Describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area.
(ii)
Describe the types of soil conservation methods practiced in the study area.
(iii)
Determine the effect of soil conservation investment on efficiency of cassava production in the study
area.
2.0
Methodology
2.1
The Study Area
The study was carried out in Ido Local Government Area (LGA) formerly known as Akinyele West LGA, with
its headquarters at Ido town. It is located between Longitude 20 30 and 550 15E and latitude 6045N and 9041.
The LGA has a population of about 55,893 and it occupied a land mass of 865.49 km2 with about 57 percent of
the total land used for agricultural purposes (NPC, 2006). It is bounded along the sides by Akinyele, Oluyole,
Ibarapa LGAs of Oyo State and Odeda LGA of Ogun state. The inhabitants are predominantly farmers and
farming accounts for 63% of total economic status in the Local Government Area. The agricultural land supports
the growth of arable and cash crops such as cassava, yam, maize, kolanut, cocoa, oil palm. Animal husbandry is
also extensively practiced. The LGA consists of about 78 settlements distributed into 10 wards.
2.2
Sampling Procedure and Sample Size
The population of this study constitutes the farmers that were engaged in small scale cassava production in Ido
Local Government. Multistage sampling technique was employed in sample selection. First, eight villages in Ido
LGA were simple randomly chosen. The villages chosen were Eleshine, Oloje, Odebode, Akufo, Onikede,
Araromi, Aderoju and Agoro for the study. Second, 10 farmers were selected by simple random technique from
each of the villages, giving a total sample size of 80 respondents.
2.3
Measurement of Variable
The dependent variable of the study was the farmers’ expenditure on soil conservation while the independent
variables were the farmers’ socio-economics characteristics such as age, education, farming experience, gender,
farm size et cetera.
2.4
Method of Data Collection and Analysis of Data
Data were collected from respondents by the use of a well-structured questionnaire. Data analysis involved the
use of the following analytical tools:
1.
Descriptive statistics which involved the use of frequencies and percentage distribution was used to
achieve the first and second objectives.
2.
Multiple regression analysis which was used to analyze the effect of soil conservation investment on
efficiency of cassava production.
The implicit form of the regression model is specified as follows:
ESC= f (FRMZ, LBR, CASKG, HHZ, AGE, EXPER, EDYR, EVST, DSTC, CRDT, TOTR)
Where,
Y= ESC= Expenditure on soil conservation (Naira per hectare of cropped land)
FRMZ =
Farm size (ha)
48
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
LBR =
Hired and family labour (Man-days)
CASKG =
Cassava per kg.
HHZ =
Household size
AGE =
Age of farm (year)
EXPER =
Farming experience (year)
EDYR = Education (year)
EVAST=
Extension visitation
DSTC=
Distance (km)
CRDT=
Credit
TOTR=
Total revenue.
3.0
Results and Discussion
3.1
Socio-economic Characteristics of the Farmers.
3.1.1
Age of the Respondents.
The distribution of respondents by age is shown in table 1. It is observed from the table that the highest
percentage (67.5%) of respondents were between the ages of 41-60 years while the lowest percentage (12.5%)
of respondents were between the ages of 61-80 years. It was further revealed that 20% of respondents between
the ages of 21-40 years. By implication, the active age groups of the farmers were between 41-50 years in the
study area. Age of respondents have direct influence on the production in the sense that it determines an
individual capacity in most farming operations. Age also has influence on the degree of technologies adoption.
3.1.2
Gender of the Respondents
Table 2 shows the distribution of the respondents by gender. Most of the farmers (76.25%) were males while
23.75% of the farmers were females. These results which show that male farmers dominated cassava production
in the study area might be connected with the fact that cassava farming might be tedious for female farmers who
preferred vegetable production to cassava production.
3.1.3 Farming Experience of the Respondents.
Table 3 shows that majority of the respondents (about 66%) have been in cassava production between 11 and 20
years. The results shown in table 3 imply that farmers in the study area were well experienced in cassava
production which may therefore improve on their efficiency of cassava production.
3.1.4 Educational Level
Table 4 shows that 27.5% of the cassava farmers had no formal education, 52.5% attained primary education,
17.5% attained Senior Secondary School (SSCE), while 2.5% attained National Diploma (ND). The
implication of the findings is that majority of the farmers are literate and this is likely to make them respond to
the new innovations.
3.1.5: Household Size of Farmers
Table 5 shows that 95.0% of the farmers had household size ranging between 1-10 people and 3.75% had
between 11 and 20 people. The result is an indication that cassava farmers in the study area had large household
size which is a characteristic of a developing country. However, the result also implies availability of abundant
family labour to be used in cassava production.
