The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
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This document discusses the challenges facing Indian agriculture and how science and technology can help meet those challenges. It outlines several emerging challenges including population growth, resource degradation, climate change, and globalization. To increase food production sustainably, the document proposes focusing on improving input efficiency, bridging yield gaps between potential and actual yields, and developing new stress-resistant crop varieties. It emphasizes the need for location-specific integrated crop management approaches.
DuPont Advisory Committee on Agricultural Innovation and Productivity published The Role of Technology in Agriculture in 2013. The report focuses on meeting global food demand through science-based innovation that reaches farmers around the world.
Review on Postharvest Handling Practices of Root and Tuber Crops.Premier Publishers
The root and tuber crops, including cassava, sweet potato, yams, and aroids, enjoy considerable importance as a vegetable, staple food, or raw material for small‐scale industries at a global level, particularly in the less developed tropical countries. The perishability and postharvest losses of root and tuber crops are the major constraints in the utilization of these crops. Several simple, low‐cost traditional methods are being followed by fanners in different parts of the world to store different root and tuber crops in the fresh state. An account of different storage practices and constraints is reviewed in this article. Some of these methods have been studied and evaluated by different research workers. Several modern techniques, including refrigerated cold storage, freezing, chemical treatments, wax coating, and irradiation, for storing fresh tropical tubers are also reviewed. The pre‐ and postharvest factors to be considered for postharvest storage of different root and tuber crops are incorporated into the review.
Feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of predominant forages for s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes two studies on feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of forages for small ruminant production in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun state, Nigeria. Study I found that male respondents reared sheep while females reared goats. Animals grazed natural grasslands and were sometimes supplemented with kitchen wastes, cassava, and corn gluten. Study II analyzed predominant forages in wet and dry seasons and found grasses, legumes and shrubs present only in wet season. Browse plants were available year-round. Nutrient composition varied between seasons and forage types, with crude protein and ether extract generally lower in dry season. The document concludes farmers should improve housing, feeding, and provide dry
Pakistan relies on various feed resources to support its livestock population, including crop residues, grazing lands, cultivated fodders, grains, and byproducts. However, there is a large gap between the nutrient requirements of Pakistan's livestock and the available feed supplies. Non-conventional feed resources could help fill this gap by providing alternative feeds that do not compete with human food needs. These include agro-industrial byproducts and plant or animal byproducts. While many non-conventional feeds are available in Pakistan, more research is still needed on their nutritional value and efficient use in livestock diets. Wider adoption of non-conventional feeds could help improve self-sufficiency and reduce production costs.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
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This document discusses the challenges facing Indian agriculture and how science and technology can help meet those challenges. It outlines several emerging challenges including population growth, resource degradation, climate change, and globalization. To increase food production sustainably, the document proposes focusing on improving input efficiency, bridging yield gaps between potential and actual yields, and developing new stress-resistant crop varieties. It emphasizes the need for location-specific integrated crop management approaches.
DuPont Advisory Committee on Agricultural Innovation and Productivity published The Role of Technology in Agriculture in 2013. The report focuses on meeting global food demand through science-based innovation that reaches farmers around the world.
Review on Postharvest Handling Practices of Root and Tuber Crops.Premier Publishers
The root and tuber crops, including cassava, sweet potato, yams, and aroids, enjoy considerable importance as a vegetable, staple food, or raw material for small‐scale industries at a global level, particularly in the less developed tropical countries. The perishability and postharvest losses of root and tuber crops are the major constraints in the utilization of these crops. Several simple, low‐cost traditional methods are being followed by fanners in different parts of the world to store different root and tuber crops in the fresh state. An account of different storage practices and constraints is reviewed in this article. Some of these methods have been studied and evaluated by different research workers. Several modern techniques, including refrigerated cold storage, freezing, chemical treatments, wax coating, and irradiation, for storing fresh tropical tubers are also reviewed. The pre‐ and postharvest factors to be considered for postharvest storage of different root and tuber crops are incorporated into the review.
Feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of predominant forages for s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes two studies on feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of forages for small ruminant production in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun state, Nigeria. Study I found that male respondents reared sheep while females reared goats. Animals grazed natural grasslands and were sometimes supplemented with kitchen wastes, cassava, and corn gluten. Study II analyzed predominant forages in wet and dry seasons and found grasses, legumes and shrubs present only in wet season. Browse plants were available year-round. Nutrient composition varied between seasons and forage types, with crude protein and ether extract generally lower in dry season. The document concludes farmers should improve housing, feeding, and provide dry
Pakistan relies on various feed resources to support its livestock population, including crop residues, grazing lands, cultivated fodders, grains, and byproducts. However, there is a large gap between the nutrient requirements of Pakistan's livestock and the available feed supplies. Non-conventional feed resources could help fill this gap by providing alternative feeds that do not compete with human food needs. These include agro-industrial byproducts and plant or animal byproducts. While many non-conventional feeds are available in Pakistan, more research is still needed on their nutritional value and efficient use in livestock diets. Wider adoption of non-conventional feeds could help improve self-sufficiency and reduce production costs.
This document discusses food waste in developed and developing countries. Some key points:
- 1.3 billion tonnes of food is wasted globally per year, worth $750 billion and equal to 1/3 of food produced. Developing countries waste more during production (54%) while developed countries waste more during consumption (46%).
- Per capita, Europeans and North Americans waste 280-300kg/year while those in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia waste 120-170kg/year.
- Solutions proposed to reduce waste in developing countries include improving post-harvest handling, storage, irrigation efficiency, and harnessing solar energy for small farms. Barriers to reducing waste include access to new technologies and financial/
Growth and Yield of Soybean Direct-seeded following Conventional and Aerobic ...AI Publications
Previous studies reported that growing soybean in a dry season following conventional (flooded) rice resulted in lower grain yield compared with following rice cultivated using SRI (system of rice intensification) technique unless it was fertilized with mycorrhiza biofertilizer. This study aimed to examine residual effects of different rice cultivation techniques and organic waste application to the preceding red rice crops on growth and yield components of soybean direct-seeded without tillage following harvest of the preceding rice crop. The experiment on the red rice was arranged according to Split Plot design with three blocks and two treatment factors applied the rice crop, namely rice cultivation techniques as the main plots (T1= conventional, T2= aerobic rice on permanent raised-beds (ARR) without intercropping, T3= ARR + peanut, T4= ARR + peanut + rice straw mulch) and organic wastes applied to the red rice as the subplots (L0= without organic waste, L1= with rice husks, L2= with rice husk ash, L3= with rice husk ash and cattle manure). Results indicated that growth and yield variables of soybean direct-seeded following the red rice crop that showed significant residual effects of both treatment factors applied to the preceding red rice crop were leaf number at 8 weeks after planting, harvest index, grain number and grain yield per clump. Grain yield was highest (18.43 g/clump or 3.69 ton/ha) on soybean plants direct-seeded following aerobic rice grown on permanent raised-bed intercropped with peanut thin covered with rice straw mulch (T4) and amended with rice husk ash and cattle manure (L3), and lowest (8.54 g/clump or 1.71 ton/ha) on soybean plants direct-seeded following conventional rice (T1) without application of organic wastes (L0).
The document provides recommendations from a working group on agriculture research and education for India's 11th Five Year Plan from 2007-2012. Some of the key recommendations include:
1) Strengthening existing agricultural institutions and increasing investment in agricultural research and education to 1% of GDP from agriculture and allied sectors.
2) Launching nationwide programs for conservation of plant, animal, fish, and microorganism genetic resources.
3) Focusing research on developing new technologies like biotechnology, ICT, renewable energy technologies, and nanotechnology to enhance productivity sustainably.
4) Expediting the development of stress-tolerant varieties of rainfed crops through conventional and molecular breeding to benefit nearly 55%
An Integrated Farming System Model in the Innovation Center of Agro-TechnologyESD UNU-IAS
1. The document describes an integrated farming system model used at the Innovation Center of Agro-Technology (PIAT) at Gadjah Mada University in Indonesia.
2. The PIAT facility covers 35 hectares and includes agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, recycling, and various other activities in an integrated manner.
3. A material flow analysis was conducted to analyze the inputs and outputs of the main activities at PIAT, including agriculture, animal husbandry, recycling, and fish farming. The analysis found the activities to be in balance and supportive of a sustainable integrated farming system.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Reducing Food Loss and Waste through Innovative Food Preservation Technologie...Julius Huho
The goal of the study was to establish the innovative food processing and preservation technologies designed to reduce Food Loss and Waste that were applied by women in rural areas of Garissa and Machakos Counties in Kenya.
