Post transcriptional changes
•Download as PPSX, PDF•
1 like•216 views
1. mRNA undergoes three main post-transcriptional processing steps: capping, polyadenylation, and splicing. 2. Capping adds a 5' methylguanosine cap that protects the mRNA from degradation and enhances translation and transport from the nucleus to cytoplasm. 3. Polyadenylation adds a poly-A tail at the 3' end that provides stability and facilitates export of the mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
central dogma of genetic information and DNA replication
The document discusses three scientific studies related to genetic information and DNA replication. The first study provides visual evidence of "zip code" signaling that ensures mRNA is transported to the correct location in the cell for protein synthesis. The second study captures images of the interaction between the origin recognition complex (ORC) and helicase during DNA replication, revealing how their positioning facilitates binding to DNA. The third study details the cryo-electron microscope images obtained of the helicase loading process onto DNA, showing how ORC shifting induces a spiral shape matching DNA's structure.
RNA PROCESSING
RNA processing is the set of post-transcriptional modifications that produce a mature RNA molecule from a primary transcript in eukaryotic cells. This involves adding a 5' cap, polyadenylating the 3' end, and splicing out introns. Polyadenylation involves cleavage of the nascent RNA downstream of the AAUAAA sequence by ribonuclease, followed by addition of around 200 adenine nucleotides to the 3' end by poly(A) polymerase. The spliceosome, composed of small nuclear RNAs and proteins, facilitates splicing by binding to splice sites on the RNA and catalyzing transesterification reactions to remove introns and ligate exons.
Genetic control of protein synthesis
The document describes the genetic control of protein synthesis. It discusses how genes in the cell nucleus control protein synthesis through the processes of transcription and translation. There are approximately 30,000 genes in each cell, each composed of DNA. During transcription, the DNA code is transferred to an RNA code, which then directs protein synthesis. The main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and miRNA - are described along with their roles in protein synthesis. Translation and the genetic code are also summarized.
mRNA This splicing
Split genes contain both coding (exon) and non-coding (intron) regions. During mRNA splicing, introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined together to form mature mRNA. This process is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a complex of five small nuclear RNAs and numerous proteins. The spliceosome facilitates two transesterification reactions which remove the intron and ligate the exons, allowing gene sequences to code for multiple proteins through alternative splicing. Splicing increases gene and protein diversity in the cell.
Protein splicing
a molecular process for the removal of undesired regions of protein from pre-pro form to final translational protein
Rna splicing
This document summarizes RNA splicing. It begins with a brief history of the discovery of RNA splicing and defines key terms like intron, exon, and spliceosome. The main part of the document describes the process of RNA splicing, where the spliceosome removes introns from pre-mRNA and joins the exons to produce mRNA. Finally, it discusses some applications of RNA splicing in gene expression, protein diversity, and cancer.
RNA Splicing
RNA splicing is a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA (mRNA) is transformed into a mature RNA by removing the non-coding sequences termed introns.
The process of RNA splicing involves the removal of non-coding sequences or introns and joining of the coding sequences or exons.
RNA splicing takes place during or immediately after transcription within the nucleus in the case of nucleus-encoded genes.
In eukaryotic cells, RNA splicing is crucial as it ensures that an immature RNA molecule is converted into a mature molecule that can then be translated into proteins. The post-transcriptional modification is not necessary for prokaryotic cells.
mRNA stability by kk sahu
Introduction of mRNA & stability
Stabilization of mRNA
5’ capping
3’ polyadenylation
Destabilization of mRNA
Conclusion
References
Recommended
central dogma of genetic information and DNA replication
The document discusses three scientific studies related to genetic information and DNA replication. The first study provides visual evidence of "zip code" signaling that ensures mRNA is transported to the correct location in the cell for protein synthesis. The second study captures images of the interaction between the origin recognition complex (ORC) and helicase during DNA replication, revealing how their positioning facilitates binding to DNA. The third study details the cryo-electron microscope images obtained of the helicase loading process onto DNA, showing how ORC shifting induces a spiral shape matching DNA's structure.
