This document summarizes research on crop rotations in Iowa. A 2-year corn-soybean rotation is compared to 3-year and 4-year rotations that include oats, red clover, and alfalfa. The longer rotations require more labor but use 86-96% less nitrogen fertilizer and 97% less herbicide. Soil quality improves with longer rotations, which also have similar or higher yields compared to the 2-year system. Integrating livestock through manure application provides nitrogen to the crops and improves the economics and environmental sustainability of the farming system.
Yogendra Katuwal on Influence of N levels on Yield of Improved and Hybrid Ric...Yogendra Katuwal
Not always increasing N dose can be economical. Use efficiency of hybrids and improved varieties vary greatly.
Prepared By:
Yogendra Katuwal a MSc.Ag (Agronomy) student in AFU, Rampur, Nepal.
Improving estimates of GHG emission factors from livestock production systems...ILRI
In sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is estimated to account for over 60% of GHG emissions, primarily due to land use change and enteric methane production in ruminants; and over 80% of agriculture (both area and production) is smallholder systems. No empirical studies on enteric CH4 emissions and very few studies on GHG emissions from soils in these systems have been conducted. This study sampled 60 farms in western Kenya using static chambers (3 reps) and analyzed soils once for total C/N content, BD and texture and 4 times for soil IN concentration.
Presenter: Ram Bahadur Khadka
Title: New Directions for the System of Rice Intensification in Nepal: Mechanization and Biofertilizers
Date: December 9, 2016
Venue: Mann 102, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions attributable to smallholder livestock sy...ILRI
Presented by P.W. Ndung’u, T. Takahashi, C.J.L. du Toit, M. Robertson-Dean, K. Butterbach-Bahl, G. McAuliffe, L. Merbold and J.P. Goopy at the Tropentag 2020: Food and Nutrition Security and its Resilience to Global Crises, Virtual Conference, 9–11 September 2020. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
Transforming Maize-legume Value Chains –A Business Case for Climate-Smart Ag...CIMMYT
CIMMYT Senior Cropping Systems Agronomist Christian Thierfelder presented on climate-smart agriculture in southern Africa in a webinar titled Climate Resilient Agriculture Success Stories – Making a Case for Scale Up.
Presenter: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Strategies for Raising Crop Productivity with Reduced Inputs, with Less Water Requirement, and with Buffering of Climate-Change Stresses
Date: April 10, 2014
Venue: Agricultural Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
Yogendra Katuwal on Influence of N levels on Yield of Improved and Hybrid Ric...Yogendra Katuwal
Not always increasing N dose can be economical. Use efficiency of hybrids and improved varieties vary greatly.
Prepared By:
Yogendra Katuwal a MSc.Ag (Agronomy) student in AFU, Rampur, Nepal.
Improving estimates of GHG emission factors from livestock production systems...ILRI
In sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is estimated to account for over 60% of GHG emissions, primarily due to land use change and enteric methane production in ruminants; and over 80% of agriculture (both area and production) is smallholder systems. No empirical studies on enteric CH4 emissions and very few studies on GHG emissions from soils in these systems have been conducted. This study sampled 60 farms in western Kenya using static chambers (3 reps) and analyzed soils once for total C/N content, BD and texture and 4 times for soil IN concentration.
Presenter: Ram Bahadur Khadka
Title: New Directions for the System of Rice Intensification in Nepal: Mechanization and Biofertilizers
Date: December 9, 2016
Venue: Mann 102, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions attributable to smallholder livestock sy...ILRI
Presented by P.W. Ndung’u, T. Takahashi, C.J.L. du Toit, M. Robertson-Dean, K. Butterbach-Bahl, G. McAuliffe, L. Merbold and J.P. Goopy at the Tropentag 2020: Food and Nutrition Security and its Resilience to Global Crises, Virtual Conference, 9–11 September 2020. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
Transforming Maize-legume Value Chains –A Business Case for Climate-Smart Ag...CIMMYT
CIMMYT Senior Cropping Systems Agronomist Christian Thierfelder presented on climate-smart agriculture in southern Africa in a webinar titled Climate Resilient Agriculture Success Stories – Making a Case for Scale Up.
