Lentils are among the major grain crops in Ethiopia that constituted the major food crops for the majority of the country’s population. It also served as a source of income at household level and a contributor for the country’s foreign currency earnings. The study was conducted to analyze the trend of production and export of Lentils in Ethiopia. Secondary data on production and export of the crop were used and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study identified that, the total land area and the total volume of lentil production has increased at a compound growth rate of 4% and 9% respectively, while the productivity of the crop has shown a 5%compounded growth. Ethiopia exports on average 2,339,693 kg of lentils and incurred birr 18,684,845. Pakistan and United Arab Emirates are the highest recipients for Ethiopian lentils with a share of 20 % and 16 % respectively. Italy was the destination country from which highest value/kg (birr 25/kg) from Lentils export is received. Therefore, it is important to give more attention to the crop in research system so as to have more improved varieties and agronomic recommendations. On the other hand, we need to export the crop and its product to those countries which have high Value to volume ratio (VVR).
The document discusses the importance of rice production in Ethiopia, current trends, and challenges. It notes that rice production has increased significantly but imports have increased even more, decreasing self-sufficiency. While demand is growing, productivity remains low compared to imports. Key challenges include low yields, lack of processing technologies, inadequate market development and human resources. Strengthening research and development partnerships is seen as critical to transforming Ethiopia's rice sector and reducing its reliance on imports to meet demand.
This document provides an overview of weed biology and ecology. It discusses weed seed production and dissemination, factors affecting weed seed germination such as moisture, temperature, light and dormancy. It also covers weed seed longevity, competition between weeds and crops, and thresholds for weed control. Specifically, it notes that a single weed can produce thousands of seeds, seeds have mechanisms to not all germinate at once, and dissemination occurs through various natural and artificial means. Factors like moisture, temperature and light influence germination, while dormancy prevents all seeds from germinating under potentially adverse conditions.
This document provides an overview and guide to nutrient management for rice production. It discusses key concepts like balanced fertilizer use, fertilizer-use efficiencies, and site-specific nutrient management (SSNM). The guide outlines a 5-step process for developing fertilizer recommendations for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium based on yield targets and soil analyses. It also covers managing organic amendments and evaluating dissemination strategies. Finally, the document describes common mineral deficiencies and toxicities in rice, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, sulfur, silicon, magnesium, calcium, iron and manganese deficiencies.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
The document discusses the importance of rice production in Ethiopia, current trends, and challenges. It notes that rice production has increased significantly but imports have increased even more, decreasing self-sufficiency. While demand is growing, productivity remains low compared to imports. Key challenges include low yields, lack of processing technologies, inadequate market development and human resources. Strengthening research and development partnerships is seen as critical to transforming Ethiopia's rice sector and reducing its reliance on imports to meet demand.
This document provides an overview of weed biology and ecology. It discusses weed seed production and dissemination, factors affecting weed seed germination such as moisture, temperature, light and dormancy. It also covers weed seed longevity, competition between weeds and crops, and thresholds for weed control. Specifically, it notes that a single weed can produce thousands of seeds, seeds have mechanisms to not all germinate at once, and dissemination occurs through various natural and artificial means. Factors like moisture, temperature and light influence germination, while dormancy prevents all seeds from germinating under potentially adverse conditions.
This document provides an overview and guide to nutrient management for rice production. It discusses key concepts like balanced fertilizer use, fertilizer-use efficiencies, and site-specific nutrient management (SSNM). The guide outlines a 5-step process for developing fertilizer recommendations for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium based on yield targets and soil analyses. It also covers managing organic amendments and evaluating dissemination strategies. Finally, the document describes common mineral deficiencies and toxicities in rice, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, sulfur, silicon, magnesium, calcium, iron and manganese deficiencies.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
This document discusses integrated farming systems. It defines an integrated farming system as a set of agricultural activities that preserves land productivity, environmental quality, and biological diversity while maintaining ecological stability. An integrated farming system combines various enterprises like cropping, dairy, poultry, fishery, and beekeeping so their products and wastes are used as inputs for other enterprises. The objectives are to identify existing farming systems, formulate models for different situations, optimize resource use through recycling, maintain sustainable production without harming resources, and increase overall farm profitability. Factors that affect integrated farming systems include soil/climate, available resources, current resource use, economics, and managerial skills.
PULSE CROPS FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION INTENSIFICATIONExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presentaed during the seminar Soils & Pulses: symbiosis for life that took place at FAO HQ on 19 Apr 2016. it was made by Paola De Santis and it presents the using op pulses diversity.
Seed certification is a quality assurance system that subjects seeds intended for marketing to official controls and inspections. It involves a series of seed multiplication steps - from breeder seed to foundation seed to registered seed to certified seed - to produce sufficient quantities of pure seed for commercial use while maintaining genetic purity. The key steps in seed certification include applying for seed production, registering sowing reports, conducting field inspections, processing seeds, sampling and analysis, tagging certified seeds that meet standards. This ensures farmers have access to high quality seeds of improved varieties.
IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT AND BIOFERTILIZERS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF PULSE PRODU...UAS, Dharwad
Pulses occupy a unique position in every system of Indian farming as a main, catch, cover, green manure and intercrop. These are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14 per cent of total protein of an average Indian diet. These cover an area of about 23.47 million hectares with an annual production of 18.34 million tones and productivity of 730 kg ha-1 in India (Anon., 2014).
The productivity of pulses continues to be low, as they are generally grown in rainfed areas under poor management conditions and face various kind of biotic and abiotic stresses. Unfavourable weather, low availability of quality seeds, socio-economic factors, weed infestation, less fertile and nutrient deficient soils etc. Among these constraints, recently emerged constraint is micronutrient deficiency which is one of the cause for reduction in yield of pulses. Hence, proper management of micronutrient can enhance the production.
Bio-fertilizers are one of the best modern tools for pulse production. These are cost effective, eco-friendly and renewable source of plant nutrients in sustainable pulse production. These are microbial inoculants which enhance crop production through improving the nutrient supply and their availability.