RNA PROCESSING
RNA processing is the set of post-transcriptional modifications that produce a mature RNA molecule from a primary transcript in eukaryotic cells. This involves adding a 5' cap, polyadenylating the 3' end, and splicing out introns. Polyadenylation involves cleavage of the nascent RNA downstream of the AAUAAA sequence by ribonuclease, followed by addition of around 200 adenine nucleotides to the 3' end by poly(A) polymerase. The spliceosome, composed of small nuclear RNAs and proteins, facilitates splicing by binding to splice sites on the RNA and catalyzing transesterification reactions to remove introns and ligate exons.
Genetic control of protein synthesis
The document describes the genetic control of protein synthesis. It discusses how genes in the cell nucleus control protein synthesis through the processes of transcription and translation. There are approximately 30,000 genes in each cell, each composed of DNA. During transcription, the DNA code is transferred to an RNA code, which then directs protein synthesis. The main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and miRNA - are described along with their roles in protein synthesis. Translation and the genetic code are also summarized.
mRNA This splicing
Split genes contain both coding (exon) and non-coding (intron) regions. During mRNA splicing, introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined together to form mature mRNA. This process is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a complex of five small nuclear RNAs and numerous proteins. The spliceosome facilitates two transesterification reactions which remove the intron and ligate the exons, allowing gene sequences to code for multiple proteins through alternative splicing. Splicing increases gene and protein diversity in the cell.
Protein splicing
a molecular process for the removal of undesired regions of protein from pre-pro form to final translational protein
Rna splicing
This document summarizes RNA splicing. It begins with a brief history of the discovery of RNA splicing and defines key terms like intron, exon, and spliceosome. The main part of the document describes the process of RNA splicing, where the spliceosome removes introns from pre-mRNA and joins the exons to produce mRNA. Finally, it discusses some applications of RNA splicing in gene expression, protein diversity, and cancer.
RNA Splicing
RNA splicing is a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA (mRNA) is transformed into a mature RNA by removing the non-coding sequences termed introns.
The process of RNA splicing involves the removal of non-coding sequences or introns and joining of the coding sequences or exons.
RNA splicing takes place during or immediately after transcription within the nucleus in the case of nucleus-encoded genes.
In eukaryotic cells, RNA splicing is crucial as it ensures that an immature RNA molecule is converted into a mature molecule that can then be translated into proteins. The post-transcriptional modification is not necessary for prokaryotic cells.
mRNA stability by kk sahu
Introduction of mRNA & stability
Stabilization of mRNA
5’ capping
3’ polyadenylation
Destabilization of mRNA
Conclusion
References
5' cap
This document discusses the 5' terminal m7G cap structure found on eukaryotic messenger RNA. It summarizes that the cap evolved in eukaryotes to serve as an alternative to the prokaryotic Shine-Dalgarno sequence for directing ribosomes to mRNA. The structure of the cap involves a 5' to 5' triphosphate bridge and methyl group on the guanine nitrogen. Capping occurs co-transcriptionally within 30 nucleotides of the 5' end. The cap protects mRNA from degradation, marks the translation start site, and facilitates translation initiation and splicing.
Spliceosome
The document summarizes the spliceosome-mediated RNA splicing mechanism. It discusses how short RNA molecules called snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5, U6) associate with proteins to form snRNPs. These snRNPs bind to pre-mRNA transcripts to form a series of complexes, the last being the spliceosome, where splicing reactions occur. The assembly process involves the formation of commitment complex E, pre-spliceosome complex A upon U2 binding, and spliceosome B1 upon U4/U6 and U5 binding. U1 is then released and U6 interacts with the 5' splice site in complex B2, bringing the 3' and 5' splice
Post transcription
This document summarizes various aspects of post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes. It discusses:
1) Primary transcripts (hnRNA) that are processed in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm. Processing includes 5' capping, splicing of introns, and 3' polyadenylation.
2) Splicing of pre-mRNA involves recognition of splice sites, branch formation using an internal A, and ligation of exons via transesterification reactions. This is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a large complex containing 5 snRNAs and associated proteins.
3) Other types of RNA processing addressed include rRNA and tRNA processing, as well as different classes of
RNA Processing
Messenger RNA (mRNA) undergoes several types of processing in eukaryotes. mRNA contains 5' and 3' untranslated regions and a protein coding region. In eukaryotes, a 5' cap and poly-A tail are added. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA through splicing in the nucleus. Alternative splicing and cleavage sites allow one gene to code for multiple proteins. RNA editing can further modify the mRNA sequence. These processing steps allow for gene regulation and protein diversity from a single DNA sequence.
