This presentation details forage situation in India, its harvesting, processing, densification, conservation and marketing.

1. FEED AND FODDER MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY
Dr Jai Singh
Former Director
Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering
and Technology, Ludhiana

2. MOMENTS OF REMEMBRANCE
SEE
AHEAD

3. AIMS OBJECTIVES AND VISION
WITH WHICH THE CIHET WAS
CONCEPTUALIZED

4. THE FIRST SPADE TO LAY CIPHET
FOUNDATION

5. HONOURABLE VICE CHANCELLOR
PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
AT FOUNDATION DAY

6. DR R. S. PARAODA JI DIRECTOR GENERAL &
SECRETARY DARE, GOI, NEW DELHI -
BHOOMI POOJAN OF THE SECOND
BUILDING

7. DR R. S. PARAODA JI DIRECTOR GENERAL & SECRETARY
DARE, GOI, NEW DELHI WITH DR M S SWAMINATHAN JI –
LAYING FOUNDATION OF THE SECOND BUILDING

8. FODDER & FODDER SEED AND
FEED MANAGEMENT

9. INTRODUCTION
Livestock is an important
component of living eco - systems
in India
supporting the livelihoods of million
poor, land less laborers, small and
medium holder farmers.
Livestock improves livelihoods,
generating incomes, providing draft
power, cooking fuel, organic
manure, skin, hides etc.

10. LIVE STOCK SCENARIO IN INDIA
The domestic animals populace is about 500 million
(10th – 11th Plan)
We can be complacent that
India is the largest milk producer (121 million
tonnes),
Third largest fish producer (7.752 million tones - 28.9
and 48.62 lakh from marine and in land respectively),
Fifth largest producer of eggs and broiler (1.61& 2.3
million tonnes) ,
Ninth largest producer of poultry and
Largest exporter of buffalo meat (1 56 million tones
out of 8.69 million tonnes produce) per year.

11. FODDER SITUATION IN INDIA
•A shortfall of 64% feeds,
• 61.1% green fodder
•21.9% dry crop residues. Meet about 40 to 60 per
cent demand likely to rise to 70 per cent by 2020.
The prime sources for feeds and
fodders
• ( 8.337 million hectare), pastures and grazing
lands (10.388 million hectare),
•agro forestry and forestry fodder trees,
• fruits and vegetable wastes, agro industrial
wastes and byproducts,
• aquatic plants,
•domestic food wastes and limited slaughter house
wastes, etc.

12. scenario
In spite of large population of animals in the country (Table 1),
the productivity and profitability per animal is quite low. The
reason are many, such agro climatic conditions, genetic
potential animals reproduction disorders, in adequate health
care, lack of unsuitable housing and scientific management,
lack of organized marketing, heavy post production losses,
etc. However, the shortage of fodders and feeds
appears to be the major one (table 2). Although the
overall availability of cereal straw is already less
than requirement, even then about 8 – 11 million
tonnes of wheat and paddy straw is burnt in Punjab
and parts of Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh.
Over and above the on – fram storage, handling and
managment losses also collectively range from 17 to
32 %.

13. (Animal Husbandry Statistics ,)
Sr No. Specie
s
Population in millions (1992)
1 Cattle 268.90
2 Buffalo 084.20
3 Sheep 050.80
4 Goat 115.30
5 Horses and Ponies 000.80
6 Camels 001.00
7 Pigs 012.80
8 Mules 000.20
9 Donkeys 001.00
10 Yak / Mithuns 000.21
11 TOTAL LIVESTOCK 470.90
12 Poultry 307.10

14. Fodder and Feed Resources in India
Le us look our fodder and feed resources. The
livestock resources are mostly reared and sustained
on quantitatively in adequate and nutritionally low
quality roughages derived from crop residues (36.2 %)
and dry grasses (36.2 %).The area under cultivated
fodder crops has been constant (4.2 %) for the last
several years. The fodder and feed production
resources are given in Table 3, 4 & 5.