Seed production and quality control (fata presentation) By Mr Allah Dad Khan...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document provides an overview of seed production quality control presented to MPhil students. It discusses that seed quality is important for agricultural productivity and food security. The Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department is responsible for variety registration, seed testing, certification and quality control. Producing quality seed requires using high quality seed stock, following best agronomic practices, maintaining isolation distances, rouging undesirable plants, and meeting certification requirements including crop inspections, lab analysis and labeling. Maintaining seed quality helps transfer improved varieties from research to farmers.
Farming system and sustainable agriculture notesISHAN DEWANGAN
Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types and systems of farming system and
factors affecting types of farming, Farming system components and their maintenance,
Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping system, Efficient cropping system and their
evaluation, Allied enterprises and their importance, Tools for determining production and
efficiencies in cropping and farming system; Sustainable agriculture-problems and its impact
on agriculture, indicators of sustainability, adaptation and mitigation, conservation agriculture
strategies in agriculture, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA and its techniques for sustainability,
Integrated farming system-historical background, objectives and characteristics, components of
IFS and its advantages, Site specific development of IFS model for different agro-climatic
zones, resource use efficiency and optimization techniques, Resource cycling and flow of
energy in different farming system, farming system and environment, Visit of IFS model in
different agro-climatic zones of nearby states University/ institutes and farmers field.
The document discusses the classification, formulations, and methods of application of herbicides. It describes how herbicides are classified based on their method of application, mode of action, mobility, and time of application. The document also outlines common herbicide formulations like emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and granules. It provides details on application methods for both soil-applied and foliar-applied herbicides.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
Agronomy Practical on Estimation of Seed requirement and plant population of ...Drgajendrasinghtomar
1. The document discusses calculating plant population, seed requirement, and seed rate for various crops. It provides formulas and examples for determining plant population based on spacing, estimating spacing given population, and calculating seed rate based on population, test weight, germination, and purity percentage.
2. Several exercises are included to demonstrate calculating seed rate for crops like rice, sorghum, maize, groundnut, green gram, and pigeonpea using given parameters like spacing, population, test weight, germination, and purity.
3. The final examples discuss estimating seed requirement for a research plot and per row based on seed rate per hectare, and calculating hybrid cotton seed rate for one acre area.
Physiological and molecular control of sinkactivity, partitioning efficiency ...manjupainkra
This document discusses source-sink relationships in plants and factors that influence crop yield. It defines sources as regions where organic materials are synthesized, such as leaves, and sinks as non-photosynthetic organs that import photosynthates, such as roots, seeds and fruits. Photosynthates are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem. The harvest index is defined as the ratio of economic yield to biological yield, representing the efficiency of biomass partitioning. Crop yield is determined by interactions between yield components - including the number of reproductive units and grains - and environmental factors. Improving photosynthetic efficiency, source activity and sink strength will be key to increasing crop yields in the future.
Integrated Farming System-A Holistic Approach for Food and Livelihood Securitynaveen kumar
The document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS) as a holistic approach for food and livelihood security. Key points:
- IFS aim to maximize productivity and income through complementary enterprises like crops, livestock, fisheries.
- Research shows IFS can increase incomes 2-3 times over traditional systems through higher yields and employment.
- Models for marginal rainfed farms combining crops, 2 bullocks, 1 cow, 10 goats and poultry achieved highest returns.
- IFS appropriate for different agro-ecosystems like rainfed, irrigated, hilly regions through suitable enterprise combinations.
Bray proposed the nutrient mobility concept to explain how plant response to soil nutrients is influenced by how mobile the nutrient is in soil. Mobile nutrients like nitrates are extracted from a large root system zone according to Liebig's law, resulting in a linear response to increasing availability. Immobile nutrients like phosphorus are extracted from a smaller root surface zone, following Mitscherlich's law of decreasing returns. Bray combined these concepts to demonstrate how plant growth depends on both mobile and immobile nutrient availability within their respective extraction zones.
The document provides a progress report from an internship at Bhola Paswan Shastri Agricultural College in Purnea, Bihar. It summarizes activities conducted at the college including simulation games, farm visits, and guest lectures. It then details activities conducted at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Araria, including soil sampling and analysis, farmer training programs, and crop pest identification. Constraints faced by farmers in the region are identified as lack of quality inputs, mechanization, soil health issues, and marketing and infrastructure problems. The intern concludes they gained knowledge on crop production practices, local resources, and challenges in technology transfer.
production technology of rabi crops , wheat , barley SuneelKumarNaidu
- Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide and in India. It is grown in a variety of climates and soil types.
- The three main wheat species cultivated in India are bread wheat, durum wheat, and emmer wheat. Bread wheat is most widely grown.
- Key factors for successful wheat production include proper soil preparation and seed bed creation, variety selection, fertilizer and irrigation management, and integrated pest management. Proper timing and amounts of irrigation, especially at critical growth stages like crown root initiation, are important for high yields.
This document provides information on the rabi crops syllabus including sugar crops like sugarcane, other crops like potato, forage crops like berseem and lucerne, cereals like wheat and barley, and pulses like chickpeas and lentils. It then focuses on berseem/Egyptian clover, describing it as a winter annual legume used for grazing and hay that provides high quality forage from November to May. Key details are provided on its botanical description, growth characteristics, climatic requirements, soil needs, and management practices for land preparation, sowing, irrigation, weed control and harvesting.
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
The document provides information about RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) and Industrial Attachment programs.
The RAWE program aims to familiarize students with rural situations, technologies used by farmers, and their problems. Activities during the program included visits to a KVK where students prepared grow bags and participated in agricultural projects. Students also spent time in village attachment, organizing a farmer's meeting, and completing the program.
The Industrial Attachment was at a sugar factory where processes like cane weighing, crushing, juice extraction and boiling, centrifuging, and drying were observed. The factory's history and operations including steam generation from bagasse were outlined.
The document summarizes the three growth phases and stages of rice plants:
1. Vegetative phase (germination to panicle initiation) which has 3 stages: seedling, tillering, stem elongation.
2. Reproductive phase (panicle initiation to flowering) which has 2 stages: panicle initiation to booting, heading or panicle exsertion, flowering.
3. Ripening phase (flowering to mature grain) which has 2 stages: milk grain, dough grain, mature grain. The differences in growth duration between short and long duration rice varieties are determined by the length of the vegetative phase.