Pre trans splicing gene therapy
This document summarizes pre-RNA trans-splicing as a gene therapy technique. It involves joining exons from two different primary RNA transcripts end to end through the spliceosome. This emerging technique can be used to repair mutated mRNA by providing an externally designed pre-trans-splicing molecule containing the corrected coding sequence. The technique has been studied for diseases like cystic fibrosis and hemophilia in animal models, showing significant repair. One application is for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, where trans-splicing could replace the mutated dystrophin exon. While still in pre-clinical research, pre-RNA trans-splicing offers targeted repair of mutated genes with potential advantages over other gene therapy approaches.
Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)
MALAT1 is a long non-coding RNA that is overexpressed in many cancers and associated with poor prognosis. It plays roles in alternative splicing, transcriptional regulation, acting as a ceRNA, and conferring drug resistance. Specifically, it localizes to nuclear speckles and regulates alternative splicing by interacting with splicing factors like SR proteins. It also interacts with PRC2 and recruits it to target genes to repress transcription. Additionally, MALAT1 can act as a ceRNA by sponging various miRNAs to regulate genes involved in processes like migration, invasion, and stemness.
Micro rn as gene silencing prez
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in eukaryotes by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. MiRNAs undergo a complex biogenesis process, where they are processed from pri-miRNA to pre-miRNA and finally to a mature miRNA incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). As part of RISC, miRNAs guide mRNA cleavage or translational repression of target genes by binding to partially complementary sites. This miRNA-mediated gene silencing plays important roles in diverse biological processes such as development, differentiation, and metabolism.
Rna splicing
The document discusses RNA splicing and the spliceosome. It notes that Phillip Allen Sharp co-discovered RNA splicing and won the 1993 Nobel Prize for discovering that eukaryotic genes contain introns that are removed from messenger RNA through splicing. It then provides details about the spliceosome, a large molecular machine that helps remove introns. The spliceosome is made up of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) including U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6, which act in complexes E, A, B and C during the splicing process.
mRNA stability and localization
mRNA stability and localization.RNA is critical at many stages of gene expression. How frequently it will be translated, how long it is likely to survive, and where in the cell it will be translated. RNA cis-elements & associated proteins
concept of gene and protein synthesis
The document provides an overview of concepts related to genes and protein synthesis. It discusses the classical and modern concepts of genes, how genes are expressed through transcription and translation, and the central dogma of molecular biology whereby DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. Key aspects covered include DNA and RNA structure, the genetic code, transcription initiation and elongation, translation via ribosomes, and termination of protein synthesis.
Alternative splicing by kk sahu
Introduction
What RNA Splicing???
Discovery
Types
Alternative Splicing
Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
Diseases
Conclusion
Refrences
Post transcription and wobble hypothesis
POST TRANSCRIPTION
It is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells.
WOBBLE HYPOTHESIS is the base pairing that occurs between nitrogen bases.
Gene expression
Gene expression and regulation is a complex multi-step process that controls when and where genes are expressed. There are two main stages: transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins in the cytoplasm. Gene expression can be regulated at many steps, most commonly by controlling the initiation of transcription through transcription factors that bind to regulatory sequences. This precise regulation of genes allows cells to differentiate and adapt, and is essential for development and response to the environment.
Small nuclear rna
Presentation describes types of sn-RNA its classes,translation of sn-RNA,post translational mechanisms and its role in rna spliceosomal mediated splicing of RNA, and 3' end maturation of histone genes.It also gives information about different diseases related to sn-RNA
Processing and modification of RNA
This document summarizes various processes involved in RNA processing in eukaryotes. It discusses 5' capping and polyadenylation of pre-mRNA, as well as splicing of introns and exons. Splicing involves two transesterification reactions catalyzed by a spliceosome complex containing U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). Alternative splicing and RNA editing are also described, where editing can involve base modification or insertion/deletion of nucleotides guided by small RNAs.
PhD Abstract
This document discusses oxidoreductases, enzymes that catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds, in Neisseria meningitidis. N. meningitidis contains three oxidoreductases, NmDsbA1, NmDsbA2, and NmDsbA3, which share varying levels of amino acid homology. While NmDsbA1 and NmDsbA3 can catalyze disulfide bonds in some substrates like PilE and PilQ, NmDsbA3 cannot catalyze bonds in these substrates. The document examines the structures and functions of the three oxidoreductases to better understand their differing substrate specificities.