Presenter: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Strategies for Raising Crop Productivity with Reduced Inputs, with Less Water Requirement, and with Buffering of Climate-Change Stresses
Date: April 10, 2014
Venue: Agricultural Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
Greenhouse gas emissions and fertiliser quality from cattle manure Heaps in K...ILRI
Presented by Sonja Leitner, George Wanyama, Dónal Ring, Daniel Korir, David Pelster, John Goopy, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl and Lutz Merbold at the Tropentag 2020: Food and Nutrition Security and its Resilience to Global Crises, Virtual Conference, 9–11 September 2020
Enteric methane production from cattle fed on three tropical grasses in East ...ILRI
Presented by Daniel Korir, Svenja Marquardt, Richard Eckard, Alan Sanchez, Uta Dickhoefer, Lutz Merbold, K. Butterbach-Bahl and John Goopy at the Tropentag 2020: Food and Nutrition Security and its Resilience to Global Crises, Virtual Conference, 9–11 September 2020.
Presenter: IrsaL Las, A. Gani and N. Widiarta / Indonesia Institute for Rice Research
Audience: World Rice Research Conference, Japan
Subject Country: Indonesia
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Presenter: Pascal Gbenou, Noukpo Agossou, Marjolein Visser
Title: Farmer Evaluation of the System of Rice Intesification and Conventional Rice Cultivation Methods in Benin
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Title: System of Rice Intensification
Presented by: Erika Styger
Presented at: Special Exhibit/Event on Rice Production at Agritechnica
Venue and Date: Hannover, Germany November 15, 2013
Assessment of wheat yield gap in Central AsiaExternalEvents
Within the context of increasing global population, food demands and climate change, a yield assessment was conducted by ICARDA of wheat production both under rainfed and irrigation conditions in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The research included the identification of the causes of yield gaps as well as the development of management options to reduce these gaps.
Research and transfer of Double-high technology based on agroecological princ...FAO
Presentation from Fusuo Zhang from Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security at China Agricultural University on technology transfer in agroecological farming approaches, in the framework of agricultural production in China. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Title: ‘Differentiated Agronomies’ for Sustainable Rice Intensification : Towards an Alternative Policy Framework for Local Food Security in India
Authors: Ravindra Adusumilli, Debashish Sen, Sabarmatee, C. Shambu Prasad, Rob Schipper, Raj Kumar Kumawat
Presented at: First International Conference on Global Food Security
Venue: Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, 29th September to 2nd Oct, 2013
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
Poster presentation at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Nurul Hidayati, Triadiati, and Iswandi Anas
Title: Physiological and morphological changes in rice plants under SRI
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
PowerPoint by Herman Adams, CARDI, presented at the First Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Latin America at EARTH University in Costa Rica, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 2011
Greenhouse gas emissions and fertiliser quality from cattle manure Heaps in K...ILRI
Presented by Sonja Leitner, George Wanyama, Dónal Ring, Daniel Korir, David Pelster, John Goopy, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl and Lutz Merbold at the Tropentag 2020: Food and Nutrition Security and its Resilience to Global Crises, Virtual Conference, 9–11 September 2020
Enteric methane production from cattle fed on three tropical grasses in East ...ILRI
Presented by Daniel Korir, Svenja Marquardt, Richard Eckard, Alan Sanchez, Uta Dickhoefer, Lutz Merbold, K. Butterbach-Bahl and John Goopy at the Tropentag 2020: Food and Nutrition Security and its Resilience to Global Crises, Virtual Conference, 9–11 September 2020.
Presenter: IrsaL Las, A. Gani and N. Widiarta / Indonesia Institute for Rice Research
Audience: World Rice Research Conference, Japan
Subject Country: Indonesia
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Presenter: Pascal Gbenou, Noukpo Agossou, Marjolein Visser
Title: Farmer Evaluation of the System of Rice Intesification and Conventional Rice Cultivation Methods in Benin
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Title: System of Rice Intensification
Presented by: Erika Styger
Presented at: Special Exhibit/Event on Rice Production at Agritechnica
Venue and Date: Hannover, Germany November 15, 2013
Assessment of wheat yield gap in Central AsiaExternalEvents
Within the context of increasing global population, food demands and climate change, a yield assessment was conducted by ICARDA of wheat production both under rainfed and irrigation conditions in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The research included the identification of the causes of yield gaps as well as the development of management options to reduce these gaps.