Genetic resources are genetic material from living organisms that have potential value for humanity. They include animal, plant, microbial, and invertebrate genetic material used for food, agriculture, forestry, and industry. Genetic resources encompass domestic, farm, and wild animal resources; plant resources for food, feed, fiber, clothing, shelter, wood, and energy; genetic material from trees and shrubs; and microbial resources used in food production, pharmaceuticals, bioremediation, and soil fertility.
Chemical and Functional Properties of Zea mays Semolina Fortified with Vigna ...BRNSS Publication Hub
Analysis was carried out on the sensory, mineral, functional, and proximate properties of maize semolina fortified with bambara groundnut flour using different formulations. The sensory evaluation of maize semolina fortified with bambara nut flours was carried out using the different formulations. Sample MWB which is sample produced between 40% maize, 40% wheat and 20% bambara nut flours. It had 7.60% color, 7.90% flavor, 6.90% taste, 8.50% texture, and 9.00% acceptability, respectively. The calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and phosphorus contents were 92.59 mg/kg, 179.46 mg/kg, 300.58 mg/kg, 16.35 mg/kg, and 6.80 mg/kg, respectively. For the functional properties, the oil absorption capacity (g/g) was 6.0, water absorption capacity (g/g) was 7.80, emulsion capacity was 54.00%, gelation capacity was 22.60%, foam capacity was 48.30%, and bulk density was 0.78 g/ml. The moisture content, ash content, crude fat, crude fiber, and the crude protein composition were 12.29%, 1.60%, 5.60%, 3.80%, 17.38%, and 59.33% carbohydrate, respectively. The results showed that the nutritive value of bambara nut flour incorporated into maize semolina flour can be used to supply protein to the human diet.
Key words:
Iran has achieved self-sufficiency in wheat production for the first time in 40 years due to adopting effective soil and crop management practices combined with improved wheat varieties. Key factors contributing to this success include selecting the right strategies through policy coordination, integrating agronomy, crop breeding, and policies, releasing high-yielding varieties, considering water use efficiency and productivity, developing pressurized irrigation systems, adopting conservation agriculture techniques, and guaranteeing market prices for wheat. However, drought, heat, cold, diseases, pests, and weeds remain challenges. Research priorities to further increase production include improving agronomic practices, applying physiology in breeding, developing durable rust resistance, and biotechnology tools like MAS.
Leguminous vegetables production and marketing in Southern Benin|Ijaar vol-15...Innspub Net
This study assessed the production and marketing of leguminous vegetables in southern Benin. It found:
1) The main leguminous vegetables grown were common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Chinese bean (Phaseolus spp.), with eight varieties of common bean cultivated.
2) Seeds were obtained from local seed companies, saved from previous harvests, or imported. Production occurred in greenhouses or open fields, using organic and inorganic fertilizers.
3) Pests and diseases were controlled chemically. Production was mainly led by men on small plots. The major marketing channels involved collectors, wholesalers, and hotels/restaurants.
4) Respondents faced challenges like
1. Composite fish culture involves culturing multiple compatible fish species together in freshwater ponds or tanks. Common species include Indian major carps and exotic carps.
2. Proper pond management is required, including liming, fertilizing, and stocking fingerlings. Supplementary feeding is also provided.
3. Financial analysis of culturing fish in a 1 hectare pond over 5 years shows a net present worth of Rs. 435,382.50 and a benefit-cost ratio of 2.2, indicating the project would be financially viable.
This document discusses ways to increase farming productivity. It describes farming productivity as the ratio of product output to product input, similar to efficiency in engineering. Key ways to increase productivity mentioned include mechanized agriculture using modern machinery, high yield crop varieties from the Green Revolution, proper irrigation, use of pesticides and fertilizers, and using information and communication technologies (ICT) and mobile apps to provide farmers real-time advice and information. The document emphasizes sustainable farming practices, water conservation, supporting local farmers, and developing infrastructure and education to maximize farmer profits and ensure adequate global food supply.
AN OVERVIEW of the CHALLENGES of AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA:...Premier Publishers
The document discusses the challenges of agricultural research in Sub-Saharan Africa, using Eritrea as a case study. It finds that Eritrea's National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) has inadequate human, financial, and material resources to conduct agricultural research. NARI lacks specialized trained personnel and sufficient operational funding. Additionally, the current agricultural research system is not adequately responsive to the challenges facing Eritrean agriculture. To address these issues, NARI needs to focus on participatory, demand-driven research and improve management, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of its human and physical resources and research agenda.
Inter relationship of crop and animal production systemsSavepa77
The document discusses the inter-relationship between crop and animal production systems in India. It notes that crop production of cotton, rice, wheat and sugarcane and livestock rearing of cattle, buffalo and goats are central to India's agricultural economy. Integrated farming systems combine these activities to achieve sustainability. Some examples given are crop-livestock, crop-livestock-fishery, and crop-livestock-poultry-fishery systems. The prospects of integrated crop-livestock systems include sustainable production, full family employment, recycling of wastes and improved standards of living.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 18 brown midrib sorghum genotypes for their suitability as biofuel feedstocks. The genotypes were grown in a randomized block design trial and evaluated for fresh biomass, dry biomass, and other traits. Fresh biomass yields ranged from 16-55 tons/ha, with three genotypes (IS 23253, IS 23787, IS 23789) significantly outperforming the checks with yields over 48 tons/ha. Dry biomass yields ranged from 6-21 tons/ha, with IS 23253 and IS 23787 having the highest yields of 21 tons/ha. Brown midrib sorghum shows potential as a biofuel feedstock due to its high biomass yields
inovation in agriculture for a sustainable futureBharathb244
Agriculture in India has a long history and remains an important sector, though its economic contribution is declining. Some key challenges facing Indian agriculture include population pressure, small land holdings, inadequate irrigation, depleted soils, lack of storage, and limited farm implements. New opportunities include creating market linkages, diversifying crops, improving food quality and safety standards, increasing credit access, and better sector coordination. Precautions in agriculture involve using irrigation methods that minimize leaching, protecting non-pest species, and following pesticide guidelines. The Indian government supports agriculture through programs related to exports, production estimates, cold storage development, price supports, and regulation. Modernizing agriculture using improved methods, technologies, and opportunities can help ensure a sustainable future.
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Achieving self sufficiency in pulse p...ICRISAT
On average, over the last three years Indian’s consumed approximately 22 million tonnes of pulses per annum but produced only 18 million tonnes, leaving a shortfall of 4 million tonnes.Pulse self-sufficiency means food security, greater wealth for Indian farmers and a more favourable balance of trade for the nation.Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a major public health problem in India. The prevalence of stunting among under fives is 48% and wasting is 19.8% and with an underweight prevalence of 42.5%, it is the highest in the world.
The document summarizes a presentation given by the Director General of ICARDA on the challenges facing dryland regions and ICARDA's work to address them. ICARDA focuses on improving livelihoods in drylands by increasing incomes, food access, and sustainable natural resource management. Their work includes developing drought-tolerant crops, raising small ruminant productivity through ultrasound and reproduction technologies, adopting water-saving irrigation techniques, and rehabilitating degraded rangelands through water harvesting and controlled grazing. The presentation concludes that addressing dryland challenges requires integrated solutions and that climate change will be a key driver, presenting opportunities for collaboration between ICARDA and Tottori University.
What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document discusses sustainable agriculture and defines it as a farming system that mimics natural ecosystems by being profitable, environmentally friendly, and supporting communities.
2. Key aspects of sustainable agriculture include diversification of crops and livestock, applying organic matter to soils, using cover crops and crop rotations, and direct marketing to consumers.
3. The goals of sustainable agriculture are to provide secure livelihoods for farmers and rural communities, ensure access to healthy food for all, and preserve environmental resources like soil and water quality.
Science Forum Day 3 - Zainul Abedin - Integrating fish in rice-based farming ...WorldFish
This document summarizes research on integrating fish in rice-based farming systems in Bangladesh. It discusses how rice and fish have traditionally been integrated in rice fields and on plates in Bangladesh. However, population pressure, green revolution initiatives, and lack of technologies to cope with changing circumstances have threatened natural rice-fish culture. Research organizations in Bangladesh are working to develop improved concurrent and sequential rice-fish farming systems. Studies have found these integrated systems can provide higher economic returns than mono-cultivation of rice alone. The document recommends further strengthening research and development, community participation, and policy tools to help realize the potential of rice-fish integration in Bangladesh.
This document is a review on the effect of plant density on the growth and yields of chickpeas. It discusses how chickpeas are an important crop in Ethiopia and globally, providing nutrition and income. The literature review covers how plant density affects chickpea growth parameters, root parameters, yield, nutrient uptake and soil nutrients, and nutritional content. The objective is to review the effects of inter-row and intra-row spacing on chickpea yield and yield components.