Molecular biology of the gene ch 13 rna splicing part1
This document discusses RNA splicing in eukaryotic genes. It describes how introns and exons can vary greatly in size between genes, with introns often being much longer than exons. The splicing process is directed by splice sites and branch point sequences in the pre-mRNA. It involves two transesterification reactions that cut out the intron and join the exons. This splicing reaction is carried out by a large molecular machine called the spliceosome, which contains five small nuclear RNAs and associated proteins. The spliceosome recognizes splice sites and catalyzes the chemical reactions of splicing.
Translational regulation of development
Control of gene expression at the translation level can occur through differential mRNA longevity, selective inhibition of mRNA translation, microRNAs, and cytoplasmic localization. Differential mRNA longevity allows some mRNAs to persist longer in the cytoplasm and be translated more by mechanisms like a longer poly-A tail. Selective inhibition prevents translation of stored mRNAs in oocytes through inhibitors like Maskin that are displaced after fertilization. MicroRNAs bind target mRNAs and inhibit their translation by blocking ribosome binding or recruiting enzymes to digest the mRNA. Cytoplasmic localization restricts some mRNAs to specific cell positions through diffusion and anchoring, localized protection from degradation, or active transport along the cytoskeleton.
Biochemistry (protein synthesis)
This document provides information about protein synthesis and the role of genes in controlling cellular activities. It discusses how DNA contains instructions in genes that are used to produce mRNA through transcription. The mRNA then directs protein synthesis through translation with the help of tRNA. Proteins fold into complex 3D structures determined by amino acid sequences that allow them to perform specific functions. Issues can arise if errors occur during protein production.
Rna splicing
RNA splicing is the process by which introns, or non-coding sequences, are removed from pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) to produce mature mRNA that can be translated into protein. Most genes contain introns that are removed by a spliceosome, a complex of RNA and proteins, leaving just the coding exons to form mRNA. Alternative splicing allows one gene to encode multiple proteins by selecting different combinations of exons. Errors in splicing can cause diseases if they result in truncated or abnormal proteins.
Rna processing
RNA processing occur in the pimary mRNA, capping,polyadenylation,splicing process combine together and complet processing. it occur only in eukaryotes
RNA processing final eukaryotes.
This document discusses RNA processing in eukaryotic cells. It describes how the primary transcript is modified through capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being exported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Capping adds a 5' methylguanosine cap. Polyadenylation adds a poly-A tail to the 3' end. Splicing removes introns and joins exons with the help of spliceosomes that contain snRNPs. These processing steps increase mRNA stability and translatability.
More Related Content
What's hot
5' cap
This document discusses the 5' terminal m7G cap structure found on eukaryotic messenger RNA. It summarizes that the cap evolved in eukaryotes to serve as an alternative to the prokaryotic Shine-Dalgarno sequence for directing ribosomes to mRNA. The structure of the cap involves a 5' to 5' triphosphate bridge and methyl group on the guanine nitrogen. Capping occurs co-transcriptionally within 30 nucleotides of the 5' end. The cap protects mRNA from degradation, marks the translation start site, and facilitates translation initiation and splicing.
Spliceosome
The document summarizes the spliceosome-mediated RNA splicing mechanism. It discusses how short RNA molecules called snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5, U6) associate with proteins to form snRNPs. These snRNPs bind to pre-mRNA transcripts to form a series of complexes, the last being the spliceosome, where splicing reactions occur. The assembly process involves the formation of commitment complex E, pre-spliceosome complex A upon U2 binding, and spliceosome B1 upon U4/U6 and U5 binding. U1 is then released and U6 interacts with the 5' splice site in complex B2, bringing the 3' and 5' splice
Post transcription
This document summarizes various aspects of post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes. It discusses:
1) Primary transcripts (hnRNA) that are processed in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm. Processing includes 5' capping, splicing of introns, and 3' polyadenylation.
2) Splicing of pre-mRNA involves recognition of splice sites, branch formation using an internal A, and ligation of exons via transesterification reactions. This is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a large complex containing 5 snRNAs and associated proteins.