3.1.6: Farm Size
Table 6 shows that 96.25% of the farmers had farm size ranging from 1-5 hectares of land for cultivation while
3.75% of the farmers had their farm size ranging from 6-10 hectares of land for cultivation of cassava.
3.1.7: Soil Conservation Practiced in the Study Area.
A total of 6 soil conservation methods practiced by cassava farmers were identified in the study area as indicated
in table 7. These include fertilizer, mulching, herbicide, manuring, bush fallowing and crop rotation.
A total of 78 respondents representing 97.5% practiced bush fallowing. This shows that bush fallowing was the
most common soil conservation practiced in the area. This probably might not be unconnected with the fact that
bush fallowing helps the soil to regain its fertility over time. It also supports the findings that there is abundant
farm land available to cassava farmers as shown in table 6.
Manuring is the next to bush fallowing with about 96% of farmers practicing it. The least practiced soil
conservation method was the use of inorganic fertilizer with 50% of the farmers practicing it. This might
probably be as a result of expensive nature of organic fertilizer in the study area.
3.2 Regression Result
In fitting the functional forms, the ordinary least squares estimator was employed and the estimated results are
shown in table 8. The resulting explicit equations are considered with respect to their explanatory powers, the
adjusted R2 values as well as significant levels of coefficient. The magnitude and signs of the coefficients of the
49
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
explanatory variables are also important. The double–log model was consequently adopted for the study because
it had relatively strongest explanatory powers than the other models.
Table 8 shows that farm size had a negative coefficient which was statistically significant at 5% level of
significance. This shows that there was negative relationship between farm size and soil conservation investment
against a priori expectations (Ogbonna et al, 2007). According to Nwaru and Ironall (2005), the poor financial
position of farmers compels them to produce on a very small scale and so earn relatively small income. With
respect to soil conservation investment practices, small scale farmers are likely to show two types of responses.
They are likely to be reluctant to take risk associated with soil conservation investment practices than larger
farmers. Again, their weak financial positions might pose severe limitations even if the readiness to invest on
these improved soil conservation investment practices is available.
Farming experience had a positive coefficient that was significant at 1% level of significance. This implies that
the more the experience of the farmers, the more the adoption of soil conservation investment practices. Nwaru
and Ironall (2005) opined that experience is the knowledge and skill gained by contact with facts and events. The
results show that the more the experience of cassava farmers the more the amount spent on conservation
practices.
4.0 Conclusion
The study examined the effect of soil conservation investment on efficiency of cassava production in Oyo State
of Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 80 representative samples of cassava farmers
from whom data for the analysis were obtained. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics and
multiple regression analysis. The findings of the study showed that cassava production was dominated by male
farmers who were in their active farming years. The most prominent soil conservation methods practiced by the
cassava farmers were: bush fallowing, manuring, mulching, crop- rotation and herbicide except fertilizer that
was averagely used. It was found that farm size had a negative influence on soil conservation investment while
farming experience had positive influence on it. Hence, cassava farmers, while expanding their farm size should
be assisted by policy makers through the provision credit facilities which will assist them in adopting modern
but costly soil conservation technologies which will consequently boost cassava production in the country. All
other things being equal, this might lead to the meeting of increasing food requirements by the increasing
populace.
References
Agbamu, J.U (1993), “Analysis of Farmers Characteristics Associated with Adoption Soil Management
Innovation in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State”. The Nigeria Journal of Rural Extension and
Development (Vol. 1 Nos. 2 and 3)
Aromolaran, A.B. (1998), Economic Analysis of Soil Conservation Practices. Issues in African Rural
Development Monograph Series, Monograph 11 (October, 1998). Published by the African Rural Policy
Analysis Network. Winrock International, USA. Pp.43.
Engelhard, P. (1994), “Intensive Sustainable Agricultural in West Africa. Coping Strategy or the Start of
Another Development”. FAO Development Education Exchange Paper pp 2-5.
Kormawa, P.M., Tshiunza, A. Dixon, E. Udoh & Okoruwa, V (2001), “Varietals Characteristics of Cassava
Farmers Perceptions and Preferences in the Semi-Arid Zone of West Africa”. Proceedings of the 8th Triennial
Symposium of International Society of Root and Tuber Crops, African Branch, November 12-16, 2001, Ghana.
Lutz, E., S. Pagiola and C. Reiche (1994), “The Costs and Benefits of Soil Conservation: The farmers
Viewpoint.” The World Bank Research Observer, 9(2):273-295
Nwaru, J.C. and U. Ironall (2005), “Socio-Economics Determinants of Investment on Rural Soil Management
Practices by Arable Crop Farmers in Ezinihitte L.G.A of Imo State, Nigeria”. Nigeria Journal of Rural
Sociology, 5 (1 and 2): 36-42
Nweke, F., (2004),“New Challenges in the Cassava Transformation in Nigeria and Ghana”. EPTD Discussion
Paper No. 118 International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington .D.C. USA.