This document is a senior seminar paper reviewing the effect of plant density on growth and yields of chickpea. It begins with an introduction on chickpea production in Ethiopia and outlines the objective to review the effects of inter- and intra-row spacing on chickpea yield and yield components. The literature review covers the origin and distribution of chickpea, its production in Ethiopia, economic importance, and effects of plant density on chickpea growth parameters, root parameters, yield, nutrient uptake, and nutritional content. The paper aims to provide an overview of existing research on how plant density impacts various aspects of chickpea growth and production.
This document discusses food waste in developed and developing countries. Some key points:
- 1.3 billion tonnes of food is wasted globally per year, worth $750 billion and equal to 1/3 of food produced. Developing countries waste more during production (54%) while developed countries waste more during consumption (46%).
- Per capita, Europeans and North Americans waste 280-300kg/year while those in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia waste 120-170kg/year.
- Solutions proposed to reduce waste in developing countries include improving post-harvest handling, storage, irrigation efficiency, and harnessing solar energy for small farms. Barriers to reducing waste include access to new technologies and financial/
Growth and Yield of Soybean Direct-seeded following Conventional and Aerobic ...AI Publications
Previous studies reported that growing soybean in a dry season following conventional (flooded) rice resulted in lower grain yield compared with following rice cultivated using SRI (system of rice intensification) technique unless it was fertilized with mycorrhiza biofertilizer. This study aimed to examine residual effects of different rice cultivation techniques and organic waste application to the preceding red rice crops on growth and yield components of soybean direct-seeded without tillage following harvest of the preceding rice crop. The experiment on the red rice was arranged according to Split Plot design with three blocks and two treatment factors applied the rice crop, namely rice cultivation techniques as the main plots (T1= conventional, T2= aerobic rice on permanent raised-beds (ARR) without intercropping, T3= ARR + peanut, T4= ARR + peanut + rice straw mulch) and organic wastes applied to the red rice as the subplots (L0= without organic waste, L1= with rice husks, L2= with rice husk ash, L3= with rice husk ash and cattle manure). Results indicated that growth and yield variables of soybean direct-seeded following the red rice crop that showed significant residual effects of both treatment factors applied to the preceding red rice crop were leaf number at 8 weeks after planting, harvest index, grain number and grain yield per clump. Grain yield was highest (18.43 g/clump or 3.69 ton/ha) on soybean plants direct-seeded following aerobic rice grown on permanent raised-bed intercropped with peanut thin covered with rice straw mulch (T4) and amended with rice husk ash and cattle manure (L3), and lowest (8.54 g/clump or 1.71 ton/ha) on soybean plants direct-seeded following conventional rice (T1) without application of organic wastes (L0).
The document provides recommendations from a working group on agriculture research and education for India's 11th Five Year Plan from 2007-2012. Some of the key recommendations include:
1) Strengthening existing agricultural institutions and increasing investment in agricultural research and education to 1% of GDP from agriculture and allied sectors.
2) Launching nationwide programs for conservation of plant, animal, fish, and microorganism genetic resources.
3) Focusing research on developing new technologies like biotechnology, ICT, renewable energy technologies, and nanotechnology to enhance productivity sustainably.
4) Expediting the development of stress-tolerant varieties of rainfed crops through conventional and molecular breeding to benefit nearly 55%
An Integrated Farming System Model in the Innovation Center of Agro-TechnologyESD UNU-IAS
1. The document describes an integrated farming system model used at the Innovation Center of Agro-Technology (PIAT) at Gadjah Mada University in Indonesia.
2. The PIAT facility covers 35 hectares and includes agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, recycling, and various other activities in an integrated manner.
3. A material flow analysis was conducted to analyze the inputs and outputs of the main activities at PIAT, including agriculture, animal husbandry, recycling, and fish farming. The analysis found the activities to be in balance and supportive of a sustainable integrated farming system.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Reducing Food Loss and Waste through Innovative Food Preservation Technologie...Julius Huho
The goal of the study was to establish the innovative food processing and preservation technologies designed to reduce Food Loss and Waste that were applied by women in rural areas of Garissa and Machakos Counties in Kenya.
Genetic resources are genetic material from living organisms that have potential value for humanity. They include animal, plant, microbial, and invertebrate genetic material used for food, agriculture, forestry, and industry. Genetic resources encompass domestic, farm, and wild animal resources; plant resources for food, feed, fiber, clothing, shelter, wood, and energy; genetic material from trees and shrubs; and microbial resources used in food production, pharmaceuticals, bioremediation, and soil fertility.
Chemical and Functional Properties of Zea mays Semolina Fortified with Vigna ...BRNSS Publication Hub
Analysis was carried out on the sensory, mineral, functional, and proximate properties of maize semolina fortified with bambara groundnut flour using different formulations. The sensory evaluation of maize semolina fortified with bambara nut flours was carried out using the different formulations. Sample MWB which is sample produced between 40% maize, 40% wheat and 20% bambara nut flours. It had 7.60% color, 7.90% flavor, 6.90% taste, 8.50% texture, and 9.00% acceptability, respectively. The calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and phosphorus contents were 92.59 mg/kg, 179.46 mg/kg, 300.58 mg/kg, 16.35 mg/kg, and 6.80 mg/kg, respectively. For the functional properties, the oil absorption capacity (g/g) was 6.0, water absorption capacity (g/g) was 7.80, emulsion capacity was 54.00%, gelation capacity was 22.60%, foam capacity was 48.30%, and bulk density was 0.78 g/ml. The moisture content, ash content, crude fat, crude fiber, and the crude protein composition were 12.29%, 1.60%, 5.60%, 3.80%, 17.38%, and 59.33% carbohydrate, respectively. The results showed that the nutritive value of bambara nut flour incorporated into maize semolina flour can be used to supply protein to the human diet.
Key words:
Iran has achieved self-sufficiency in wheat production for the first time in 40 years due to adopting effective soil and crop management practices combined with improved wheat varieties. Key factors contributing to this success include selecting the right strategies through policy coordination, integrating agronomy, crop breeding, and policies, releasing high-yielding varieties, considering water use efficiency and productivity, developing pressurized irrigation systems, adopting conservation agriculture techniques, and guaranteeing market prices for wheat. However, drought, heat, cold, diseases, pests, and weeds remain challenges. Research priorities to further increase production include improving agronomic practices, applying physiology in breeding, developing durable rust resistance, and biotechnology tools like MAS.
Leguminous vegetables production and marketing in Southern Benin|Ijaar vol-15...Innspub Net
This study assessed the production and marketing of leguminous vegetables in southern Benin. It found:
1) The main leguminous vegetables grown were common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Chinese bean (Phaseolus spp.), with eight varieties of common bean cultivated.
2) Seeds were obtained from local seed companies, saved from previous harvests, or imported. Production occurred in greenhouses or open fields, using organic and inorganic fertilizers.
3) Pests and diseases were controlled chemically. Production was mainly led by men on small plots. The major marketing channels involved collectors, wholesalers, and hotels/restaurants.
4) Respondents faced challenges like
1. Composite fish culture involves culturing multiple compatible fish species together in freshwater ponds or tanks. Common species include Indian major carps and exotic carps.
2. Proper pond management is required, including liming, fertilizing, and stocking fingerlings. Supplementary feeding is also provided.
3. Financial analysis of culturing fish in a 1 hectare pond over 5 years shows a net present worth of Rs. 435,382.50 and a benefit-cost ratio of 2.2, indicating the project would be financially viable.
This document discusses ways to increase farming productivity. It describes farming productivity as the ratio of product output to product input, similar to efficiency in engineering. Key ways to increase productivity mentioned include mechanized agriculture using modern machinery, high yield crop varieties from the Green Revolution, proper irrigation, use of pesticides and fertilizers, and using information and communication technologies (ICT) and mobile apps to provide farmers real-time advice and information. The document emphasizes sustainable farming practices, water conservation, supporting local farmers, and developing infrastructure and education to maximize farmer profits and ensure adequate global food supply.
AN OVERVIEW of the CHALLENGES of AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA:...Premier Publishers
The document discusses the challenges of agricultural research in Sub-Saharan Africa, using Eritrea as a case study. It finds that Eritrea's National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) has inadequate human, financial, and material resources to conduct agricultural research. NARI lacks specialized trained personnel and sufficient operational funding. Additionally, the current agricultural research system is not adequately responsive to the challenges facing Eritrean agriculture. To address these issues, NARI needs to focus on participatory, demand-driven research and improve management, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of its human and physical resources and research agenda.