3) Other types of RNA processing addressed include rRNA and tRNA processing, as well as different classes of
RNA Processing
Messenger RNA (mRNA) undergoes several types of processing in eukaryotes. mRNA contains 5' and 3' untranslated regions and a protein coding region. In eukaryotes, a 5' cap and poly-A tail are added. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA through splicing in the nucleus. Alternative splicing and cleavage sites allow one gene to code for multiple proteins. RNA editing can further modify the mRNA sequence. These processing steps allow for gene regulation and protein diversity from a single DNA sequence.
Pre trans splicing gene therapy
This document summarizes pre-RNA trans-splicing as a gene therapy technique. It involves joining exons from two different primary RNA transcripts end to end through the spliceosome. This emerging technique can be used to repair mutated mRNA by providing an externally designed pre-trans-splicing molecule containing the corrected coding sequence. The technique has been studied for diseases like cystic fibrosis and hemophilia in animal models, showing significant repair. One application is for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, where trans-splicing could replace the mutated dystrophin exon. While still in pre-clinical research, pre-RNA trans-splicing offers targeted repair of mutated genes with potential advantages over other gene therapy approaches.
Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)
MALAT1 is a long non-coding RNA that is overexpressed in many cancers and associated with poor prognosis. It plays roles in alternative splicing, transcriptional regulation, acting as a ceRNA, and conferring drug resistance. Specifically, it localizes to nuclear speckles and regulates alternative splicing by interacting with splicing factors like SR proteins. It also interacts with PRC2 and recruits it to target genes to repress transcription. Additionally, MALAT1 can act as a ceRNA by sponging various miRNAs to regulate genes involved in processes like migration, invasion, and stemness.
Micro rn as gene silencing prez
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in eukaryotes by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. MiRNAs undergo a complex biogenesis process, where they are processed from pri-miRNA to pre-miRNA and finally to a mature miRNA incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). As part of RISC, miRNAs guide mRNA cleavage or translational repression of target genes by binding to partially complementary sites. This miRNA-mediated gene silencing plays important roles in diverse biological processes such as development, differentiation, and metabolism.
Rna splicing
The document discusses RNA splicing and the spliceosome. It notes that Phillip Allen Sharp co-discovered RNA splicing and won the 1993 Nobel Prize for discovering that eukaryotic genes contain introns that are removed from messenger RNA through splicing. It then provides details about the spliceosome, a large molecular machine that helps remove introns. The spliceosome is made up of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) including U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6, which act in complexes E, A, B and C during the splicing process.
mRNA stability and localization
mRNA stability and localization.RNA is critical at many stages of gene expression. How frequently it will be translated, how long it is likely to survive, and where in the cell it will be translated. RNA cis-elements & associated proteins
concept of gene and protein synthesis
The document provides an overview of concepts related to genes and protein synthesis. It discusses the classical and modern concepts of genes, how genes are expressed through transcription and translation, and the central dogma of molecular biology whereby DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. Key aspects covered include DNA and RNA structure, the genetic code, transcription initiation and elongation, translation via ribosomes, and termination of protein synthesis.
Alternative splicing by kk sahu
Introduction
What RNA Splicing???
Discovery
Types
Alternative Splicing
Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
Diseases
Conclusion
Refrences
Post transcription and wobble hypothesis
POST TRANSCRIPTION
It is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells.
WOBBLE HYPOTHESIS is the base pairing that occurs between nitrogen bases.
Gene expression
Gene expression and regulation is a complex multi-step process that controls when and where genes are expressed. There are two main stages: transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins in the cytoplasm. Gene expression can be regulated at many steps, most commonly by controlling the initiation of transcription through transcription factors that bind to regulatory sequences. This precise regulation of genes allows cells to differentiate and adapt, and is essential for development and response to the environment.
Small nuclear rna
Presentation describes types of sn-RNA its classes,translation of sn-RNA,post translational mechanisms and its role in rna spliceosomal mediated splicing of RNA, and 3' end maturation of histone genes.It also gives information about different diseases related to sn-RNA
Processing and modification of RNA
This document summarizes various processes involved in RNA processing in eukaryotes. It discusses 5' capping and polyadenylation of pre-mRNA, as well as splicing of introns and exons. Splicing involves two transesterification reactions catalyzed by a spliceosome complex containing U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). Alternative splicing and RNA editing are also described, where editing can involve base modification or insertion/deletion of nucleotides guided by small RNAs.