Research and transfer of Double-high technology based on agroecological princ...FAO
Presentation from Fusuo Zhang from Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security at China Agricultural University on technology transfer in agroecological farming approaches, in the framework of agricultural production in China. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Title: ‘Differentiated Agronomies’ for Sustainable Rice Intensification : Towards an Alternative Policy Framework for Local Food Security in India
Authors: Ravindra Adusumilli, Debashish Sen, Sabarmatee, C. Shambu Prasad, Rob Schipper, Raj Kumar Kumawat
Presented at: First International Conference on Global Food Security
Venue: Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, 29th September to 2nd Oct, 2013
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
Poster presentation at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Nurul Hidayati, Triadiati, and Iswandi Anas
Title: Physiological and morphological changes in rice plants under SRI
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
PowerPoint by Herman Adams, CARDI, presented at the First Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Latin America at EARTH University in Costa Rica, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 2011
Authors: Norman Uphoff, Vasilia Fasoula, Iswandi Anas, Amir Kassam and A.K. Thakur
Title: Improving the Phenotypic Expression of Rice Genotypes: Reasons to Rethink Selection Practices and ‘Intensification’ for Rice Production Systems
Oral presentation at: The 4th International Rice Congress
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Center, Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 31, 2014
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SRI OVER TRANSPLANTED RICE IN TERMS OF YIELD A...P.K. Mani
Advantage of SRI over Conventionally Transplanted Rice are discussed on the following Parameters: Yield and Yield Attributing Characters, Water Productivity, Soil Properties, Nitrogen Use Efficiency ,Phosphorus and Potassium use efficiency, Ammonia Loss and Microbiological Properties.
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: BioVision Alexandria 2010 New Life Sciences: Future Prospects
Date Presented: 04/14/2010
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
Zhenling Cui, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
The combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yi...Open Access Research Paper
A study was conducted at Bina Sub-station Nalitabari, Sherpur Farm from June to October 2022 to investigate the effect of combining organic and inorganic fertilizers on rice growth and yield. It followed a randomized block design with three replications and a unit plot size of 3m×4m.The experiment consisted of five treatments: T1 100% STB (N90P15K75S12Zn2), T2 (85% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), T3 (85% CF+ 4t/ha vermicompost), T4 (70% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), and T5 (70% CF+ 2t/ha vermicompost). The objective was to assess their impact on the growth, yield, and yield-contributing characteristics of the BINAdhan-17 rice variety. The study found that combining inorganic fertilizer with 2t/ha of vermicompost resulted in the highest yield. Chemical fertilizer (CF) with organic sources increased yield. The tallest plants were in T1 (104.9cm), while the shortest was in T4. The highest grain yield was in T3 (5.9t/ha), and lowest in T4 (4.7t/ha).When combining 4t/ha of vermicompost with 85% CF (77kg N, 13kg P, 64kg K, 12kg S, 2kg Zn), the parameters of tillers per plant, panicle length, filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield were maximized.Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Using high-quality rice varieties and incorporating compost, alone or with chemical fertilizers, increases yields compared to full inorganic fertilizer. The study emphasizes the importance of judicious organic and chemical fertilizer application for significantly enhancing rice yields.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Crop Residue Management, Smart Mechanization and Its Implications in Tropical...Kasa Kiran Kumar Reddy
Crop residue management through conservation agriculture can improve soil productivity and crop production by maintaining SOM levels. Two significant advantages of surface-residue management are increased OM near the soil surface and enhanced nutrient cycling and retention.
Similar to Evaluation of Contrasting Crop Rotation Systems (20)
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Summary of the Climate and Energy Policy of Australia
Evaluation of Contrasting Crop Rotation Systems
1. Sustainable agriculture
“Sustainable agriculture is the production of food, fiber, and
fuel using farming techniques that protect the environment,
public health, human communities, and animal welfare. This
form of agriculture enables us to produce a sufficient amount of
healthful food now without compromising the ability of future
generations to do the same.”