Inter relationship of crop and animal production systemsSavepa77
The document discusses the inter-relationship between crop and animal production systems in India. It notes that crop production of cotton, rice, wheat and sugarcane and livestock rearing of cattle, buffalo and goats are central to India's agricultural economy. Integrated farming systems combine these activities to achieve sustainability. Some examples given are crop-livestock, crop-livestock-fishery, and crop-livestock-poultry-fishery systems. The prospects of integrated crop-livestock systems include sustainable production, full family employment, recycling of wastes and improved standards of living.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 18 brown midrib sorghum genotypes for their suitability as biofuel feedstocks. The genotypes were grown in a randomized block design trial and evaluated for fresh biomass, dry biomass, and other traits. Fresh biomass yields ranged from 16-55 tons/ha, with three genotypes (IS 23253, IS 23787, IS 23789) significantly outperforming the checks with yields over 48 tons/ha. Dry biomass yields ranged from 6-21 tons/ha, with IS 23253 and IS 23787 having the highest yields of 21 tons/ha. Brown midrib sorghum shows potential as a biofuel feedstock due to its high biomass yields
inovation in agriculture for a sustainable futureBharathb244
Agriculture in India has a long history and remains an important sector, though its economic contribution is declining. Some key challenges facing Indian agriculture include population pressure, small land holdings, inadequate irrigation, depleted soils, lack of storage, and limited farm implements. New opportunities include creating market linkages, diversifying crops, improving food quality and safety standards, increasing credit access, and better sector coordination. Precautions in agriculture involve using irrigation methods that minimize leaching, protecting non-pest species, and following pesticide guidelines. The Indian government supports agriculture through programs related to exports, production estimates, cold storage development, price supports, and regulation. Modernizing agriculture using improved methods, technologies, and opportunities can help ensure a sustainable future.
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Achieving self sufficiency in pulse p...ICRISAT
On average, over the last three years Indian’s consumed approximately 22 million tonnes of pulses per annum but produced only 18 million tonnes, leaving a shortfall of 4 million tonnes.Pulse self-sufficiency means food security, greater wealth for Indian farmers and a more favourable balance of trade for the nation.Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a major public health problem in India. The prevalence of stunting among under fives is 48% and wasting is 19.8% and with an underweight prevalence of 42.5%, it is the highest in the world.
The document summarizes a presentation given by the Director General of ICARDA on the challenges facing dryland regions and ICARDA's work to address them. ICARDA focuses on improving livelihoods in drylands by increasing incomes, food access, and sustainable natural resource management. Their work includes developing drought-tolerant crops, raising small ruminant productivity through ultrasound and reproduction technologies, adopting water-saving irrigation techniques, and rehabilitating degraded rangelands through water harvesting and controlled grazing. The presentation concludes that addressing dryland challenges requires integrated solutions and that climate change will be a key driver, presenting opportunities for collaboration between ICARDA and Tottori University.
What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document discusses sustainable agriculture and defines it as a farming system that mimics natural ecosystems by being profitable, environmentally friendly, and supporting communities.
2. Key aspects of sustainable agriculture include diversification of crops and livestock, applying organic matter to soils, using cover crops and crop rotations, and direct marketing to consumers.
3. The goals of sustainable agriculture are to provide secure livelihoods for farmers and rural communities, ensure access to healthy food for all, and preserve environmental resources like soil and water quality.
Science Forum Day 3 - Zainul Abedin - Integrating fish in rice-based farming ...WorldFish
This document summarizes research on integrating fish in rice-based farming systems in Bangladesh. It discusses how rice and fish have traditionally been integrated in rice fields and on plates in Bangladesh. However, population pressure, green revolution initiatives, and lack of technologies to cope with changing circumstances have threatened natural rice-fish culture. Research organizations in Bangladesh are working to develop improved concurrent and sequential rice-fish farming systems. Studies have found these integrated systems can provide higher economic returns than mono-cultivation of rice alone. The document recommends further strengthening research and development, community participation, and policy tools to help realize the potential of rice-fish integration in Bangladesh.
This document is a review on the effect of plant density on the growth and yields of chickpeas. It discusses how chickpeas are an important crop in Ethiopia and globally, providing nutrition and income. The literature review covers how plant density affects chickpea growth parameters, root parameters, yield, nutrient uptake and soil nutrients, and nutritional content. The objective is to review the effects of inter-row and intra-row spacing on chickpea yield and yield components.
This document is a senior seminar paper reviewing the effect of plant density on growth and yields of chickpea. It begins with an introduction on chickpea production in Ethiopia and outlines the objective to review the effects of inter- and intra-row spacing on chickpea yield and yield components. The literature review covers the origin and distribution of chickpea, its production in Ethiopia, economic importance, and effects of plant density on chickpea growth parameters, root parameters, yield, nutrient uptake, and nutritional content. The paper aims to provide an overview of existing research on how plant density impacts various aspects of chickpea growth and production.
Manual on conservation and utilization of Crop residues as livestockfeed ghanaPatrickTanz
This document provides a manual on conserving and utilizing crop residues as livestock feed in Africa. It discusses various methods for conserving different crop residues, including drying, ensiling, and chemical treatment with urea. Forages with high moisture content below 60% are best conserved through ensiling, which involves fermentation in an airtight silo to improve nutritional quality. Cereal straws with low moisture above 40% can be treated with urea to increase protein content and digestibility. The manual is intended to guide technical staff and extension agents on appropriate procedures for preserving crop residues to adapt to local economic and social conditions in Africa and support smallholder livestock production.
Evaluating Plantmate organic manure and prime EC foliar on plant performance ...Innspub Net
Trials for the effectiveness of Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food for increased yields for selected crops were done in five different Agro-ecological zones and soil types, in Kenya. The approach was executed through controlled greenhouse experiment and in the field. The trials data obtained indicated Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food in combination with half the rate of recommended inorganic fertilizer performed significantly (p<0.05) better than all other treatments. Thus, plots treated with Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food gave higher yields in common beans, French beans, maize, onions, cabbages, capsicum with percentages exceeding 100 compared to the control in most cases. In many soils fertilizers are fixed and rendered insoluble under certain soil conditions such as soil pH. The Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food ameliorated the soil conditions as it interacted with inorganic fertilizer thus increasing its use efficiency by crops. Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food not only increased soil chemical fertility but also improves water use efficiency at low matric potential and generally improves plant vigor and soil health.
Potential of-moringa-oleifera-as-livestock-fodder-cropSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Effects of farmers’ demographic factors on the adoption of grainAlexander Decker
This document reports on a study that examined the demographic factors affecting farmers' adoption of grain storage technologies in Nigeria. The study analyzed data collected from 120 farmers in Ilorin West LGA of Kwara State. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between adoption of technologies and demographic variables like sex, age, education level, and occupation. The results showed that sex, education level, and occupation were significantly related to adoption, with males, more educated farmers, and farmers engaged in farming as a primary occupation more likely to adopt the technologies. The study recommends improving dissemination methods to benefit both educated and uneducated farmers.
This document summarizes Peter Carberry's presentation on climate-smart agriculture. Some key points:
- CSA aims to support food security under climate change by implementing flexible, context-specific solutions to changes in rainfall and temperature.
- ICRISAT has developed climate-smart practices like drought-tolerant crop varieties, crop-livestock-tree systems, watershed development for irrigation, conservation agriculture, and using seasonal climate forecasts.
- These practices have helped increase yields, resilience, and incomes of smallholder farmers in India and other countries facing water stress and climate risks. Adoption of short-duration chickpea varieties developed by ICRISAT increased production 5-7 times in Southern India
Sustainablility of agricultural transformation agendaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on the sustainability of agricultural transformation agenda amongst rice farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. It finds that awareness of the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) is still low amongst rice farmers in the study area. The ATA aims to boost rice production and achieve self-sufficiency, but its strategies need to be effectively communicated to rice farmers and other stakeholders. Previous government agricultural policies that were well-accepted in the area indicate that the ATA could also be adopted if its goals are properly promoted.
Review of the Role of Orphan Crops in Food Security
Methods of Rice Technology Adoption Studies in the Philippines and Other Asian Countries: A Systematic Review
Competitiveness of Indian Agricultural Exports: A Constant Market Share Analysis
Role of Agroforestry on Farmland Productivity in Semi-arid Farming Regions of Zimbabwe
Land Use, Productivity, and Profitability of Traditional Rice–Wheat System Could be Improved by Conservation Agriculture
Global livestockproduction challenges in UgandaJoseph Kungu
This document summarizes the current status and future needs of livestock production in Uganda. It notes that livestock accounts for 53% of Uganda's agricultural assets and 30% of agricultural GDP. The major livestock systems in Uganda include intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive grazing depending on the region. Key obstacles to production are poor animal breeds, inadequate feeding and forages, animal diseases, and lack of infrastructure. Future needs include developing drought-resistant forages, improving animal nutrition through feed formulations, using biotechnology for vaccines and disease control, adopting DNA technologies for breeding, and strengthening market linkages.