PhD Abstract
This document discusses oxidoreductases, enzymes that catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds, in Neisseria meningitidis. N. meningitidis contains three oxidoreductases, NmDsbA1, NmDsbA2, and NmDsbA3, which share varying levels of amino acid homology. While NmDsbA1 and NmDsbA3 can catalyze disulfide bonds in some substrates like PilE and PilQ, NmDsbA3 cannot catalyze bonds in these substrates. The document examines the structures and functions of the three oxidoreductases to better understand their differing substrate specificities.
Molecular biology of the gene ch 13 rna splicing part1
This document discusses RNA splicing in eukaryotic genes. It describes how introns and exons can vary greatly in size between genes, with introns often being much longer than exons. The splicing process is directed by splice sites and branch point sequences in the pre-mRNA. It involves two transesterification reactions that cut out the intron and join the exons. This splicing reaction is carried out by a large molecular machine called the spliceosome, which contains five small nuclear RNAs and associated proteins. The spliceosome recognizes splice sites and catalyzes the chemical reactions of splicing.
Translational regulation of development
Control of gene expression at the translation level can occur through differential mRNA longevity, selective inhibition of mRNA translation, microRNAs, and cytoplasmic localization. Differential mRNA longevity allows some mRNAs to persist longer in the cytoplasm and be translated more by mechanisms like a longer poly-A tail. Selective inhibition prevents translation of stored mRNAs in oocytes through inhibitors like Maskin that are displaced after fertilization. MicroRNAs bind target mRNAs and inhibit their translation by blocking ribosome binding or recruiting enzymes to digest the mRNA. Cytoplasmic localization restricts some mRNAs to specific cell positions through diffusion and anchoring, localized protection from degradation, or active transport along the cytoskeleton.
Biochemistry (protein synthesis)
This document provides information about protein synthesis and the role of genes in controlling cellular activities. It discusses how DNA contains instructions in genes that are used to produce mRNA through transcription. The mRNA then directs protein synthesis through translation with the help of tRNA. Proteins fold into complex 3D structures determined by amino acid sequences that allow them to perform specific functions. Issues can arise if errors occur during protein production.
Rna splicing
RNA splicing is the process by which introns, or non-coding sequences, are removed from pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) to produce mature mRNA that can be translated into protein. Most genes contain introns that are removed by a spliceosome, a complex of RNA and proteins, leaving just the coding exons to form mRNA. Alternative splicing allows one gene to encode multiple proteins by selecting different combinations of exons. Errors in splicing can cause diseases if they result in truncated or abnormal proteins.
What's hot (20)
Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)
Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)
Molecular biology of the gene ch 13 rna splicing part1
Molecular biology of the gene ch 13 rna splicing part1
Similar to Post transcriptional changes
Rna processing
RNA processing occur in the pimary mRNA, capping,polyadenylation,splicing process combine together and complet processing. it occur only in eukaryotes
RNA processing final eukaryotes.
This document discusses RNA processing in eukaryotic cells. It describes how the primary transcript is modified through capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being exported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Capping adds a 5' methylguanosine cap. Polyadenylation adds a poly-A tail to the 3' end. Splicing removes introns and joins exons with the help of spliceosomes that contain snRNPs. These processing steps increase mRNA stability and translatability.
Group 6 - Post Transcriptional Modifications (RNA Splicng and ALternative Spl...
Alternative splicing allows a single gene to encode multiple proteins. It occurs when introns are differentially spliced out of pre-mRNA, allowing exons to be joined in various combinations. This increases proteome diversity and regulates key cellular processes. Alternative splicing is regulated by elements in exons and introns that bind proteins to promote or suppress inclusion of sequence regions. Errors can contribute to diseases.
hn RNA processing
The document discusses various processes involved in eukaryotic mRNA processing. It explains that in eukaryotes, pre-mRNA undergoes 5' capping, 3' cleavage and polyadenylation, splicing, and methylation to become a mature mRNA. These processes are guided by hnRNP and snRNP particles. The document also discusses alternative mRNA processing mechanisms like alternative splicing and polyadenylation that generate multiple mRNA isoforms from a single pre-mRNA.