Ogbonna, M. C, Korieocha, D. S, Anyaegbunam, H. N, Njoku .D, Okoye, B. C, Akinpelu O. A
& Nwokocha C.C (2007),“ Profitability in the Use of Sweet Potato Crop as Soil Conservation Strategy in
Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria”. Scientific Research and Essay, 2 (10),: 462-464.
Tchabana, B., (2002), “A Cassava Parasite is Unmasked at Last. Call for Action. Quarterly Newsletter Res.
Agric. Dev West and Central Africa, 22:5.
Van Oirschot, Q., Ngendello, T. & Westby, A. (2004), “Improving Cassava Processing for the Market.
From Field to Market,”. LEISA Magazine, 20(3): 24-26.
50
5. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 1: Distribution of the Respondents by Age.
Age (Years)
Frequency
21-40
16
41-60
54
61-80
10
Total
80
Source: Field survey Data, 2010.
Percentage
20.0
67.5
12.5
100.0
Table 2: Distribution of the Respondent by Gender.
Gender
Frequency
Male
61
Female
19
Total
80
Source: Field survey Data, 2010.
Percentage
76.25
23.75
100.0
Table 3: Distribution of the Respondents by Farming Experience.
Experience (years)
Frequency
1-10
53
11-20
24
21-30
2
>30
1
Total
80
Source: Field survey Data, 2010.
Percentage
66.25
30
2.5
1.25
100.0
Table 4: Distribution of Respondents by Education Level
Level of education
Frequency
No formal education
22
Primary
42
SSCE
14
ND
2
Total
80
Source: Field survey Data, 2010.
Percentage
27.5
52.5
17.5
2.5
100.0
Table 5: Distribution of Respondents Household Size.
Household size
Frequency
1-10
76
11-20
4
Total
80
Source: Field survey Data, 2010.
Percentage
96.25
3.75
100.0
Table 6: Distribution of Respondents by Farm Size.
Farm size (Ha)
Frequency
1-5
77
6-10
3
Total
80
Source: Field survey Data, 2010.
Percentage
96.25
3.75
100.0
51
6. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 7: Distribution of Respondents According to Soil Conservation Practiced
Soil conservation practiced
Frequency*
Percentage*
Fertilizer
40
50.0
Mulching
75
93.75
Herbicide
59
73.75
Manuring
77
96.25
Bush fallowing
78
97.5
Crop rotation
75
93.75
*Multiple responses
Source: Field survey Data, 2010.
Table 8: Regression Results on Effect of Soil Conservation Investment on Efficiency of Cassava Production.
Variable
Cobb-Douglas
Exponential
Semi-log
Linear
Constant
1.608
7.963
10858.926
7062.147
(0.344)
(13.601)
(0.737)
(2.778) **
Farm size
-1.045
-0.229
-2531.523
-1008.471
(-4.728) **
(-5.294) **
(-3.630) **
(-4.113) **
Labour
-0.154
-1.311E-05
-1307.799
-5.446E-02
(-0.610)
(-1.225)
(-1.647)
(-1.172)
Cassava per kg
-0.135
6.249E-05
-1297.558
-7.946E-02
(-0.549)
(0.287)
(-1.671)
(-0.084)
Household size
-5.709E-02
5.388E-02
-470.330
363.434
(-0.211)
(1.283)
(-0.551)
(1.993)
Age
0.620
3.860E-04
1635.045
-33.518
(1.139)
(0.035)
(0.951)
(-0.709)
Experience
0.535
5.313E-02
1606.720
158.283
(2.894**
(2.781) **
(2.758) **
(1.908)
Education (year)
1.974E-02
-2.137E-02
-648.090
-176.117
(0.056)
(-0.978)
(-0.583)
(-1.856)
Extension
9.404E-03
-2.964E-02
-503.817
-241.438
visitation
(0.045)
(-0.402)
(-0.771)
(-0.755)
Distance
-0.158
-1.364E-02
-338.451
-40.092
(-0.938)
(-0.902)
(-0.638)
(-0.610)
Credit
0.343
8.751E-06
833.215
3.103E-02
(1.721)
(2.032) **
(1.324)
(1.659)
Total revenue
0.238
1.676E-06
13.721
-1.207E-04
(1.453)
(1.245)
(0.027)
(-0.021)
Adjusted R2
0.424
0.388
0.372
0.304
R2
0.535
0.474
0.493
0.401
F –ratio
4.809*
5.560*
4.066*
4.130*
Y = ESC. (Expenditure on soil conservation)
Note: Values in parentheses represent t- values.
**
Means significant at the 5% level.
*
Means significant at the 1% level
Source: Computer Analysis of the Field Survey Data, 2010
52
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