15. Table 2 :Requirement, Availability and Deficit in
Forage and Feeds in India ( NCA 1998)
Fodder or
Feed
Requiremen
t
( million
tonnes)
Availability
( million
tonnes)
Defici
t (%)
Concentrate
s of plant
origin
98.14 77.05 21.49
Green
Fodder
835.09 575.00 31.15
Dry Fodder 552.62 356.80 35.44

16. Table 4 : Production of Agricultural Residues and By – products and other Wastes (million t)
Sr No. Agricultural Residues and By – products and
other Wastes
Approximate Quantity / year
(million t)
1 Crop Residues
Cereals 196.8
Pulses 14.4
Oilseeds 5.8
Plantation crops 34.8
Fibre crops 17.4
Fruits 3.3
Vegetables 1.2
TOTAL 273.7
2 Agro – industrial Byproducts 18.0
Rice husk 0.5
Jute mill waste 0.3
Cotton dust 0.3
Sugarcane dust 5.3
Molasses 2.1
Sawdust 2.0
TOTAL 28.5
3 Animal and poultry wastes 943.0
4 Fishery and marine wastes 1.4
5 Community wastes 150.0
GRAND TOTAL 1396.0

17. Table 3: Land Area for Fodder Resources in India (
million ha)
Category of Land Area
Ravine and gullied lands 4.0
Alkaline areas 2.5
Shifting cultivation 3.0
Saline areas 4.5
Riverine 1.5
Costal sands 1.5
Fallows 15.0
Pastures and grazing lands 12.0
Rain fed non paddy area 10.0
Forest waste lands 25.0
Hot desert lands in Rajasthan 19.0
Cold desert in Ladakh 10.0
TOTAL 98.5

18. Table 5 : Major Biomass
Resources in INdia
Biomass Availability (
million t/year)
Rice straw 90.0
Rice husk 19.9
Jute sticks 2.5
Wheat straw 50.5
Linters and hulls 13.0
Beggase 28.1
Molasses 2.1
Coconut and husks 1.0
Oilseed cakes 6.7
Saw dust 2.0
Mahua flower 1.0
Leaves, tops, etc 3.3
TOTAL 200.1

19. DROUGHT AND FLOOD
PRONE AREAS IN INDIA
Droughts and floods are frequent features in
the country. Occurance of mild drought,
flood and snow caping take place every year.
Severe droughts and floods occur in the
frequency of 3 – 7 years. Some areas are
chronic prone to droughts and floods. Total
drought prone area is 260 m ha. The flood
prone are is 40 m ha. The state-wise
distribution of drought and flood prone area
and natural disasters affected area is
presented in Tables 6, 7 and 8.

20. DROUGHTS AND FLOODS EFFECT
Droughts, floods and snow capping are
another recurring natural factors
creating acute shortage of feeds and
fodders in one or the other region of
the country every year. The droughts of
1966, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1983,
1983, 1987, 1992 and 2000 affected 50
to 200 million people at every
occurrence

21. Table 6 :DROUGHT PRONE AREAS IN INDIA (
Environment Statistics 1999)
State Number of
Districts
Area Sq km
Andhra Pradesh 8 125113
Bihar 7 43384
Gujrat 12 121239
Haryana 4 17588
Jammu & Kashmir 2 15999
Karnataka 14 152163
Madhya Pradesh 11 87219
Maharashtra 9 123767
Orissa 2 22862
Rajasthan 13 218950
Tamil Nadu 8 84091
Uttar Pradesh 6 43033
West Bengal 3 26721

22. Table 7 :Flood Affected Areas in India and Crop
and livestock loss ( Environment
Statistics 1999)
Area Damage
Area affected 07.44 m ha
Population
affected
32.22 m
Cattle lost 01.00 m
number
Cropped area 03.48 m ha

23. Fodder Shortage During Mild and Severe Drought
Condition
India faced severe droughts during 1877, 18999, 1919,
1946, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1979, 1987, 1999 and 2000 –
2002.The dry grasses, crop residues, ago industrial by
products and forest fallings become the sole source of
animal diet. A huge quantity of voluminous material need
to be hauld from the areas of surplus to the areas of
deficit within and / or out side the states to mitigate the
adverse effect of aberrant conditions. About 60 million
tonnes during mild drought years and about 162 million
tonnes need to be hauled through lorries and railway
wagons.

24. Table 8 :Frequently
Occurring Natural Disasters
in India
Type Location / Area Affected
Populati
on
Cyclones Entire 5700 km long
coastline in 9 States
10 m
Floods * major river valleys
over 40 m ha
260
Droughts 14 States 086 m

25. Areas of Trade Opportunity in Fodders and Feeds
The following are the promising areas.
Project-1: Grasses, Crop Residues and
Byproducts Based Roughage Feed:
Collection; urea/ ammonia treatment; size reduction;
molasses, salt, lime treatment and densification in
rectangular blocks of definite length and weight. Such
blocks can be stored in open area for a period of over 4
years. The handling, storage and transport of these
blocks becomes easy because the volume is reduced
to 3.5 to 4 times. Similar will be the effect on transport
to distant places.