Factors Constraining Commercial Farming of Snail among Farmers in Rural Areas...AI Publications
This study examined the factors constraining the commercial production of snail in the rural areas of Rivers State. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study was guided by four research questions. The population for the study were the accessible snail farmers in Rivers state, as 80 snail farmers were purposively sample to answer the research questions. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and structured interview schedule, validated and their reliability established. The data gathered were analyzed using Mean statistics and Standard Deviation. The findings showed that commercial snail production was constrained by factors ranging from finance, environment, lack of technical-know-how to high incidence of pests and diseases. It was therefore, recommended that Government and development stakeholders intervention were needed in areas of credits and education.
The feeding component in rural and peri-urban smallholder pig systems in UgandaILRI
In the last 30 years, Uganda has had a massive growth in pig population, and currently has the highest per capita consumption of pork in East Africa (3.4 kg year-1). About 90% of the pigs in Uganda are produced in smallholder farms under typical crop-livestock systems, even in the peri-urban setting. This poster presents information from a study to characterize the pig feeding systems in Uganda in terms of the use of local feed resources and gender roles.
Effect of soil conservation investment on efficiency of cassava production in...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effect of soil conservation investment on the efficiency of cassava production in Oyo State, Nigeria. 80 cassava farmers were surveyed. The most common soil conservation methods used were bush fallowing, manuring, mulching, crop rotation, and herbicides, though fertilizer was less used. Regression analysis found that larger farm size was negatively associated with soil conservation investment, while greater farming experience had a positive influence. The study concluded that providing credit facilities could help cassava farmers adopt more modern soil conservation technologies to boost production and meet food demands.
This study analyzed gender differences in technical efficiency among hungry rice (Acha) farmers in Plateau State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 160 farmers, 80 male and 80 female. Results showed males had higher mean technical efficiency (0.77) than females (0.61). Production function models found farm size, inputs, and hired labor significantly influenced male output, while family labor, farm size, inputs influenced female output. Determinants of inefficiency for both included age, education, experience, and credit access, while extension contact also impacted male farmers. The study concluded gender disparities in technical efficiencies exist, and recommendations included improving input access, enhancing women's access to resources, and gender-sensitive agricultural policies.
This document reviews the potential of Moringa oleifera L. as a livestock fodder crop. It discusses how M. oleifera is a drought tolerant species that can grow in diverse soils except those that are waterlogged. The document summarizes that M. oleifera has high nutritional value and good biomass production, which make it a potential nutritional supplement for livestock. It also notes that M. oleifera can be grown as a crop on marginal lands with high temperatures and low water availability, where other crops cannot be cultivated.
An analysis of economic efficiency in bean production evidence from eastern u...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed economic efficiency among bean farmers in Eastern Uganda. The study used a stochastic frontier cost function and Tobit regression model based on a survey of 580 households. The key findings were:
1) The mean economic efficiency level among bean farmers was 59.94%, indicating room for improvement.
2) Economic efficiency was positively influenced by factors such as value of assets, off-farm income, access to credit, and farming as the primary occupation.
3) To increase efficiency and productivity, the study recommends training farmers in business skills, and improving access to affordable credit through group lending models.
Poultry manure application and fallow improves peanut production in a sandy s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
To meet our food security demands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) needs to improve smallholder subsistence agriculture by promoting the production of cash crops that mature early and have a high market value. Peanut is a typical example of a cash crop which potentially has a high market value, but pod yields are low due to declinein soil quality. A field experiment was conducted under 4 different land use systems (LUS) to evaluate the effects of continuous peanut cultivation on peanut pod yield and on selected soil properties. Peanut pod yield declined significantly under the continuous peanut and peanut/corn rotation systems; while the poultry manure and land fallow systems significantly increased pod yield. Over the 3 cropping seasons, significant changes in organic carbon; extractable potassium and CEC in all cropping systems occurred, while changes in total N was significant in the peanut/corn rotation and poultry manure cropping systems only. No significant changes in bulk density; field capacity; electrical conductivity; soil pH and available phosphorus were observed in all the 4 LUS over the 3 cropping seasons. We suggest that adequate fallow periods of more than 1 year and poultry manures are applied to enhance soil quality and improve peanut productivity and/or sustain peanut production in marginal lands under continuous cultivation
The Push-pull technology is an innovation from ICIPE. It’s a pest management approach that uses repellent intercrops and an attractive trap plant. Pests are repelled from the food crop and attracted to a trap crop, simultaneously. It is mostly used to control Stemborer and Striga.
Similar to Design and Development of a Crop Residue Crushing Machine (20)
This document discusses the impact of data mining on business intelligence. It begins by defining business intelligence as using new technologies to quickly respond to changes in the business environment. Data mining is an important part of the business intelligence lifecycle, which includes determining requirements, collecting and analyzing data, generating reports, and measuring performance. Data mining allows businesses to access real-time, accurate data from multiple sources to improve decision making. Using business intelligence and data mining techniques can help businesses become more efficient and make better decisions to increase profits and customer satisfaction. The expected results of applying business intelligence include improved decision making through accurate, timely information to support organizational goals and strategic plans.
This document presents a novel technique for solving the transcendental equations of selective harmonics elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) inverters based on the secant method. The proposed algorithm uses the secant method to simplify the numerical solution of the nonlinear equations and solve them faster compared to other methods. Simulation results validate that the proposed method accurately estimates the switching angles to eliminate specific harmonics from the output voltage waveform and achieves near sinusoidal output current for various modulation indices and numbers of harmonics eliminated.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and implemented a dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) based GSM-controlled car security system. The system uses a DTMF decoder and GSM module to allow a car to be remotely controlled and secured from a mobile phone. It works by sending DTMF tones from the phone through calls to the GSM module in the car. The decoder interprets the tones and a microcontroller executes commands to disable the ignition or control other devices. The system was created to improve car security and accessibility through remote monitoring and control with DTMF and GSM technology.
This document presents an algorithm for imperceptibly embedding a DNA-encoded watermark into a color image for authentication purposes. It applies a multi-resolution discrete wavelet transform to decompose the image. The watermark, encoded into DNA nucleotides, is then embedded into the third-level wavelet coefficients through a quantization process. Specifically, the watermark nucleotides are complemented and used to quantize coefficients in the middle frequency band, modifying the coefficients. The watermarked image is reconstructed through inverse wavelet transform. Extraction reverses these steps to recover the watermark without the original image. The algorithm aims to balance imperceptibility and robustness through this wavelet-based, blind watermarking scheme.
1) The document analyzes the dynamic saturation point of a deep-water channel in Shanghai port based on actual traffic data and a ship domain model.
2) A dynamic channel transit capacity model is established that considers factors like channel width, ship density, speed, and reductions due to traffic conditions.
3) Based on AIS data from the channel, the average traffic flow is calculated to be 15.7 ships per hour, resulting in a dynamic saturation of 32.5%, or 43.3% accounting for uneven day/night traffic volumes.
The document summarizes research on the use of earth air tunnels and wind towers as passive solar techniques. Key findings include:
- Earth air tunnels circulate air through underground pipes to take advantage of the stable temperature 4 meters below ground for cooling in summer and heating in winter. Testing showed the technique can reduce ambient temperatures by up to 14 degrees Celsius.
- Wind towers circulate air through tall shafts to cool air entering buildings at night and provide downward airflow of cooled air during the day.
- Experimental testing of an earth air tunnel system over multiple months found maximum temperature reductions of 33% in spring and minimum reductions of 15% in summer.
The document compares the mechanical and physical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) thin films and sheets reinforced with graphene nanoparticles. LDPE/graphene thin films were produced via solution casting, while sheets were made by compression molding. Testing showed that the thin films had enhanced tensile strength, lower melt flow index, and higher thermal stability compared to sheets. The tensile strength of thin films increased by up to 160% with 1% graphene, while sheets increased by 70%. Melt flow index decreased more for thin films, indicating higher viscosity. Thin films also showed greater improvement in glass transition temperature. These results demonstrate that processing technique affects the properties of LDPE/graphene nanocomposites.
The document describes improvements made to a friction testing machine. A stepper motor and PLC control system were added to automatically vary the load on friction pairs, replacing the manual method. Tests using the improved machine found that the friction coefficient decreases as the load increases, and that abrasive and adhesive wear increased with higher loads. The improved machine allows more accurate and convenient testing of friction pairs under varying load conditions.