Evaluation of Contrasting Crop Rotation Systems
Using Multiple Performance Criteria
Matt Liebman
Iowa State University
2. Iowa, 2015:
2.5 billion bushels of corn harvested
554 million bushels of soybean harvested
2.2 million cattle, 46.6 million hogs & pigs, 12.5 billion eggs marketed
4.0 billion gallons of ethanol produced
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Iowa/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/2016/
http://iowarfa.org/resource-center/statistics/
3. A SIMPLIFIED, HOMOGENEOUS LANDSCAPE
Corn and soybean in Iowa: 63% of total land area, 82% of cropland
Wright County, 2014
583 sq. miles
(1,509 sq. km.)
Yellow = corn
Green = soybean
USDA-NASS Cropland Data Layer
4. Hatfield et al., 2009, JSWC
Alfalfa and other hay crops
Small grains
Large reduction in area planted to small grains,
alfalfa, and other hay crops within the Raccoon
River Basin from 1949 through 1997.
5.
6. Challenges in Midwestern systems
related to low crop diversity and
decoupled crop and livestock production
• Soil erosion
• Water quality degradation via nutrient and
pesticide emissions
• Herbicide resistant weeds
• New crop diseases
• Reductions of wildlife populations, including
monarch butterflies, bees and other pollinators
7. Can cropping system diversification and crop-livestock integration:
• reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and fossil energy?
• maintain or increase crop productivity and profitability?
• improve important indicators of environmental performance?
8. 2-year rotation: corn-soybean (cash grain)
3-year rotation: corn-soybean-oat/red clover (green manure)
4-year rotation: corn-soybean-oat/alfalfa-alfalfa (hay)
36 plots, 18 m x 84 m each, all phases of system present every year
2001 and 2002: base-line sampling / 2003-2005: start-up period
2006-present: mature period
9. Management practices
2-year rotation 3-year and 4-year rotations
Manure None 16 Mg/ha before corn
Synthetic
N fertilizer
112 kg N/ha at
planting plus
sidedress
None at planting, but with
sidedress option
Herbicides
Broadcast in corn
and soybean phases
Banded with interrow
cultivation in corn and
soybean phases
Tillage
Chisel plow after
corn
Moldboard plow after clover
and alfalfa, chisel plow after
corn
10. Mean annual mineral N fertilizer
and herbicide use, 2006-2016
N fertilizer Herbicides
Rotation 2-year 3-year 4-year 2-year 3-year 4-year
kg N/ha kg a.i./ha
Corn 170 33 27 1.33 0.07 0.07
Soybean 2 2 2 1.63 0.12 0.12
Oat -- 2 2 -- 0 0
Alfalfa -- -- 2 -- -- 0
Rotation av. 86 12 8 1.48 0.06 0.05
Reduction -86% -91% -96% -97%
11. Mean yields, 2006-2016
Sources: Liebman et al. 2008; Davis et al. 2012;
Hunt et al. 2017
Yield, Mg/ha
Rotation Corn Soybean Oat Alfalfa
2-year 12.0 b 3.16 c --- ---
3-year 12.4 a 3.56 b 3.33 b ---
4-year 12.6 a 3.76 a 3.51 a 9.18
12. Mean weed biomass in 2006-2016 was low in the
corn and soybean phases of each system. Weed
growth was greater in oat and alfalfa phases.
Within columns, means followed by different letters are significantly different.
Weed biomass, kg/ha
Rotation Corn Soybean Oat Alfalfa
2-year 2 b 3 b --- ---
3-year 15 a 20 a 76 a ---
4-year 9 ab 8 b 72 a 58
13. Rotation effects on soybean in 2010 during SDS epidemic:
Longer rotations were healthier
3-year rotation 2-year rotation
Measurements by L. Leandro, ISU Plant Pathology & Microbiology
Photo courtesy of L. Miller
14. Longer rotations:
lower SDS incidence,
reduced SDS severity,
higher soybean yield.
Leandro et al. (in press)
15. SOIL HEALTH
Large reduction in abundance of Fusarium virguliforme
DNA per gram of soil in longer rotations
Leandro et al. (in review)
C: corn
S: soybean
2: 2-yr rotation
4: 4-yr rotation
Note log scale
16. Soil Quality Indicators in Corn
(0-20 cm)
Rotation
Particulate organic
matter carbon
Microbial
biomass
carbon
Potentially
mineralizable
nitrogen
mg POM-C cm-3 soil μg C g-1 soil mg PMN cm-3 soil
2-year 1.90 b 312.6 b 31.2 b
3-year 2.31 a 388.7 ab 40.4 a
4-year 2.19 a 472.2 a 37.3 ab
Sources: Lazicki et al., 2016; King and Hofmockel, 2017
Soil managed with longer rotations had more POM-C,
greater microbial biomass, and higher PMN.