26. Cost Analysis on Infrastructure and machinery
required:
 Collection from production area and supply at
the processing site will be on contract basis.
The value to be paid will be the cost of raw
material.
 Land area of 65 x 65 m for raw material ( 70 Kg
/ cubic meter), its treating, chaffing,
densification and stacking of densified bales (
350 kg per cubic meter) and movement of
truck for loading to transport. A ACC room of
4x6 m for store , a room of 4x4 m for the site
manager and a shed of 8m x 24m to house the
chopper and densifying machine ( both Rs
2.25 lakh) will be required.

27. •Machinery, Tools and Equipment –6
hand forks , 2 spade, 2 urea sprayer,
2 molasses sprayer, water hand
pump, chopper, densifying machine,
wire, urea (@ 2 % of dry mater),
molasses (@ 4 % of dry matter), 3
polythene sheet covers 20m x 20 m
size.
•Power and labor – 3 laborers, 1 security
person, 1 supervisor cum accountant, 20
kw electric connection.

28.  Capacity:- The capacity of above plant will be 8 -12
tonnes per day of 8 hours. The normal block size is 35 cm
x 35 cm x 65 cm and weighs 20 Kg. The block size is
adjustable in length from 35 cm to 70 cm.
 Total cost of processing and handling will range around
Rs 240 per 1000 kg.
 Cost of raw material at site will range around Rs 1000
per 1000 kg.
 Sale price for such feed at site will range Rs 2000 per
1000 kg.
 The apparent benefit ( excluding the expanses on land
and interest on initial working capital ) will be Rs 760 per
tonne.

29. Project-2: Herbal Fortified Grasses, Crop
Residues and Byproducts Based Ready to
Serve Feed:
The feed explained in formulation 1 above will be
fortified with tree leaves, berseem, alfaalfa or other
leguminous fodder in certain proportion to suit to
the condition of the animal. Rest of the process,
tools, plants and machinery and processing cost
will remain unchanged.

30. Project- 3: Herbal Energy and Nutrition Feed
This is a leaf meal prepared using tree leaves such
as leucaena, siris, khejri, berseem, alfaalfa and other
legumes. The leaves are dried, ground and
pelletized. The dry leaf production will be about 12
tonnes per ha. In case of trees 47.6 tonnes wood
mass will be additional.. This wood mass if
converted in to charcoal and briquetted will fetch Rs
1.08 lakh / ha / year. The leaf biomass can be either
pelletized ( 12 – 15 mm diameter and 20 – 25 mm
length) or briquetted ( 20 mm dia 25 – 35 mm length).
Average density of finished product will be 800 –
1000 Kg / cubic meter.

31. Project –4: Roughage Based Complete Feed Block –
Export Product
These feed blocks are prepared using crop residues, tree
leaves, leguminous material, concentrate constituents,
urea, molasses, salt, mineral mixer and lime in appropriate
proportion for different category and productivity of animal
. Such blocks can have brick, rectangular / cubical blocks
or briquettes
Tools and Plants for the project will include 4 hand forks, 4
spade, 1 urea sprayer, 1 molasses sprayer, 1 leaf mill, 1
mixer, 1 densifying machine / briquetting machine / feed
block machine, 1 drier, 1 plat form balance, 1 sieve, 1
packaging machine.

32. Project – 5:Leaf Meal Based Complete Feed Block /
Briqutte – Export Product
These feed blocks are prepared using tree leaves,
leguminous material, concentrate constituents, urea,
molasses, salt, mineral mixer and lime in appropriate
proportion for different category and productivity of
animal . Such blocks will be in the form of a brick wrapped
with thin plastic.
Tools and Plants for the project will include 4 hand forks,
4 spade, 1 urea sprayer, 1 molasses sprayer, 1 leaf mill, 1
mixer, feed block machine, 1 drier, 1 plat form balance, 1
sieve, 1 packaging equipment.