The document describes the design and layout of a seed processing plant. The plant separates impurities from seeds using various machines arranged in a sequence. Raw seeds are first fed into a pre-cleaner to remove large impurities, then a cleaner/grader to separate undersized materials. Next is an indented cylinder to separate broken seeds, followed by a specific gravity separator to remove light seeds. Processed seeds are then packaged. The plant building includes a receiving area, processing area with machines arranged in sequence, and auxiliary buildings like storage.
Physiology of grain yield in cereals, Growth and Maintenance RespirationMrunalini Chowdary
The document discusses physiology of grain yield in cereals. It notes that grain filling is dependent on photosynthesis and environmental conditions after flowering, while storage capacity is determined by pre-flowering conditions. It also discusses that the photosynthetic rate of wheat flag leaves falls and rises during grain growth. The document covers topics like photosynthesis, respiration, dry matter accumulation, growth rates, and partitioning of assimilates in different crops. It distinguishes between C3 and C4 photosynthesis pathways and their assimilation rates. It also describes the different types of respiration in plants like growth, maintenance, and their relationship to temperature.
Trends, Growth and Instability of Teff Production in Ethiopiapaperpublications3
1) The document analyzes trends in the area, production, and productivity of teff in Ethiopia from 2000/01-2014/15. It finds that area, production, and productivity all increased significantly over this period at annual growth rates of 3.5%, 8.8%, and 5.1% respectively.
2) Yield increases accounted for 56% of the over 30 million ton increase in production, while area increases contributed 22% and the interaction effect contributed 22%. Instability was low for all factors.
3) Regression analysis showed a strong positive relationship between area and production. The author concludes increases in yield were the main driver of higher teff production in Ethiopia in recent years.
Trends in production and export of Gesho/Rhamnus prinoids in EthiopiaPremier Publishers
Rhamnus prinoids is a multipurpose crop as its all parts harvested and utilized. The study was conducted to analyze the trend of production and export of Rhamnus prinoids in Ethiopia. Secondary data on production and export of the crop were used and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study identified the total hectare of land under Rhamnus prinoids production and the total volume of production has increased with a compound growth rate of 3% and 4% respectively; while the productivity of the crop has shown no change. Ethiopia exports on average 371,091 kg of Rhamnus prinoids and incurred birr 8,250,427. Israel and Sudan were the highest volume recipient countries for Ethiopian Rhamnus prinoids with the percentage share of 22 % and 72 % respectively. Great Britain was the destination country from which highest value/kg (birr 322/kg) from Rhamnus prinoids export is received. Therefore, it is important to give attention to the crop in incorporating it into the research system so as to have improved varieties and agronomic recommendations. On the other hand, we need to export the crop and its product to those countries which have high VVR.
This document discusses integrated farming systems. It defines an integrated farming system as a set of agricultural activities that preserves land productivity, environmental quality, and biological diversity while maintaining ecological stability. An integrated farming system combines various enterprises like cropping, dairy, poultry, fishery, and beekeeping so their products and wastes are used as inputs for other enterprises. The objectives are to identify existing farming systems, formulate models for different situations, optimize resource use through recycling, maintain sustainable production without harming resources, and increase overall farm profitability. Factors that affect integrated farming systems include soil/climate, available resources, current resource use, economics, and managerial skills.
PULSE CROPS FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION INTENSIFICATIONExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presentaed during the seminar Soils & Pulses: symbiosis for life that took place at FAO HQ on 19 Apr 2016. it was made by Paola De Santis and it presents the using op pulses diversity.
Seed certification is a quality assurance system that subjects seeds intended for marketing to official controls and inspections. It involves a series of seed multiplication steps - from breeder seed to foundation seed to registered seed to certified seed - to produce sufficient quantities of pure seed for commercial use while maintaining genetic purity. The key steps in seed certification include applying for seed production, registering sowing reports, conducting field inspections, processing seeds, sampling and analysis, tagging certified seeds that meet standards. This ensures farmers have access to high quality seeds of improved varieties.
IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT AND BIOFERTILIZERS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF PULSE PRODU...UAS, Dharwad
Pulses occupy a unique position in every system of Indian farming as a main, catch, cover, green manure and intercrop. These are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14 per cent of total protein of an average Indian diet. These cover an area of about 23.47 million hectares with an annual production of 18.34 million tones and productivity of 730 kg ha-1 in India (Anon., 2014).
The productivity of pulses continues to be low, as they are generally grown in rainfed areas under poor management conditions and face various kind of biotic and abiotic stresses. Unfavourable weather, low availability of quality seeds, socio-economic factors, weed infestation, less fertile and nutrient deficient soils etc. Among these constraints, recently emerged constraint is micronutrient deficiency which is one of the cause for reduction in yield of pulses. Hence, proper management of micronutrient can enhance the production.
Bio-fertilizers are one of the best modern tools for pulse production. These are cost effective, eco-friendly and renewable source of plant nutrients in sustainable pulse production. These are microbial inoculants which enhance crop production through improving the nutrient supply and their availability.
Seed production and quality control (fata presentation) By Mr Allah Dad Khan...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document provides an overview of seed production quality control presented to MPhil students. It discusses that seed quality is important for agricultural productivity and food security. The Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department is responsible for variety registration, seed testing, certification and quality control. Producing quality seed requires using high quality seed stock, following best agronomic practices, maintaining isolation distances, rouging undesirable plants, and meeting certification requirements including crop inspections, lab analysis and labeling. Maintaining seed quality helps transfer improved varieties from research to farmers.
Farming system and sustainable agriculture notesISHAN DEWANGAN
Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types and systems of farming system and
factors affecting types of farming, Farming system components and their maintenance,
Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping system, Efficient cropping system and their
evaluation, Allied enterprises and their importance, Tools for determining production and
efficiencies in cropping and farming system; Sustainable agriculture-problems and its impact
on agriculture, indicators of sustainability, adaptation and mitigation, conservation agriculture
strategies in agriculture, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA and its techniques for sustainability,
Integrated farming system-historical background, objectives and characteristics, components of
IFS and its advantages, Site specific development of IFS model for different agro-climatic
zones, resource use efficiency and optimization techniques, Resource cycling and flow of
energy in different farming system, farming system and environment, Visit of IFS model in
different agro-climatic zones of nearby states University/ institutes and farmers field.