17. Tomer & Liebman (2014)
Mean NO3-N concentrations in water samples
collected under each cropping system, 2004-2011
18. Estimated Sheet and Rill Erosion (RUSLE2)
Mg per hectare per year
2-year rotation: 2.64
3-year rotation: 2.25 (-15%)
4-year rotation: 1.75 (-34%)
19. Fossil Energy Inputs [GJ ha-1 yr-1],
2008-2014
2-Year
Rotation
3-Year
Rotation
4-Year
Rotation
Fuel for Operations 2.6 2.0 1.8
Fertilizer 5.5 0.9 0.9
Herbicide 0.4 0.3 0.2
Seed Production 0.3 0.3 0.3
Grain Drying 1.5 1.0 0.8
Total Energy Costs 10.3 4.5 3.9
About 0.6 barrels of oil equivalent = about 25 gallons diesel equivalent per acre
20. Hunt et al. 2017
Freshwater ecotoxicological potential of herbicides,
2008-2016, USEtox model
21. Input costs were taken from ISU Extension’s annual report “Costs
of Crop Production in Iowa,” and from local businesses.
Machinery operation and labor costs were based on field notes
and ISU’s “Estimating field capacity of farm machines.”
Grain and hay prices were taken from marketing year averages
provided by the Iowa office of the USDA National Agricultural
Statistics Services. Subsidy payments and insurance pay-outs
were not included in revenue figures.
Manure was assumed to be generated by on-farm or near-by
livestock and without cost for the material, but with labor and
machinery costs for spreading.
Analyses were conducted for 2008-2016 data.
Economic Analyses
Cost and Price Assumptions
22. Labor and economics, 2008-2016
Rotation
2-year 3-year 4-year
Labor inputs (hr/ha) 1.7 c 3.0 b 3.5 a
Gross returns ($/ha) 1699 a 1507 b 1576 b
Costs of production (with
labor, but not land, $/ha)
872 a 625 c 684 b
Profits (returns to land and
management, $/ha)
827 a 882 a 892 a
Diversity greater labor requirements, lower gross
returns, lower costs, similar profits
Hunt et al. 2017 and unpublished data
23. The cost of manure
• Our primary analyses assumed that there were
labor and machinery costs for spreading manure,
but that there was no cost for the material itself.
• How much could a crop farmer using the 3-year
or 4-year rotations pay for manure and still match
the profitability of the 2-year rotation, which
didn’t receive manure?
• 3-year rotation: $8.55/Mg (fresh weight)
• 4-year rotation: $13.48/Mg (fresh weight)
24. Increasing cropping system diversity and reintegrating
crop and livestock production can balance productivity,
profitability, and environmental health
Hunt et al. 2017. Env. Sci. & Tech., doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b04086
Davis et al. 2012. PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047149
25. Special thanks to:
• C. Chase
• A. Davis
• M. Fiscus
• J. Hill
• N. Hunt
• D. James
• A. Johanns
• A. King
• P. Lazicki
• L. Leandro
• D. Sundberg
• M. Tomer
• M. Wander
• M. Woods
26.
27. 2011 Wright County, Iowa
0 1.42 2.84 4.26
miles
LandOCoverOCategories
DbyOdecreasingOacreage-O
AGRICULTURE
Corn
Soybeans
GrasslandOHerbaceous
Alfalfa
OtherOHay/NonOAlfalfa
Oats
WinterOWheat
SweetOCorn
Sod/GrassOSeed
Fallow/IdleOCropland
DblOCropOWinWht/Soybeans
Rye
Clover/Wildflowers
Switchgrass
NON-AGRICULTURE*
Developed/OpenOSpace
WoodyOWetlands
DeciduousOForest
Developed/LowOIntensity
HerbaceousOWetlands
OpenOWater
Produced by CropScape - http://nassgeodata.gmu.edu/CropScape * Only top 6 non-agriculturecategroies are listed.