Post transcriptional modification of proteins
The document summarizes the process of post-transcriptional modification of proteins in eukaryotes. It describes how the primary transcript (hnRNA) undergoes three major processes - capping, polyadenylation, and splicing. Capping adds a 7-methyl guanosine cap to the 5' end. Polyadenylation adds around 200-210 adenine nucleotides to the 3' end. Splicing removes introns and joins exons to produce a mature mRNA by recognizing GU and AG sequences at intron-exon boundaries.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PPT.pptx
This document summarizes the processing of pre-mRNA to mRNA in eukaryotic cells. It discusses how a 5' cap is added to the transcript during transcription. Specifically, it explains that a modified guanine nucleotide with a methyl group is added to the first 20-40 nucleotides of the growing transcript. This 5' cap protects the mRNA from degradation and helps distinguish it from other RNAs. It also facilitates translation by marking the start site and allowing the ribosome to bind.
POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN EUKARYOTES
1) Eukaryotic mRNAs undergo post-transcriptional processing in the cell nucleus, including addition of a 5' cap and 3' polyadenylated tail.
2) The 5' cap consists of a 7-methylguanosine residue joined to the initial nucleotide via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge, and is added co-transcriptionally.
3) Mature mRNAs also contain a poly(A) tail of around 250 nucleotides added by poly(A) polymerase to the 3' end after cleavage of the primary transcript.
Post-Transcriptional Modification
The document summarizes several key post-transcriptional processes involved in modifying mRNA in eukaryotes. These include 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, intron removal through splicing, and the role of heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) in transporting mRNA out of the nucleus. The splicing process involves small nuclear RNAs binding in a spliceosome to catalyze two transesterification reactions that remove introns and ligate exons. Mature mRNA can also be generated through trans-splicing of separate RNA molecules or alternative splicing of different exons from the same gene. Nuclear pore complexes selectively transport molecules including mRNA in and out of the nucleus.
Post-Transcriptional Modification of Eukaryotic mRNA
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation describes various co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional RNA modifications in eukaryotic cells. The following processes are described in detail:
1. 5' mRNA Capping
2. Splicing
3. Alternative Splicing
4. 3' Polyadenylation
5. RNA Editing
Enjoy Reading.
281 lec14 eukaryptic_transcription
The document summarizes transcription in eukaryotes. It discusses that eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases that transcribe different RNA molecules. It describes the structure of eukaryotic genes including exons, introns, the 5' UTR and 3' UTR. The transcription process involves RNA polymerase binding to promoters and assembling with transcription factors to form the preinitiation complex. The complex melts the promoter DNA and initiates transcription. The pre-mRNA undergoes 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and intron splicing to become a mature mRNA, unlike prokaryotes where transcription and translation are coupled.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
This document summarizes eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerases. It discusses the three types of RNA polymerases (I, II, and III) found in eukaryotic cells, what genes each polymerase transcribes, and the basic stages and mechanisms of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination). It also describes the promoters, processing, and other regulatory elements involved in eukaryotic transcription.Mv management of genetic information
The document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. It explains that DNA replication is semi-conservative and bidirectional, with the leading strand synthesized continuously and the lagging strand as Okazaki fragments. RNA synthesis involves transcription of DNA into RNA. Protein synthesis uses the genetic code to translate mRNA into amino acid sequences. The flow of genetic information and processes of replication, transcription, and translation are described.
Mv management of genetic information
This document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. It covers DNA replication, which is semi-conservative and bidirectional. RNA synthesis involves transcription of DNA into RNA. Protein synthesis uses the genetic code to translate mRNA into proteins with initiation, elongation, and termination steps. The flow of genetic information and processes of replication, transcription, and translation are described.
post transcriptional modifications
Post-transcriptional modifications process the primary transcript RNA in eukaryotic cells through 5' capping, polyadenylation at the 3' end, and splicing of introns. This processing protects the RNA from degradation, aids in export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and allows only protein-coding exons to be translated, increasing protein synthesis efficiency. Alternative splicing also expands the proteome by producing multiple mRNA variants from a single primary transcript.
Development biology (rna processing and translational regulation of developme...
Cellular differentiation occurs through gene expression and protein production regulated by RNA processing and translation mechanisms. There are two major ways that differential RNA processing regulates development: 1) Through splicing, where one gene can create different proteins from alternative combinations of exons. 2) Through "censoring" or selecting different nuclear transcripts to be processed into cytoplasmic mRNA in different cell types. Translational regulation also controls developmental processes by mechanisms like phosphorylation of initiation factors that turn translation on and off.