The document discusses the classification, formulations, and methods of application of herbicides. It describes how herbicides are classified based on their method of application, mode of action, mobility, and time of application. The document also outlines common herbicide formulations like emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and granules. It provides details on application methods for both soil-applied and foliar-applied herbicides.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
Agronomy Practical on Estimation of Seed requirement and plant population of ...Drgajendrasinghtomar
1. The document discusses calculating plant population, seed requirement, and seed rate for various crops. It provides formulas and examples for determining plant population based on spacing, estimating spacing given population, and calculating seed rate based on population, test weight, germination, and purity percentage.
2. Several exercises are included to demonstrate calculating seed rate for crops like rice, sorghum, maize, groundnut, green gram, and pigeonpea using given parameters like spacing, population, test weight, germination, and purity.
3. The final examples discuss estimating seed requirement for a research plot and per row based on seed rate per hectare, and calculating hybrid cotton seed rate for one acre area.
Physiological and molecular control of sinkactivity, partitioning efficiency ...manjupainkra
This document discusses source-sink relationships in plants and factors that influence crop yield. It defines sources as regions where organic materials are synthesized, such as leaves, and sinks as non-photosynthetic organs that import photosynthates, such as roots, seeds and fruits. Photosynthates are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem. The harvest index is defined as the ratio of economic yield to biological yield, representing the efficiency of biomass partitioning. Crop yield is determined by interactions between yield components - including the number of reproductive units and grains - and environmental factors. Improving photosynthetic efficiency, source activity and sink strength will be key to increasing crop yields in the future.
Integrated Farming System-A Holistic Approach for Food and Livelihood Securitynaveen kumar
The document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS) as a holistic approach for food and livelihood security. Key points:
- IFS aim to maximize productivity and income through complementary enterprises like crops, livestock, fisheries.
- Research shows IFS can increase incomes 2-3 times over traditional systems through higher yields and employment.
- Models for marginal rainfed farms combining crops, 2 bullocks, 1 cow, 10 goats and poultry achieved highest returns.
- IFS appropriate for different agro-ecosystems like rainfed, irrigated, hilly regions through suitable enterprise combinations.
Bray proposed the nutrient mobility concept to explain how plant response to soil nutrients is influenced by how mobile the nutrient is in soil. Mobile nutrients like nitrates are extracted from a large root system zone according to Liebig's law, resulting in a linear response to increasing availability. Immobile nutrients like phosphorus are extracted from a smaller root surface zone, following Mitscherlich's law of decreasing returns. Bray combined these concepts to demonstrate how plant growth depends on both mobile and immobile nutrient availability within their respective extraction zones.
The document provides a progress report from an internship at Bhola Paswan Shastri Agricultural College in Purnea, Bihar. It summarizes activities conducted at the college including simulation games, farm visits, and guest lectures. It then details activities conducted at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Araria, including soil sampling and analysis, farmer training programs, and crop pest identification. Constraints faced by farmers in the region are identified as lack of quality inputs, mechanization, soil health issues, and marketing and infrastructure problems. The intern concludes they gained knowledge on crop production practices, local resources, and challenges in technology transfer.
production technology of rabi crops , wheat , barley SuneelKumarNaidu
- Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide and in India. It is grown in a variety of climates and soil types.
- The three main wheat species cultivated in India are bread wheat, durum wheat, and emmer wheat. Bread wheat is most widely grown.
- Key factors for successful wheat production include proper soil preparation and seed bed creation, variety selection, fertilizer and irrigation management, and integrated pest management. Proper timing and amounts of irrigation, especially at critical growth stages like crown root initiation, are important for high yields.
This document provides information on the rabi crops syllabus including sugar crops like sugarcane, other crops like potato, forage crops like berseem and lucerne, cereals like wheat and barley, and pulses like chickpeas and lentils. It then focuses on berseem/Egyptian clover, describing it as a winter annual legume used for grazing and hay that provides high quality forage from November to May. Key details are provided on its botanical description, growth characteristics, climatic requirements, soil needs, and management practices for land preparation, sowing, irrigation, weed control and harvesting.
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
The document provides information about RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) and Industrial Attachment programs.
The RAWE program aims to familiarize students with rural situations, technologies used by farmers, and their problems. Activities during the program included visits to a KVK where students prepared grow bags and participated in agricultural projects. Students also spent time in village attachment, organizing a farmer's meeting, and completing the program.
The Industrial Attachment was at a sugar factory where processes like cane weighing, crushing, juice extraction and boiling, centrifuging, and drying were observed. The factory's history and operations including steam generation from bagasse were outlined.
The document summarizes the three growth phases and stages of rice plants:
1. Vegetative phase (germination to panicle initiation) which has 3 stages: seedling, tillering, stem elongation.
2. Reproductive phase (panicle initiation to flowering) which has 2 stages: panicle initiation to booting, heading or panicle exsertion, flowering.
3. Ripening phase (flowering to mature grain) which has 2 stages: milk grain, dough grain, mature grain. The differences in growth duration between short and long duration rice varieties are determined by the length of the vegetative phase.
The document describes the design and layout of a seed processing plant. The plant separates impurities from seeds using various machines arranged in a sequence. Raw seeds are first fed into a pre-cleaner to remove large impurities, then a cleaner/grader to separate undersized materials. Next is an indented cylinder to separate broken seeds, followed by a specific gravity separator to remove light seeds. Processed seeds are then packaged. The plant building includes a receiving area, processing area with machines arranged in sequence, and auxiliary buildings like storage.
Physiology of grain yield in cereals, Growth and Maintenance RespirationMrunalini Chowdary
The document discusses physiology of grain yield in cereals. It notes that grain filling is dependent on photosynthesis and environmental conditions after flowering, while storage capacity is determined by pre-flowering conditions. It also discusses that the photosynthetic rate of wheat flag leaves falls and rises during grain growth. The document covers topics like photosynthesis, respiration, dry matter accumulation, growth rates, and partitioning of assimilates in different crops. It distinguishes between C3 and C4 photosynthesis pathways and their assimilation rates. It also describes the different types of respiration in plants like growth, maintenance, and their relationship to temperature.