A SIMPLIFIED, HOMOGENEOUS LANDSCAPE
Corn and soybean in Iowa: 63% of total land area, 82% of cropland
Wright County, 2011
583 sq. miles
(1,509 sq. km.)
Yellow = corn
Green = soybean
USDA-NASS Cropland Data Layer
28. How are agricultural systems
affected by low crop diversity and
decoupled crop and livestock
production?
31. Why do reductions in
crop diversity lead to
lower yields?
(1) Build-up of plant
pathogens, nematodes,
insect pests, & weeds
(2) “Deleterious rhizosphere
microorganisms”
(3) Autotoxicity (allelopathy)
(4) Degradation of soil
physical and chemical
properties
Bennett et al. (2012) Biological
Reviews 87: 52-71
32. Source: Janssen (1984), Plant & Soil 76:297-304, as cited in Magdoff & Weil (2004)
Effects of 25 years of cropping practices and
fertilizer and manure applications
on soil properties
MinN: mineral N fertilizer; GM: green manure; AnMan: animal manure and pasture ley
Soil property Management/amendments
MinN MinN +
GM
MinN +
GM +
AnMan
BD (g cm3) 1.50 1.45 1.35
Total SOM (Mg/ha) 78.4 81.9 86.9
Young SOM (Mg/ha) 6.2 11.0 15.2
Old SOM (Mg/ha) 72.2 70.9 71.7
Total N (Mg/ha) 4.0 4.4 4.6
Mineralized N from young SOM (Mg/ha) 34 74 108
Mineralized N from old SOM (Mg/ha) 26 26 26
33. Diversification includes the integration of crops and livestock:
Composted manure is applied to red clover and alfalfa, before corn,
in the 3-year and 4-year rotations.
N added by clover and alfalfa through biological nitrogen fixation
N, P, K, and other nutrients recycled through manure application
34. Managing weeds in longer rotations with diverse tactics
Asynchronous harvests
Banded
Stubble clipping &
hay removal
CultivationBand spraying
35. Nitrogen Fertility Management
in Contrasting Rotation Systems
Rotation Corn
2-year
112 kg N/ha applied at planting with
additional N side-dressed according to
soil test results
3-year and
4-year
(Legume residues + manure)
No fertilizer N applied at planting
N side-dressed according to test results
36. Tillage:
In the 3-year and 4-year rotations, red clover and alfalfa
are incorporated with a moldboard plow in the fall
preceding corn production. Moldboard plowing is not used
in the 2-year rotation.
38. Management practices for oat
• Soybean residue disked or field cultivated.
• Ground is then cultipacked.
• Oat (IN09201) sown with JD 1520 drill @ 80 lbs/acre
with red clover @ 12 lbs/acre or alfalfa @ 15 lbs/acre.
• Row spacing: 7.5”.
• Average oat density: 22 plants per square foot.
• Direct harvest of grain with a JD 9450 combine.
• Straw raked, baled, and removed.
• Grain stubble mowed 5 to 6 weeks later for weed
control.
• September alfalfa hay harvest possible when moisture
is sufficient.
39. Mean oat yield, 2006-2016
Rotation system
Yield, bu/acre
@ 14% moisture
3-year, oat with red clover 93 ± 3.2
4-year, oat with alfalfa 98 ± 3.3
p = 0.0011
Average test weight: 35 lb/bu
Range: 33 to 38 lb/bu
41. Sustainable agriculture
“Sustainable agriculture is the production of food, fiber, and
fuel using farming techniques that protect the environment,
public health, human communities, and animal welfare. This
form of agriculture enables us to produce a sufficient amount of
healthful food now without compromising the ability of future
generations to do the same.”
Seeding-year red clover
43. Average Nitrogen Content of Legumes
in October, 2006-2013
Shoots Roots (to 12”) Total
lb N/acre
Red clover (1st year) 112 43 155
Alfalfa (2nd year) 47 74 121
Average N content of composted manure
applied at 7 tons/acre: 101 lbs N/acre
45. Mean yields, 2006-2016
Crop 2-year 3-year 4-year
Corn (bu/acre) 192 b 198 a 201 a
Soybean (bu/acre) 47 c 53 b 56 a
Oat (bu/acre) --- 93 b 98 a
Alfalfa (tons/acre) --- --- 4.1
Sources: Liebman et al. 2008; Davis et al. 2012;
Hunt et al. 2017
46. Mean weed biomass in 2006-2016 was low in the
corn and soybean phases of each system. Weed
growth was greater in oat and alfalfa phases.