33. Low Cost Concentrate Feed Formulations
Formulation 1 :This was found suitable in Santhal Parganas,
hazaribagh,Giridhi, Dhanbad, Ranchi, Darbhanga, Samastipur,
Madhubani, Begusarai, Purnea and Kathar. The feed comprised rce
bran 25 %, wheat bran 5 %, maize 18 %, mustard cake 20 %,linseed
cake 10 %, gram chuni 20 %, salt 1 %, and lime 1 %.
Formulation 2 : This was found suitable in Assam plains. The feed
comprised: Mustard cake 30 %, rice bran 30 %, maize 18 %, Kalai
churi 20 %, salt 1 % and lime 1%.
Formulation 3: Low cost goat feed comprised of dried tree leaves (
ber, pipal and sisris ) 68 %, barley grain 30 %, mineral mixer 1 %, and
salt 1 %.
Formulation 4: The complete feed formation hydraulic press type
machine costs about Rs 4.0 lakh. It produces rectangular polythene
covered feed blocks of 0.5 cubic feet. The cost of such feed is about
Rs350 per 100 Kg.The blocks are made of wheat bran, rice bran,
mustard and ground nut cake, urea, molasses, mineral mixer and salt.

34. The complete feed formation hydraulic press type machine costs
about Rs 4.0 lakh. It produces rectangular polythene covered
feed blocks of 0.5 cubic feet. The cost of such feed is about Rs350
per 100 Kg.The blocks are made of wheat bran, rice bran,
mustard and ground nut cake, urea, molasses, mineral mixer and
salt

35. The complete feed formation hydraulic press
type machine costs about Rs 4.0 lakh. It
produces rectangular polythene covered
feed blocks of 0.5 cubic feet. The cost of
such feed is about Rs350 per 100 Kg.The
blocks are made of wheat bran, rice bran,
mustard and ground nut cake, urea,
molasses, mineral mixer and salt

36. •Increases bulk density and reduces wastage
and problem of handling, storage and
transport
•Utilize the otherwise unutilized feed
resources
•Reduces the cost of feed per unit of milk
production and unit weight gain compared to
conventional feeding
•Provide a balanced complete ration in
situations of drought and natural calamities
•Do not require green fodder if synthetic
vitamin A is being added in complete feed
blocks.

37. Advantage of Complete Feed Blocks
 Processing of bulky and fibrous complete diets and
concntrates of livestock and poultry.
 Complete sterlization and gelatization of feed
 Reduces the processing cost and increase the rate of
production compared to conventional pelleting

38. Tools , equipment
and machinery
developed at igfri,
jhansi

39. FODDER HARVESTING MACHINE

40. GRASS HARVESTING FLAIL MOWER

41. HARVESTING CHAFFING AND LOADING

42. LEGUMINOUS CROP HARVESTING FOR HAYING

43. BERSEEM & ALFAALFA HARVESTER

44. FLAIL FORAGE HARVESTER

45. HAY WINDROWING

46. HAY WINDROWING AND AIRING FOR DRYING

47. MECHANICA HAY DRIER

48. STRAW TRANSPORT MENACE

49. STRAW DENSIFICATION

50. FORAGE DENSIFICATION IN PROGR

51. DENSIFIED FEED BLOCKS

52. FORAGE DENSIFYING MACHINE

53. FEED BRIQUETTING

54. FEED PELLETS

56. GRASS SEED COLLECTION MANUALLY

57. HAND PICKED GRASS SEED

58. HAND HELD TOOL TO SWEEP
OUT RIPENED SEED

59. Grass seed collection

60. TRACTOR FRONT MOUNTED GRASS
SEED HARVESTER – IMPACT TYPE

61. MANUAL SEED HARVESTER – WHEEL TYPE

62. BULLOCK DRIVEN SEED
HARVESTER

63. GRASS SEED
PELLETING MACHINE

64. PELLETING HAND TOOLAND MACHINE

65. HAY MAKING ON SIMPLE FENCE

66. GEASS HAY DRYING ON TRIPODS

67. TRACTOR OPEARTED
GRASS SEED HARVESTER
IT IS POWERED BY REAR TRACTOR
WHEEL. THE SWEEPING REEL CAN BE
ADJUSTED ACCOORDING TO THE
CROP CONDIDTION.
THE SWEPT GRASS SEED IS
COLLECTED IN THE ATTACHED
CONTAINER

68. HAND HAY BALER

69. HAND HAY BALEER

71. FORAGE WAFERS

72. AQUA FEED MILL & MANURE
PELLETING

74. TREE FOLIAGE PRUNER

75. FODDER ENSILING

76. ENSILAGE PIT COVERED

77. ENSILAGE TAKING OUT FOR FEEDING

78. SOIL LESS FODDER FORDUCTION CHAMBER

79. DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE FODDER
PRODUCING CHAMBER

80. SEVEN DAYS CROP IN GROWING CHAMBER

81. DIFFERENT STAGES

82. THANKS AND WARM
GRRETINGS FOR THE
NEW YEAR 2015