Trends, Growth and Instability of Teff Production in Ethiopiapaperpublications3
1) The document analyzes trends in the area, production, and productivity of teff in Ethiopia from 2000/01-2014/15. It finds that area, production, and productivity all increased significantly over this period at annual growth rates of 3.5%, 8.8%, and 5.1% respectively.
2) Yield increases accounted for 56% of the over 30 million ton increase in production, while area increases contributed 22% and the interaction effect contributed 22%. Instability was low for all factors.
3) Regression analysis showed a strong positive relationship between area and production. The author concludes increases in yield were the main driver of higher teff production in Ethiopia in recent years.
Trends in production and export of Gesho/Rhamnus prinoids in EthiopiaPremier Publishers
Rhamnus prinoids is a multipurpose crop as its all parts harvested and utilized. The study was conducted to analyze the trend of production and export of Rhamnus prinoids in Ethiopia. Secondary data on production and export of the crop were used and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study identified the total hectare of land under Rhamnus prinoids production and the total volume of production has increased with a compound growth rate of 3% and 4% respectively; while the productivity of the crop has shown no change. Ethiopia exports on average 371,091 kg of Rhamnus prinoids and incurred birr 8,250,427. Israel and Sudan were the highest volume recipient countries for Ethiopian Rhamnus prinoids with the percentage share of 22 % and 72 % respectively. Great Britain was the destination country from which highest value/kg (birr 322/kg) from Rhamnus prinoids export is received. Therefore, it is important to give attention to the crop in incorporating it into the research system so as to have improved varieties and agronomic recommendations. On the other hand, we need to export the crop and its product to those countries which have high VVR.
Trends in production and export of Gesho/Rhamnus prinoids in EthiopiaEyob Bezabeh
Rhamnus prinoids is a multipurpose crop as its all parts harvested and utilized. The study was
conducted to analyze the trend of production and export of Rhamnus prinoids in Ethiopia.
Secondary data on production and export of the crop were used and analyzed using descriptive
statistics. The study identified the total hectare of land under Rhamnus prinoids production and
the total volume of production has increased with a compound growth rate of 3% and 4%
respectively; while the productivity of the crop has shown no change. Ethiopia exports on
average 371,091 kg of Rhamnus prinoids and incurred birr 8,250,427. Israel and Sudan were the
highest volume recipient countries for Ethiopian Rhamnus prinoids with the percentage share of
22 % and 72 % respectively. Great Britain was the destination country from which highest
value/kg (birr 322/kg) from Rhamnus prinoids export is received. Therefore, it is important to
give attention to the crop in incorporating it into the research system so as to have improved
varieties and agronomic recommendations. On the other hand, we need to export the crop and
its product to those countries which have high VVR.
Change and growth rate analysis of wheatEyob Bezabeh
This article analyzes changes in area, production, and yield of wheat in Ethiopia from 1991/92-2012/13 using secondary data. It finds that:
1) Wheat yield and production increased significantly from the first period (1991/92-2001/02) to the second period (2002/03-2012/13), though area did not increase significantly.
2) The compound annual growth rate of wheat yield improved rapidly in the second period, while the growth rates of area and production decreased slightly.
3) Increasing production through increasing area may not be feasible without reducing area for other crops. To meet growing demand, increasing wheat yield potential is the best long-term solution.
This document summarizes the potential, trends, challenges and way forward for potato and sweet potato production in Ethiopia. It finds that while these crops have high potential for food security, adoption of improved varieties remains low due to weaknesses in seed production, storage, and extension. Overall production and yields of potato and sweet potato have increased in recent years, but grains remain the policy and strategy focus. The document calls for a clear strategy promoting roots and tubers, strengthened research collaborations, private sector involvement, and capacity building to better realize the crops' potential to ensure nutrition security.
The study analyzed growth and instability in area, yield, and production of tomatoes in Ethiopia from 1991-2014. It found:
1) Area increased annually by a significant 2.2% while yield declined significantly by 2.7% annually. Production did not show significant growth.
2) Both area and yield were unstable, with yield (CV of 18.82%) showing higher instability than area (CV of 15.57%).
3) The relationship between area and production was not significant and weak, suggesting increasing tomato production will require more productive varieties.
Demese Chnayalew,
Abstract
The crop development policies and strategies of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia focus on three major categories: food, industrial, and export crops. Among the food crops, potatoes and sweetpotatoes are valuable for food and nutrition security at household level, providing highly nutritious quality protein, vitamins, and micronutrients. Recently, potato has come to be viewed as an alternative crop for climate change adaptation, too. Despite this, the crop development policies and strategies are biased towards grain. This bias, along with related policies and strategies, has partly contributed to the low levels of cultivated area and production of root and tubers in general and potato and sweetpotato in particular. Within an agricultural research and development environment dominated by grain development policies and strategies, however, research and extension institutions never quit generating, developing, multiplying, and distributing improved potato and sweetpotato technologies, including varieties and agronomic practices. This paper assesses the technology generation and adoption in different parts of the country; it analyses existing policies, strategies, and institutional arrangements. Information generated through documentation review and discussions with selected and targeted key informants provided adoption levels of improved potato and sweetpotato varieties, and helps to explain existing constraints and plausible solutions for increased productivity and production. Comparative analysis is also made with other developing countries, specifically those in the East Africa region as a whole
This study analyzed trends in maize research investment in Ethiopia by the national government and CIMMYT between 1997-2014. It found that the total capital budget allocated to maize research by the national government increased at a 27% compound annual growth rate. Regression analysis showed that the average budget during 2002-2006 was over 2.5 million birr greater than during 1997-2001. It also found that CIMMYT awarded EIAR 18 grants totaling 70.328 million birr between 2008-2014. Finally, it reported that the most widely adopted maize variety in 2009/10 was BH660 hybrid.