Crop phase
2-year:
Corn-Soybean
3-year:
Corn-Soybean-
Oat/Red Clover
4-year:
Corn-Soybean-
Oat/Alfalfa-
Alfalfa
lb/acre
Corn 2 b 13 a 8 ab
Soybean 3 b 18 a 7 b
Oat/legume --- 68 a 64 a
Alfalfa --- --- 52
Within rows, means followed by different letters are significantly different.
47. SDS incidence SDS severity
Large reduction in soybean
sudden death syndrome in longer rotations
Leandro et al. (in press)
48. Estimated Sheet and Rill Erosion (RUSLE2)
Tons per acre per year
2-year rotation: 1.18
3-year rotation: 1.00 (-15%)
4-year rotation: 0.78 (-34%)
49. Labor and economics, 2008-2016
Rotation
2-year 3-year 4-year
Labor inputs (hr/acre) 0.7 c 1.2 b 1.4 a
Gross returns ($/acre) 688 a 610 b 638 b
Costs of production (with
labor, but not land, $/acre)
353 a 253 c 277 b
Profits (returns to land and
management, $/acre)
335 a 357 a 361 a
Diversity greater labor requirements, lower gross
returns, lower costs, similar profits
Hunt et al. 2017 and unpublished data
50. Crop 2-year 3-year 4-year
Corn (bu/acre) 192 b 198 a 201 a
Soybean (bu/acre) 47 c 53 b 56 a
Oat (bu/acre) --- 93 b 98 a
Alfalfa (tons/acre) --- --- 4.1
Mean Yields, 2006-2016
Sources: Liebman et al. 2008; Davis et al. 2012; Hunt et al. 2017.
51. Mean annual mineral N fertilizer use,
2006-2016
Rotation 2-year 3-year 4-year
lb N/acre
Corn 152 29 24
Soybean 2 2 2
Oat -- 2 2
Alfalfa -- -- 2
Rotation average 77 11 7
Reduction -86% -91%
54. 2-yr vs. 3-yr and 4-yr: p=0.0069; average increase of 4%
3-yr vs. 4-yr: p=0.6871
191
198 199
Hunt et al. (2017)
55. • Caused by a soilborne fungus - Fusarium
virguliforme
• Root infection causes root rot and poor
root vigor
• Leaf symptoms caused by fungal toxins
moved from roots to leaves
• Disease favored by cool, wet weather
• Yield losses can be severe
Sudden Death Syndrome
59. Estimated Sheet and Rill Erosion (RUSLE2)
Tons per acre per year
2-year rotation: 1.18
3-year rotation: 0.92 (-22%)
4-year rotation: 0.71 (-40%)
60. Hunt et al. (2017)
Freshwater ecotoxicological potential of
herbicides, 2008-2016, USEtox model
61. Input costs were taken from ISU Extension’s annual report “Costs
of Crop Production in Iowa,” and from local businesses.
Machinery operation and labor costs were based on field notes
and ISU’s “Estimating field capacity of farm machines.”
Grain and hay prices were taken from marketing year averages
provided by the Iowa office of the USDA National Agricultural
Statistics Services. Subsidy payments and insurance pay-outs
were not included in revenue figures.
Manure was assumed to be generated by on-farm or near-by
livestock and without cost for the material, but with labor and
machinery costs for spreading.
Analyses were conducted for 2008-2016 data.
Economic Analyses
Cost and Price Assumptions
62. Economic performance, 2008-2016
Rotation system
2-year 3-year 4-year
Gross returns ($/acre) 688 a 618 b 642 ab
Costs of production (including
labor, but not land, $/acre)
353 a 269 b 289 b
Profits (returns to land and
management, $/acre)
335 a 349 a 353 a
Diversity lower gross returns, lower costs,
similar profits
Hunt et al. (2017) and
A. Johanns, unpublished data