This document summarizes a research article that investigates the steady, two-dimensional Falkner-Skan boundary layer flow over a stationary wedge with momentum and thermal slip boundary conditions. The flow considers a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity in the presence of a porous medium and viscous dissipation. Governing partial differential equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The equations are highly nonlinear and cannot be solved analytically, so a numerical solver is used. Numerical results are presented for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, velocity and temperature profiles for varying parameters like the Falkner-Skan parameter and Eckert number.
An improvised white board compass was designed and developed to enhance the teaching of geometrical construction concepts in basic technology courses. The compass allows teachers to visually demonstrate geometric concepts and constructions on a white board in an engaging, hands-on manner. It supports constructivist learning principles by enabling students to observe and emulate the teacher. The design process utilized design and development research methodology to test educational theories and validate the practical application of the compass. The improvised compass was found to effectively engage students and improve their performance in learning geometric constructions.
The document describes the design of an energy meter that calculates energy using a one second logic for improved accuracy. The meter samples voltage and current values using an ADC synchronized to the line frequency via PLL. It calculates active and reactive power by averaging the sampled values over each second. The accumulated active power for each second is multiplied by one second to calculate energy, which is accumulated and converted to kWh. Test results showed the meter achieved an error of 0.3%, within the acceptable limit for class 1 meters. Considering energy over longer durations like one second helps reduce percentage error in the calculation.
This document presents a two-stage method for solving fuzzy transportation problems where the costs, supplies, and demands are represented by symmetric trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. In the first stage, the problem is solved to satisfy minimum demand requirements. Remaining supplies are then distributed in the second stage to further minimize costs. A numerical example demonstrates using robust ranking techniques to convert the fuzzy problem into a crisp one, which is then solved using a zero suffix method. The total optimal costs from both stages provide the solution to the original fuzzy transportation problem.
1) The document proposes using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller for a Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) to improve voltage regulation and power quality in a transmission system.
2) A DPFC is placed at a load bus in an IEEE 4 bus system and its performance is compared using a PI controller and ANFIS controller.
3) Simulation results show the ANFIS controller provides faster convergence and better voltage profile maintenance during voltage sags and swells compared to the PI controller.
The document describes an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve vehicle routing problems. It introduces concepts of leptons and hadrons to particles in the algorithm. Leptons interact weakly based on individual and neighborhood best positions, while hadrons (local best particles) undergo strong interactions by colliding with the global best particle. When stagnation occurs, particle decay is used to increase diversity. Simulations show the improved algorithm avoids premature convergence and finds better solutions compared to the basic particle swarm optimization.
This document presents a method for analyzing photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals using correlative analysis. The method involves calculating the autocorrelation function of the PPG signal, extracting the envelope of the autocorrelation function using a low pass filter, and approximating the envelope by determining attenuation coefficients. Ten PPG signals were collected from volunteers and analyzed using this method. The attenuation coefficients were found to have similar values around 0.46, providing a potentially useful parameter for medical diagnosis.
This document describes the simulation and design of a process to recover monoethylene glycol (MEG) from effluent waste streams of a petrochemical company in Iran. Aspen Plus simulation software was used to model the process, which involves separating water, salts, and various glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG, TTEG) using a series of distillation columns. Sensitivity analyses were performed to optimize column parameters such as pressure, reflux ratio, and boilup ratio. The results showed that MEG, DEG, TEG, and TTEG could be recovered at rates of 5.01, 2.039, 0.062, and 0.089 kg/hr, respectively.
This document presents a numerical analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of ventilated disc brake rotors using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two types of rotor configurations are considered: circular pillared (CP) and diamond pillared radial vane (DP). A 20° sector of each rotor is modeled and meshed. Governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy are solved using ANSYS CFX. Boundary conditions include 900K and 1500K isothermal rotor walls for different speeds. Results show the DP rotor has 70% higher mass flow and 24% higher heat dissipation than the CP rotor. Velocity and pressure distributions are more uniform for the DP rotor at higher speeds, ensuring more uniform cooling. The
This document describes the design and testing of an automated cocoa drying house prototype in Trinidad and Tobago. The prototype included automated features like a retractable roof, automatic heaters, and remote control. It aims to address issues with the traditional manual sun drying process, which is time-consuming and relies on human monitoring of changing weather conditions. Initial testing with farmers showed interest in the automated system as a potential solution.
This document presents the design of a telemedical system for remote monitoring of cardiac insufficiency. The system includes an electrocardiography (ECG) device that collects and digitizes ECG signals. The ECG signals undergo digital signal processing including autocorrelation analysis. Graphical interfaces allow patients and doctors to view ECG data and attenuation coefficients derived from autocorrelation analysis. Data is transmitted between parties using TCP/IP protocol. The system aims to facilitate remote monitoring of cardiac patients to reduce hospitalizations through early detection of health changes.
The document summarizes a polygon oscillating piston engine invention. The engine uses multiple pistons arranged around the sides of a polygon within cylinders. As the pistons oscillate, they compress and combust air-fuel mixtures to produce power. This design achieves a very high power-to-weight ratio of up to 2 hp per pound. Engineering analysis and design of a prototype 6-sided engine is presented, showing it can produce 168 hp from a 353 cubic feet per minute air flow at 12,960 rpm. The invention overcomes issues with prior oscillating piston designs by keeping the pistons moving in straight lines within cylinders using conventional piston rings.
More from International Journal of Engineering Inventions www.ijeijournal.com (20)
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
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Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
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20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
Design and Development of a Crop Residue Crushing Machine
1. International Journal of Engineering Inventions
e-ISSN: 2278-7461, p-ISSN: 2319-6491
Volume 2, Issue 8 (May 2013) PP: 28-34
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 28
Design and Development of a Crop Residue Crushing Machine
1
Jibrin M. U., 2
Amonye M. C., 3
Akonyi N. S., 4
Oyeleran O. A.
1
Zonal Director, North West Zone, National Board for Technology Incubation, Federal Ministry of Science and
Technology, Nigeria
2/3/4
Research Engineers, Hydraulic Equipment Development Institute, National Agency for Science and
Engineering Infrastructure, Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, Nigeria
ABSTRACT: Crops residues (CRs) are roughages that become available as livestock feeds after crops have
been harvested. They are distinct from agricultural by-products (such as bran, oil cakes etc) which are
generated when crops are processed. Generally any plant materials that remain after food crops have been
harvested are classified as a crop residue. Apart from being a source of animal feed, residues are used as
building, roofing and fencing materials, as fuel or surface mulch in crop land. (De LEEUW P. N. 1997).
Farmers use crop residues mainly in two ways, e.g.: for fuel as firewood and minor constructions, especially
maize and sorghum stovers; for roofing local houses, in the case of wheat, oath or barley straws; as building
material for walls of local houses, especially teff straw. But the major use is for livestock feed particularly for
draught oxen during dry season. Animals feed on crop residues mainly in two ways. The residues are pilled in
stacks near homesteads and animals are left to eat from the stacks or given small quantity in the morning and
evening, or for working oxen before and after work. Alternatively the residues are left in the threshing ground
and consumed by animals together with the standing straws which are left for aftermath grazing.(KEFTASA
1987).Farm residues produce fifty eight percent of dependable livestock feed in the raining season. In the peak
of the dry season, stubble pasture supplies more than ninety percent of livestock food. On these remnants, the
herds spend about seventy-one percent of their time grazing. (IRO ISMAIL 2004).
Population growth, urbanization and income growth in developing countries are fuelling a substantial global
increase in the demands for food of animal origin, while also aggravating the competition between the crops
and livestock. (Increasing cropping areas and reducing range lands) This increasing pressure on land and the
growing demands for livestock products makes it more and more important to ensure the effective use of food
resources, including crop residues. (LIVESTOCK THERMATIC PAPERS 2010).As more and more land is put
under crop production, livestock feed becomes scarce and crop residues particularly cereals straw remain the
major feed source for the animals particularly during the dry period of the year (which spans November to May
period). (KEFTASA 1987).An appreciable increase in the provision of livestock feeds shall be guaranteed when
crops residues especially the hitherto poorly utilized stalks and stovers of cereals are crushed to admissible
sizes to be taken by livestock as crushed or beefed with nutrients.
At the 2011 Kano international trade fare, many visitors who came to the stands of Technology Incubation
Centre and Hydraulic Equipment Development Institute, especially Fulani herdsmen, apart from inspecting the
displayed product of the two institutes prayed them to develop a modest, portable and affordable equipment to
crush crop residues into livestock feeds. This project is predicated on this request, to ensure the enhancement of
agriculture in Nigeria.