Post translation modification of RNAs in eukaryotes
This document summarizes post-transcriptional modifications that occur to RNAs in eukaryotes. It explains that in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus while translation occurs in the cytoplasm, requiring processing of the primary transcript into mature mRNA. This processing includes capping, polyadenylation, splicing, and other modifications. Alternative splicing allows one gene to produce multiple mRNAs and proteins. Other RNAs such as rRNA, tRNA, and ribozymes also undergo processing and modifications. The significance of these post-transcriptional changes is to regulate gene expression and increase proteomic complexity.
Translation in eukaryotes
This document provides an overview of translation. It defines key terms like genetic code, codon, mutation and wobble hypothesis. It describes the basic requirements for translation like mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes. The stages of translation including activation, initiation, elongation, termination and post-translation modification are summarized. Protein targeting and sorting mechanisms to organelles are also outlined. Finally, some inhibitors of protein synthesis and disorders associated with defects in protein targeting are mentioned.
3.wall.transcription
The document discusses several key concepts in molecular biology including DNA, RNA, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins. It describes the central dogma of molecular biology and provides more details on processes like transcription, splicing, and translation. It also discusses topics like alternative splicing, RNA editing, and RNA interference.
Gene expression and regulation
Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including changes to DNA, transcription, RNA processing, mRNA degradation, translation, protein activity, and protein stability. Regulation occurs through factors that activate or repress expression, altering chromatin structure, controlling transcription initiation, splicing mRNA, degrading mRNA, regulating translation, modifying proteins, and marking proteins for degradation. Understanding gene regulation is important for development, differentiation, and cellular adaptation to environmental conditions.
Transposons in drosophila - P element
P elements are transposable elements that were discovered in Drosophila as the causative agents of genetic traits called hybrid dysgenesis. The transposon is responsible for the P trait of the P element and it is found only in wild flies. They are also found in many other eukaryotes.
Similar to Post transcriptional changes (20)
Group 6 - Post Transcriptional Modifications (RNA Splicng and ALternative Spl...
Group 6 - Post Transcriptional Modifications (RNA Splicng and ALternative Spl...
Post-Transcriptional Modification of Eukaryotic mRNA
Post-Transcriptional Modification of Eukaryotic mRNA
Development biology (rna processing and translational regulation of developme...
Development biology (rna processing and translational regulation of developme...
Post translation modification of RNAs in eukaryotes
Post translation modification of RNAs in eukaryotes
Recently uploaded
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Recently uploaded (20)
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Post transcriptional changes
- 1. Asst. Prof. R. M. Mahindrakar Botany Department J.S.S. Arts, Science and Commerce College Gokak
- 3. mRNA Processing 1. Capping (addition of a 5’ 7-methyl guanosine cap) 2. Polyadenylation (addition of a poly-A tail at the 3’) 3. Splicing to remove intervening sequences (introns)
- 5. Cap Functions Cap provides: 1. Protection from some ribonucleases degradation 2. Stabilizes mRNA 3. Enhanced translation and splicing 4. Enhanced transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
- 6. Addition of Poly –A Tail
- 8. Functions: The Poly A tail also provides stability It facilitate the exit of mRNA from the nucleus. After the mRNA enters the cytosol , the poly A tail is gradually shortened
- 9. Splicing
- 10. Splicing
- 15. EXON SHUFFLING Some genes have exons that can be exchanged by a process called exon shuffling. For example a gene with four exons might be spliced differently in two different cell types In Cell type 1 : exons 2 and all introns are spliced resulting into a protein with 1,3 and 4 exons. In Cell type 2 : exons 3 and all introns are spliced resulting into a protein with 1,2 and 4 exons. Thus different protein types will be produced by two cell types This phenomenon is known as Exon shuffling.
- 17. Processing of tRNA Removal of leader sequence & trailer Replacement of nucleotide Modification of certain bases: Splicing of an intron
- 19. Processing of ribosomal RNA Processing of 45s molecules occurs inside nucleolus 45s molecules tightly associated protein forming (RNPs) First cleavage: It occurs at site I & remove 5’ terminal leader sequence, produces 41s intermediate & 18s Second cleavage: occurs in 41s intermediate at site 3’ generates 32s intermediate Final cleavage: separation of 32s intermediate into 28s, 5.8s Processed rRNA 28s, 5.8s & 18s