Studies on Economic Efficiency of Coffee Production in Ilu Abbabor Zone, Orom...Premier Publishers
This study analyzed the economic efficiency of coffee production among farmers in Ilu Abbabor Zone, Ethiopia. The average technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies were found to be 71.71%, 14.13%, and 10.12% respectively, indicating very low levels of efficiency. Access to credit, land fragmentation, family size, and total farmland were identified as factors that could improve efficiencies. The study concluded that improving allocative efficiency, in particular, has potential to increase economic efficiency and productivity of coffee farmers in the region. Policy interventions targeting determinants like access to credit are recommended.
Analysis of Technical, Economic and Allocative Efficiencies of CassavaProduct...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the technical, economic, and allocative efficiencies of cassava production in Taraba State, Nigeria. It finds that the average technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies were 88.7%, 85.6%, and 82.5% respectively, indicating that farmers were relatively efficient. The major factors influencing cassava output were found to be farm size, family labor, hired labor, fertilizer use, household size, education level, and source of farm financing. To improve efficiency, the study recommends encouraging more intensive farming practices rather than continued expansion of land for cassava production and improving farmer knowledge through education and training.
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of wheat production on commercial farms in Ethiopia. It uses data from 32 commercial farms surveyed in 2010. A stochastic frontier model is used to estimate a Cobb-Douglas production function. The results show inputs like seed, agrochemicals, and tractor hours have a positive impact on output, while area and labor have a negative impact. The average technical efficiency is 82% and inefficiency accounts for 99% of the difference from best practice. Factors found to influence efficiency include farm manager experience, distance to road, farm machinery value, and providing mechanization services. Average age of machinery is the only factor that negatively impacts efficiency.
Analysis of food crop output volatility in agricultural policy programme regi...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes food crop output volatility in Nigeria under different agricultural policy programs from 1961 to 2009. It finds that the Pre-Operation Feed the Nation period (1961-1976) and Structural Adjustment Programme period (1986-1993) exhibited the highest volatility for most crops, while the Operation Feed the Nation period (1976-1979) and Green Revolution period (1980-1985) showed the most stable outputs. The mean outputs generally increased across policy periods since 1961 and were highest during the Post Structural Adjustment period (1994-2009). Statistical analysis confirms that the policy programs influenced crop outputs and their volatilities, though the impacts varied inconsistently across crops and regimes. The study recommends formulating specific crop policy packages as
Sources of Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Sorghum Productio...Premier Publishers
This study aims to estimate the technical efficiency and identify sources of technical inefficiency in sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, southern Ethiopia using data collected from a sample of 124 households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land, Urea, DAP, labour, oxen and chemicals found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The mean technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Negative coefficients of education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service and soil fertility indicates that improvement in these factors results in a significant decrease in the level of technical inefficiency. Akin, positive coefficients of age, livestock holding and plots distance were found to increase households’ technical inefficiency. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
Efficiency and Yield Gap Analysis in Potato Production: The Case of Potato Fa...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes potato production efficiency, yield gaps, and responsiveness to inputs among potato farmers in central Ethiopia. A survey of 196 farmers found the average technical efficiency was 62.6% and actual yield gap was 15.2 tons/ha. Eighty-six percent of yield variation was due to technical inefficiency, accounting for a 13.07 ton/ha yield gap. Efforts to improve efficiency through better farm management would be more cost-effective than introducing new technologies like varieties to increase production and productivity in the region.
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
Inclusive Transformation in Ethiopian Crop Agricultureessp2
This document summarizes trends in Ethiopian crop agriculture over the past decades. It notes that crop agriculture makes up a large share of Ethiopia's economy but productivity remains low compared to other countries. Growth has been driven by intensification through increased use of inputs and extension services rather than expansion of land. However, constraints still exist including small farm sizes, degradation of highlands, and lack of irrigation and improved seeds. The document calls for a long-term, integrated strategy to address these challenges through policies like land rental markets, shifting production practices, and expanded rural opportunities.
Nigerseed Value Chain Analysis in Toke-Kutaye District, West Showa Zone, Orom...Premier Publishers
The study was designed to analyze factors that affect marketable supply of Nigerseed, and Nigerseed market chain; and to estimate value addition and marketing margin distribution of actors in Toke-Kutaye district, Oromia National Regional State. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from 148 producer and 37 other market chain actors. Descriptive statistics for analysis of data and Multiple Linear Regression Model was used to determine determinants of Nigerseed supply in the study area. The study showed that averagely 2.67 and 2.55 quintals of Nigerseed were produced and marketed per household, respectively. Nigerseed produce had four market outlets and seven channels with poor values addition before reaching to the final consumers. Out of the total produce 92.4% of Nigerseed were marketed by producers. Nigerseed supply in the district is positively affected by education of household, land size, number of oxen owned, access to input and market information. Producers and traders got a profit share of 63.79 and 36.21 %, respectively. In all channels, producers’ gross market margin and net market margin were higher, while in multipurpose farmers primary cooperatives was with the least values. The crop has potential to serve as sources of livelihood, and farmers were the major contributor in the value addition process with better profit share margin followed by processers. Therefore, policy aiming to strengthening cooperatives, facilitating inter-linkage of stakeholders, and supporting the local processors are recommended to speed up the Nigerseed market chain in the district.
Similar to Trends in Production and Export of Lentils in Ethiopia (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. Trends in Production and Export of Lentils in Ethiopia
Bezabeh and Belay 564
DATA
Time series data that cover a period of 24 years (1993 to
2016) were used. Data on production, area coverage and
yield were obtained from FAOSTAT (2016) and the export
volume and value of Lentils were obtained from Revenue
and Custom Authority of Ethiopia. The export volume and
value data collected from the Authority of Ethiopia
represents national level volume of Lentils exported and
the revenue the country has generated from its export. The
specific feature of the data obtained is that it is reliable and
free from estimation error as it is obtained from direct
recording of data registry which captured every transaction
in Lentils export.
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
The analysis of this study is based on different
econometric models and descriptive statistics. Semi-log
trend function was fitted to the data following the procedure
of Gujarati to find out the trend and estimate the growth
rate of production, area and yield and also the volume and
value of the export of Lentils in Ethiopia.