KEY WORDS: CROP RESIDUE, CRUSHING, HERDSMEN, INSTITUTE, TECHNOLOGY
I. INTRODUCTION
Crop residue has become the used term in tropical research and development circles for describing the
fibrous by-products of cereals, sugarcane, roots and tubers, pulses, oilseeds, oil plants, vegetable and fruits.
With notable exemptions e.g. sugar beet pulp and citrus pulp, utilization of residues as feed has been the subject
of intense research and development since the mid-1970s. (OWEN E AND JAYASURIYA M. C.N 1989)
All ruminants depend on two major feed resources. These are crop residues and agro-industrial by-products and
they play significant role in the nutrition of ruminant animals. (ONYEONAGU AND NJOKU 2010).
There is an acute shortage of animal protein in Nigeria, a minimum intake of 34gm of protein is
recommended per capita per day. The national estimated daily per capita intake by 1993 was 3.9gm, allowing
for fish and wildlife contributions and 3.2gm without. All factors considered, it has been estimated that average
daily per capita protein intake by 2010 will be only 5.3gm still far below the food and agricultural organization
(FAO) recommendation of 34gm. (PHILIP et al 2009).The quest to increase the agricultural production in all
facets, have intensified crop production by way of increasing cultivated areas thereby reducing the grazing
areas. Livestock farmers especially in the sector of goats, sheep and cattle are constantly faced with problem of
feed shortage during the dry season. The herd constantly relies on crop residue, but these are usually in short
2. Design and Development of a Crop Residue Crushing Machine
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 29
supply. Hence ruminants experience seasonal weight gain/loss during the wet/dry periods respectively during
the year. (PHILIP et al 2009).
In Nigeria, the production growth rate and demand for food is over 3% while growth rate of food
production is between 1.0 – 1.5 %, leaving a short fall of 1.5 – 2%, in annual food supplies. It is important to
note also the imbalance in these food supplies, between plant and animal sources; the former contributing over
75% and the latter accounting for the remaining 25%. This is mainly due to improper development of the
livestock industry. (IKHATUA 2000)
The unavailability of sufficient pasture forage during the dry season in the tropical and sub – tropical
regions is a major problem in ruminant livestock production. During this period, grazing ruminants lose weight
and in extreme cases some deaths do occur. This is the plight of herdsmen in the semi-arid and arid zones of the
country (IKHATUA 2000). Utilization of stalks and stovers of cereal crops is sure to improve the availability
of the product. Ruminants despite their unique and highly efficient digestive system are not able to extract
sufficient energy to grow and produce milk from low quality or high lignified residues. Hence these must be
properly processed or treated in some way to make them useful for production. Historically, many fibrous crop
by-products have been used as energy sources for ruminants in China. The ancient processing and feeding
includes particle reduction and reconstitution of roughages with wheat or millet brain. Chopping stalks and
soaking in water are popular practices for crop residue feeding throughout the Republic of China. Although they
do not always result in constituents improvements in animal performance, they defiantly result in reduced diet
wastage and diet selection. (QINGXIANG 2002).
Also in some cases, availability of crop residue varies with season and region. In some regions there is
a deficiency of crop residue only in certain seasons, in others a perennial deficiency may prevail, while in some
other region and in particular seasons they are available in abundance but are largely wasted. These straws
worth millions of naira are burnt in the fields in these places after the grain harvest. Improvement in the
management of crop residue enables efficient utilization of this potentially useful feed resource. It is thus clear
that the intention of the Nigeria Fulani herdsman is a technology to improve the residue utilization and by so
doing enhance meat and milk production.
In most tropical regions, the majority of bovine feeds available are the poor quality crop residues and
agro-industrial products. Improper management of feed resources, especially those of the bulky and fibrous crop
residue is a contributing factor to low productivity of ruminant livestock in the tropical regions. Crop residue
management should include the use of processing technologies for the manufacture of balanced complete straw-
based feed for ruminants. (WALLI et al 2012).
The quality of crop residues and roughages are improved by both chemical and physical methods.
Physical treatment of residues prior to chemical treatment improves materials acceptance of chemical treatment.
Physical treatment includes, chopping, shredding, grinding and pelleting. The indications are that grinding and
pelleting of fibrous materials increases the surface area exposed to microbial attack and accelerates the rate the
flow of digesta through the gastro-intestinal track. This grinding and/or pelleting results in higher intake, up to
30% more.Studies in Sudan also showed that physical treatment of bagasse was more feasible than chemical
treatment. However the process of grinding and pelleting of roughages is hardly practised in West African
animal production. This may be connected with the non-availability of electricity and tractor power for grinding
and pelleting. (MATHERS AND OTCHERE 2012).
The scarcity and lack of such a technology for the processing of cereal stovers in the West African sub-
region and the need to solve the utmost problem in livestock production appear to have compelled the Fulani
herdsman in Kano city area to request the development ofan equitable technology.
II. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
The expected gains from a successful development of this equipment are enormous and justify financial input
and research work towards the realization of the project. These gains include:
1. Enhancement of agricultural production in the livestock industry.
2. Savings in the deaths and sufferings of many a livestock during the hitherto usual dry-season feeds drought.
3. Enormous satisfaction to Fulani herdsmen as much manual labour occasioned by forced long distances drift
to places of greener pastures during drought is drastically reduced.
4. Successful project development shall ultimately ensure the proper management of crop residues.
III. OBJECTIVES
It is intended to develop a crop-residue crusher for use by Fulani herdsmen in the mandate areas of
Northern Nigeria. Equipment shall be powered by conventional petrol or diesel engines that are widely used in
Nigeria for domestic grinding purposes. The power ratings do not usually exceed 12kw. Development of a
crusher with such power consumption makes adaptation to the Fulani herdsmen easy.
3. Design and Development of a Crop Residue Crushing Machine
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 30
Specific objectives include:
1. To design a crop residue crusher to accept feed materials of corn, millet, wheat and other cereal stovers.
2. To fabricate the designed prototype machine which power rating shall not exceed the 12 kW power upper
rating of conventional domestic diesel and petrol engines.
3. To test the performance of the newly constructed machine.
IV. LITERATURE REVIEW
4.1: HISTORY OF GRINDING
Grinding of foodstuffs can be said to have started from Adam. Records however show that during the
Stone Age (About 6700BC) man ground grains of wheat with rocks to make flour. By 5500 BC came the mill
stone which consists of two large individual stones between which the wheat is ground to flour. (MILLING
AND BAKING INFORMATION SHEET V (2010). T
The industrial revolution ushered in the Buhrstone mill and the Roller mill. The buhrstone mill is
probably the oldest type of grinding machine still in use today. This consists of one stationary disc of stone.
Much like the millstone, though the stones grind at the interface of their mating faces. Modern Buhrstone mills
have stones constructed in cast iron with faces cut in grooves and ridges. Modern horizontally shafted buhrstone
mills are the conventional domestic mills used to grind tomatoes and foodstuffs.
Crushing of crop residues is on the increase with the global quest for sourcing of renewable energy
through pre-processing of bio-masses. Physical and mechanical properties of biomasses species and varieties are
very important when considering the energy requirements for particle size reduction of agricultural residues. Of
the various types of grinding equipment available, hammer mills are the best known equipment used for the
shredding/grinding, in which the material fragment are subjected to complex forces and then the resulted
particles are used in the following operations from the pellet obtaining technology. (MOICEANU et al 2012)
HOQUE et al 2007, in an ASABE paper number 076164 on Review and Analysis of Performance and
Productivity of Size Reduction Equipments for Fibrous Materials, recommends the hammer mill; and to accept
whole stalks without the need for manual chopping, the large size hammer mill called Tub mill. Various size
reduction equipments are available in the market based on the classification of the size reduction equipment
done by Scubert et al (2004) and Woldt et al (2004), Miu et al (2006) added an extended layout of this
classification and suggested hammer mill, knife mill and disc mill as the proper equipment for biomass
pulverization. Due to high size reduction ratio, good control of particle size range with relatively good cubic
shape of particles, hammer mills are wildly used and numbers of literature on grinding of different materials are
available. Knife mills (or choppers) work successfully for shredding forages under various crops and machine
conditions. Disc (or roller) mills produce very small particles if input feed is provided by knife mills or hammer
mills. (HOQUE et al 2007).
To achieve the project objectives of developing a crusher for crop residues (made up of stalks, straw
and leaves), it is evident that a chopping machine or knife mill incorporating a hammer mill is the obvious
solution. As the crop stover cannot be conveniently fed directly to a small sized hammer mill, the chopping
machine shall input its product directly to the hammer mill chamber.
V. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Design of grinding or crushing systems are guided by the intended objective. The primary problem to
be solved by a crop residue crusher is the crop stalk, which need to be admitted, chopped and then crushed to
desired grain size. Whole stalk cannot be admitted into the hammer chamber. Hence the need for a chopping
machine, Crop stovers need to be steadied and directed as they enter the chopping machine. Chopped stovers
should be within a range of sizes to ensure that hammer mill input material are uniform. Thus stover feeding
into the chopping machine should be regulated. The need for a pair of rollers for the feeding of the chopping
machine is thus evident.
5.1: EQUIPMENT DISCRIPTION
The equipment is an assemblage of three systems. A pair of rollers horizontally fixed for admission of
stovers in the lateral direction, a hexagonal shear cutter with six knifes which motion is synchronized with that
of the pair of rollers and a hammer for the final crushing of the chopped stovers.
Figure 1 shows a crop stalk being fed to a chopping machine through the action of a pair of rollers. The
motion of the chopping machine is synchronized with that of the roller to ensure that the required sizes are cut
from the crop stover. Action is positive when the motion of the top roller and the chopping disc are
anticlockwise and that of the lower roller is in the clockwise direction. The chopped pieces of crop stalks fall
into the hammer chamber by gravity.
4. Design and Development of a Crop Residue Crushing Machine
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 31
The hammer mill is conventionally a hammer-like projection mounted on a rotating shaft. The
hammers are hung in such a way that they can swing either ways depending on centrifugal force or impact on
the materials. The hammers revolve at high speed and grind the materials fed into its chamber by beating. The
material is ground till it passes the screen holes of the detachable sieve. Hammer size, number and arrangement
are very important. Hammers are usually installed on high speed (3600rpm) shafts. The distant between the
screen and hammer should be 12 to 14 for size reduction of cereal grains and about 5mm for fibrous material.
(HOQUE et al 2007).
FIGURE 1: SCHEMATIC DISGRAM OF MACHINE
VI. EQUIPMENT DESIGN
Wheat, soybean, broomcorn, millet and corn stovers were studied by LIANG AND GUO 2011. The
result of the test showed the shear strength of soybean stalk was the maximal while millet and wheat took
second place, the broomcorn and corn are the minimal. The soybean stalk, whose cross section shape is solid,
can be regarded as woody material with high stiffness. The core structure of broomcorn and corn stalk can be
analysed as circular structure, which has less density and smaller shearing resistance than those of solid structure
at the same cross sectional area. (LIANG AND GUO 2011).
The critical area of power required by the pair of rollers to admit stovers, the cutting force to be
delivered by the rotary cutter and the centrifugal force to be delivered by the hammer are treated in this section.
6.1 ROLLER DESIGN
Crop residue consists of stems and leaves of several cereals. Stem diameters vary from 4mm for wheat
(DEGER et al 2010) to 18.9mm for corn stover (WOMAC et al 2005). A pair of rollers with 4mm gap
between them would admit most crop stovers but shall compress the corn stovers and other stalks whose
diameter are above 4mm. The bulk density and the porosity of corn stover, 127.32kg/ 𝑚3
and 58.51%
respectively (ZHAN et al 2012) is an indication that the stalk is soft to compress. Shear strength of the crop
stover vary from 3.02N/mm2
((least for corn stover) to 21.7N/ mm2
(maximum for soybean stover). (LIANG
AND GUO 2011).
For safe design, assume compressive stress to be delivered by the rollers shall equal the shear stress for
corn stover of 3.02N/ m𝑚2
. Hence minimum compressive force
FMC = SC x Acorn ____________________________ (1)
Where FMC = Minimum compressive force.
SC = Shear stress of corn stover. (Assumed compressive stress)
Acorn = Cross-sectional area of corn stover.
=
𝜋𝐷2
4
(D = Diameter of corn dry stover).
5. Design and Development of a Crop Residue Crushing Machine
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 32
6.2 ROTARY KNIFE DESIGN
From 6.1 the maximum shear force of crop residue = 21.7 N/ mm2
for soybean. Design value for the
shear cutter making 25% allowance for factor of safety, shall be 27.125.
𝐹𝐶𝑈𝑇𝑇𝐸𝑅 = 𝑆 𝐶𝑈𝑇𝑇𝐸𝑅 × 𝐴 𝑆𝑂𝑌𝐵𝐸𝐴𝑁 . _________________________(2)
Where
𝐹𝐶𝑈𝑇𝑇𝐸𝑅 =Cutting Force.
𝑆 𝐶𝑈𝑇𝑇𝐸𝑅 = Maximum shear stress
𝐴 𝑆𝑂𝑌𝐵𝐸𝐴𝑁 = Cross-sectional area of soybean stover
=
𝜋𝐷2
4
(D = Diameter of corn dry stover).
Diameter of highly performing soybean stem = 54.87mm. (ZHANG et al 2011).
𝐴 𝑆𝑂𝑌𝐵𝐸𝐴𝑁 =
𝜋×54.872
4
= 23.64mm2
.
From equation (2)
𝐹𝐶𝑈𝑇𝑇𝐸𝑅 = 27.125 × 23.64
= 641N
Force required to cut the stover is given by
𝐹𝐶𝑈𝑇𝑇𝐸𝑅 = 𝑚𝑤2
r -------------------- (3) (NWAKAIRE et al 2011)
Where
m = mass of cutting knife.
w = Angular velocity of cutting shaft.
= 2𝜋N/60 -------- (4) (KHURMI AND GUPTA 1979).
N = revolution per minute of cutter
Hence
r = radius of cutting shaft
Power required for cutting
PCUTTING = Fwr ------------ (5) (NWAKAIRE et al 2011)
6.3 HAMMER MILL DESIGN
For assured and effective comminuting of stovers, each hammer in the assemblage of hammers, should
deliver at least the shear force required to cut material. Hence by the force of repeated blows, the impact with
the walls of the chamber, the screen and each other, the stover is quickly reduced to powder. From 6.2 the
design expected hammer force is equal to the cutting force given by:
FH = shear stress (27.125N/ m𝑚2
) × Area of soybean stover.
The centrifugal force of the Hammers
𝐹𝐻 = 𝑁 𝐻 𝑀 𝐻 𝑟ℎ 𝑤ℎ2 ------------ (6) (EBUNILO et al 2010)
Where
𝐹𝐻 = Centrifugal force
𝑁 𝐻 = Number of Hammers
𝑀 𝐻 = Mass of each hammer
𝑟ℎ = Radius of hammer
𝑤ℎ2 = Angular velocity of hammer
= 2𝜋N/60
N = Revolution per minute of hammer shaft.
Power required to be delivered by the hammers
PHAMMER = FHωr ----------- (7) (NWAKAIRE et al 2011)
Where
FH = Force of hammers
ω = Angular velocity of hammer shaft =
2𝜋𝑁
60
(N = Revolution per minute of Hammer)
r = radius of hammer shaft.
6. Design and Development of a Crop Residue Crushing Machine
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 33
6.4: KEY SPCIFICATIONS OF PROTOTYPE
ITEM No. DIMENSION SHAFT SPEED FORCE POWER
1 ROLLER 2 D = 100mm
L = 203mm
Feed length =
πD = 479mm
Bearing
= 40mm
Pulley = 35mm
Centre = 50mm
20rpm. FR = mw2
r
= 4.2N
P = FR X
V
= 0.68W
2 CUTTER
BLADE
6 Knife
= L x W x T
= 203mm x 75mm x
12mm.
Bearing
= 40mm
Pulley = 35mm
Centre = 50mm
40rpm. 65.6N 27.7W
3 HAMME
RS
24 Hammer
= L x W X T
= 152mm x 50mm x
12mm
Bearing
= 40mm
Pulley = 35mm
Centre = 50mm
500rpm FH = nmw2
r
= 2096N
9756W
TOTAL 9.784W 10Kw
Fig. 2 showing the front view of the fabricated machine.
7. Design and Development of a Crop Residue Crushing Machine
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 34
Fig. 3 shows the fabricated machine in operation while the crushed residue is discharged.
6.5: CONCLUSION
The project was designed and fabricated. A 10kw popular IMEX diesel engine was installed to power
the equipment. The prototype was tested and found satisfactory. However a cyclone which upper lighter
discharge chute was covered with jute bag was added to improve the collection of the final product. Also a
flywheel was attached to the hammer mill shaft to stop the lowering of the diesel engine speed noticed whenever
much raw material was added to the chamber. It is decided that future commercialization shall incorporate a
cyclone and a flywheel at the hammer mill shaft.
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