If yt denotes the observation (e.g. agricultural production,
productivity, or area) at time t and r is the compound
growth rate, model employed for estimating r is based on
yt = yo (1 + r) t ........................................... (1)
The usual practice is to assume a multiplicative error-term
exp (ε) so that the model may be linearized by means of
logarithmic transformation,
𝑙𝑛𝑦𝑡 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑒 ........................................... (2)
Where, a = ln (yo ), and b = ln ( 1 + r ). Equation 2 is then
fitted to data using “method of least squares” and
goodness of fit is assessed by the coefficient of
determination R2 . Finally, the compound growth rate is
estimated by,
r^ = exp (b^ ) – 1 ........................................... (3)
RESULTS AND DESCUSSION
Trends in production, area and yield
The total area of land under Lentil production, total volume
of production and yield has been growing over years. The
total area of land under production has been reached
113,685 ha in 2016 from 45,060 ha during 1993 (Table 1).
Production rate showed an increase from 25,034 tons in
1993 to 166,274tons in 2016 when the highest production
is registered in the year. On the other hand, a positive
annual percentage change has been registered in the
production of the crop Lentil except during 1994, 1997,
1999, 2002, 2003, 2010 and 2014. And also a positive
annual percentage change has been registered in area,
except in 1997, 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010 and 2014.
Despite, the fluctuations in the percentage changes over
the years, Lentil productivity has revealed a growth trend.
As presented in Figure 2, the productivity of Lentil in the
early 1990s was 0.6 t/ha while in late 2000s, it has grown
to 1 t/ha, and in 2016, it reached 1.5 t/ha.
Table 1. Annual percentage change in area, production and yield
Year
Total area
in ha
Annual percentage
change in area
Total production
in tone
Annual percentage
change in production
Yield
(tone/ha)
Annual percentage
change in yield
1993 45,060 25,034 0.6
1994 48,140 7 24,333 -3 0.5 -9
1995 61,870 29 37,904 56 0.6 21
1996 83,360 35 40,311 6 0.5 -21
1997 50,070 -40 33,456 -17 0.7 38
1998 66,110 32 36,137 8 0.5 -18
1999 66,870 1 33,440 -7 0.5 -9
2000 75,000 12 59,000 76 0.8 57
2001 95,000 27 65,250 11 0.7 -13
2002 60,138 -37 38,430 -41 0.6 -7
2003 52,000 -14 35,000 -9 0.7 5
2004 52,062 0 35,275 1 0.7 1
2005 76,642 47 54,555 55 0.7 5
2006 84,895 11 57,603 6 0.7 -5
2007 97,110 14 81,094 41 0.8 23
2008 107,428 11 94,103 16 0.9 5
2009 105,956 -1 123,777 32 1.2 33
2010 77,334 -27 80,952 -35 1.0 -10
2011 109,895 42 128,009 58 1.2 11
2012 123,718 13 151,500 18 1.2 5
2013 125,830 2 159,121 5 1.3 3
2014 98,869 -21 137,354 -14 1.4 10
2015 100,693 2 147,637 7 1.5 6
2016 113,685 13 166,274 13 1.5 0
Authors calculation based on data from FAOSTAT
3. Trends in Production and Export of Lentils in Ethiopia
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 565
Fig. 1. Trend in Land area coverage and total volume of
Lentils Production
Fig. 2. Trend in Lentil productivity
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
The simple linear regression functions were fitted for
estimating the response of production of Lentil due to the
change of its respective area and yield. And productions of
Lentils were significantly increased. The coefficient of
production on area and yield were0.796 and 93468.677
respectively, as shown inTable 2 below.
Table 2: Regression analysis - to test the dependency of
production on area and yield of Lentil
variables Regression coefficient t-value P(T<=t)
two tail
constant -69670.768 -18.772 0.000
Area 0.796 11.703 0.000
yield 93468.677 18.250 0.000
GROWTH RATE
Table 3 shows that the area, yield and production of Lentils
have a significant (significant at 1%) positive trends of 4, 5
and 9 percent per annum over the study period
respectively.
Table 3. Growth rate in area, production and yield of
Lentils
Area Production Yield
CAGR 4* 9* 5*
Trends in export volume and value of Lentils
Ethiopia has been exporting some quantities of Lentils to
various parts of the world since 1997. Figure 3 shows
exports of Lentils from 1997 to 2016. The period under
analysis opened with low volumes of Lentils exports and
this was followed by substantial increase in volume of
Lentils exports during 2007. Between 2006 and 2009 trend
in the volume of dried lentils, shelled has been increasing
steadily. In 1997, the total quantity of Lentils exported from
Ethiopia to Israel and Djibouti was 18,470 kg. From these
18,120 kg was exported to Djibouti and incurred about
257,979 birr. And after some fluctuations it increased to
1,728,634 kg during 2002 and reached its climax
12,947,165 kg in 2009. Ethiopia is exporting shelled dried
lentils. And this indicates that, value added products of
Lentils has not been given much attention to export to
different countries in the world, so small micro enterprises
and others interested body can engage in the production
as well as processing of Lentils.
Fig 3: Trend in export volume of Lentils
In terms of value, the period under analysis opened with
relatively higher values of Lentils exports and this was
followed by substantial decrease in value of Lentils
exports. The export value was 173,032 birr in 1997 and
reached its climax during 2014 which was 25,658,382 birr
(fig 3). The period under review closed with relatively low
export values of Lentils. The trend in value of Lentils
export was generally does not show any significant
increase. And this shows that Lentils was not given more
attention as an income generating means in the
international market.
Fig 4: Trends in export value of Lentils
4. Trends in Production and Export of Lentils in Ethiopia
Bezabeh and Belay 566
Trend in Value-to-volume ratio (VVR) for exported
Lentils
According to Bezabeh E (2017) the trend in the export
value-to-volume ratio (VVR) is an indicator of whether the
product is either gaining or losing value from movement in
world prices. It gives an indication of the extent to which
the product can be considered a relatively high-value
export. In other words, VVR is the amount of local currency
earned from a kilogram of export item over time and
calculated by dividing total value in birr by total volume in
kilogram of the export item.
From figure 5 we can reveal that, the VVR for exported
Ethiopian lentils fluctuated during the study period. As a
result of this the volume of the exported Lentils has not
been increasing. Therefore, the country has not been
benefited with the crop in the international market.
Fig 5: Trend in Value-to-volume ratio (VVR) for exported
Lentils
On the other hand, from Table 4 we can see that the
average VVR for exported Ethiopian Lentils during the
study period has been birr 10/kg. The highest VVR in
exporting Lentils from Ethiopia was birr 65/kg during 2012,
whereas the least VVR of birr 0.1/kg was registered during
2016.
Table 4: VVR for exported Ethiopian lentils
Year Total Volume Total Value VVR
1997 18,470 262,513 14.2
1998 29,100 101,989 3.5
1999 35,000 144,917 4.1
2000 124,969 563,949 4.5
2001 835,025 2,735,489 3.3
2002 1,728,634 4,920,650 2.8
2003 855,437 2,827,114 3.3
2004 992,657 3,340,338 3.4
2005 1,414,853 4,956,659 3.5
2006 627,968 1,912,673 3.0
2007 9,606,092 52,005,106 5.4
2008 10,813,239 81,658,005 7.6
2009 12,947,165 137,523,643 10.6
2010 3,053,134 43,313,296 14.2
2011 1,152,202 18,316,129 15.9
2012 220 14,330 65.1
Year Total Volume Total Value VVR
2013 40,000 198,974 5.0
2014 10,000 198,710 19.9
2015 - -
2016 170,000 17,563 0.1
Major Export Destinations of Ethiopian Lentils
The exports destination countries are summarized in table
5. The VVR for each destination country is also provided
which help us compare countries based on the VVR and
made decision which country can provide better
advantage for Ethiopia’s Lentils. Accordingly, the countries
for which Ethiopia’s Lentils has been exported includes
Bangladesh, Djibouti, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Kenya,
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sudan, Turkey, United
Arab Emirates and Yemen.
Pakistan and United Arab Emirates were the highest
volume recipient countries for Ethiopian Lentils with the
percentage share of 20 % and 16 % respectively. The total
volume of export destined to Pakistan during the study
period was 8,808,933.8kg and the total volume exported
to the second large recipient country United Arab Emirates
has been 7,279,225 kg.
Italy was the destination country from which highest VVR
from Lentils export is received. Ethiopia earns birr 25/kg
from export of Lentils to Italy. While, the rest of major
export destinations exhibited lower VVR.
The export value of 1kg of Lentils per kg for export
destined to largest recipient country of Ethiopian Lentils
export- Pakistan was birr 7 and that of United Arab
Emirates was birr 9 which are below the average. This
implies that Ethiopia is exporting much of its Lentils to
countries provide lowest VVR, implying that the country is
losing advantage in the international market.
Table 5. Export Destinations of Ethiopian Lentils
Destination Net Mass
(Kg)
FOB Value
(ETB)
VVR
Bangladesh 3,562,501 22,678,029 6.4
Benin 4,500 22,333 5.0
Bulgaria 215,000 1,402,741 6.5
Canada 100 385 3.9
China 540,778 3,325,084 6.1
Djibouti 4,519,700 24,468,965 5.4
Egypt 1,096,500 12,950,302 11.8
Germany 200 876 4.4
Great Britain 104,790 438,426 4.2
Greece 21,100 75,805 3.6
India 1,364,816 9,327,095 6.8
Indonesia 499,400 2,185,913 4.4
Iran 76,000 470,592 6.2
Israel 284,518 1,520,694 5.3
Italy 370 9,085 24.6
5. Trends in Production and Export of Lentils in Ethiopia
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 567
Table 5 continue. Export Destinations of Ethiopian Lentils
Destination
Net Mass
(Kg)
FOB Value
(ETB)
VVR
Jordan 266,000 1,788,912 6.7
Kenya 671,600 7,507,521 11.2
Mauritius 42,000 461,397 11.0
Netherlands 131,835 586,445 4.4
Pakistan 8,808,934 57,062,450 6.5
Panama 62,874 177,070 2.8
Philippines 109,780 485,794 4.4
Saudi Arabia 2,467,360 23,104,222 9.4
Singapore 1,476,780 14,720,283 10.0
South Africa 44,000 264,017 6.0
Sudan 3,606,322 44,884,744 12.4
Sweden 100 505 5.0
Switzerland 283,912 3,132,747 11.0
Syrian Arab Republic 220,000 2,656,759 12.1
Turkey 4,097,008 41,708,017 10.2
Turks and Caicos
Islands 115,000 682,752
5.9
Ukraine 230,000 2,303,610 10.0
United Arab Emirates 7,279,225 65,170,550 9.0
United Germany 200 610 3.0
United Kingdom 5,802 16,613 2.9
United States 258,108 1,479,188 5.7
Yemen 1,817,222 7,941,514 4.4
Fig 6: Export destinations of Ethiopian lentils
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The area and production of Lentils in Ethiopia shows a
significant compounded growth rate of 4 percent and 9
percent respectively while, the productivity show 5 percent
during the study period.
On the other hand, the export volume of Lentils from
Ethiopia during the study period was about 2,339,693 kg
on average. And also, the average value Ethiopia incurred
in exporting Lentils during the study period was
18,684,845 birr. If we take the look at the trends in value
to volume ratio of Ethiopian Lentils during the study period,
it exhibited its maximum VVR of birr 65/kg during 2012,
whereas a minimum VVR of birr 0.1/kg in 2016. Italy was
the destination country from which highest value/kg (birr
25/kg) from Lentils export was received.
In terms of volume, Pakistan and United Arab Emirates
were the highest volume recipient countries for Ethiopian
Lentils with the percentage share of 20% and16%
respectively. But the export value of 1kg of Lentils per kg
for export destined to largest recipient country of Ethiopian
Lentils export- Pakistan was birr 7 and that of United Arab
Emirates was birr 9 which indicates us that, we are losing
the advantage in the international market.
Ethiopia is exporting large proportion of its Lentils to
countries that provide lowest VVR. In order to enhance the
revenue, the country generate from its Lentils production
countries that provide higher VVR has to be targeted.
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Chilot Y. Yigezu A. and Aden A. (2016). Diffusion of
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