This document discusses protected cultivation, which involves growing plants under controlled environments using protected structures like greenhouses. It describes the advantages of protected cultivation as higher productivity, quality, pest control, and year-round production. The history of protected cultivation is outlined, dating back to Roman times. Modern greenhouses first appeared in Italy and Holland. The document then focuses on the history and development of greenhouses in India. Different types of protected structures are defined, and greenhouse types like ground-to-ground, gable, and quonset are described. Environmental control methods to regulate temperature, humidity, light, and CO2 are also summarized.

2. PROTECTED CULTIVATION
the cultivation of flowers under controlled atmosphere
PROTECTED STRUCTURE
framed structure with cladding material used to grow plants under
controlled environment to maximise productivity

3. ADVANTAGES
 Productivity is high
 High quality of the produce
 Control of pest and disease is easier
 Production during off-season
 Effective and intensive propagation of high value ornamental crops is easier
 Less water requirement due to less evaporation losses
Effective use of land resources
Lucrative for youth

4. HISTORY
Existed even in Roman times (daily cucumber production
for emperor)
First modern green house in Italy during 13th century
(to conserve explored plants)
First modern practical green house – ‘Holland’
to grow tropical medicinal plants
Better designs during 17th century due to building technology
(better glass etc.)
Largest green houses in 19th century –
conservatory of Kew garden of England
Use of polyethylene based materials – 21st century

5. HISTORY OF GREEN HOUSE IN INDIA
• Indo-American Hybrid Seeds Company - Ornamental Plants
• M/s Feroz Masani and Sons of Nasik - carnations – 1980
• M/s Pune flowers - roses on rock wool -Late 80’s
• Presently over 250 private companies - producing flowers in PS
• Total area under greenhouses in India has been estimated over 700 ha.

6. PROTECTED STRUCTURE
GREEN HOUSE GLASS HOUSE
POLY HOUSE
As they are intended
to grow green plants
Polythene based materials
as cladding material
Glass is used as
cladding material

7. PRODUCTIVITY
Heredity
microclimate
light
Relative
humidity
CO2 concentration
temperature
PROTECTED STRUCTURE
Enhanced photosynthesis
Reduced respiration
Increased CO2 concentration
Temperature / RH control

8. most effective use of
land, water, energy, mineral nutrients and space
and the climatic resources of sunlight, temperature,
relative humidity and atmospheric CO2.
OBJECTIVE OF USING PROTECTED STRUCTURES

9. Green House
Shade net House
Plastic tunnel
Walk in tunnel
Plant protection nets
PROTECTED STUCTURES

10. GREEN HOUSE TYPES
Environment controlled
/Cooled Greenhouse
Uncooled greenhouse
1.Ground to ground type
2.Gable type
3.Quonset type
4.Gothic arc type
1. Lean-to type
2. High and low tunnels
3. Greenhouse with vents on
side and roof
4. Greenhouse with vents on
roof (saw-tooth)
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11. GROUND TO GROUND TYPE

12.  used mainly for protection from rain
 cladding material is double inflated layered polyethylene or UV stabilised
fiber glass
 Heating or cooing system is provided.
 Tall plants can’t be grown near sides, loosing space
 overcome by raising the post to 2.4-3.0 m.
 Ideal size is , 9 m (width) X 28.8 m (length) X 3-3.6m (height at the centre)
GROUND TO GROUND GREEN HOUSE

13. GABLE TYPE

14.  large conventional commercial greenhouses
 sides and top are covered with fiberglass / polycarbonate / polysheets.
 ideal for temperate regions where snow fall is a problem
 suited for foliage, flowering and high value crops
 can be gutter connected and made multi-span
 Ideal size is , 8.7m X 28.8-36m X 3.6-4.24 m and 2.4-3.0m height of posts.
GABLE TYPE GREEN HOUSE

15. QUONSET TYPE

16. * The roof is semi-round
* Roof and sides and covered with polyethylene / fiber glass / polycarbonate
* has minimum roof covering and is very energy efficient
* It is very simple to expand this type by connecting through gutters
* Ideal size is, 8.7m X 28.8-36m X 3.6-4.24 m and 2.4-3.0m height of posts.
QUONSET TYPE

17. GOTHIC TYPE

18. GOTHIC TYPE
gothic type is expensive
adds condensation control and rain and snow run-off due to the steeper slope.
suited for bedding plants pot plants
can be used as a storage house.

19. HIGH TUNNEL

20.  unheated plastic covered structures
 provides an intermediate level of environmental protection and control
compared to open field conditions and heated greenhouses.
 they are covered with a single layer of plastic
HIGH TUNNEL
main uses of high tunnels are,
- To protect the crop from cold and frost for very short periods
- For season extension – compared to open field conditions, plastic covered
tunnels result in warmer production environment during late fall, winter
and early spring seasons.
- provide shade during summer.

21. LOW TUNNEL

22. Low tunnels are placed over the plants in the ground in order to
o Advance the crop
o Protect the crop from weather damage
o Maintain the quality
LOW TUNNEL / CLOCHES
Cloches are constructed with heavy plastic cover stretched tight over the
PVC hose and then tied with a rope
two lengths of film are brought together at the apex and then
separated as the crop touches the top film
the film on the either side increases the warmth of the soil.

23. Lean-to greenhouses
 They are small domestic greenhouses erected against
a wall of a house as an extension of a home.
 Vents are provided for cooling

24. CONSTRAINTS
HIGH INITIAL INVESTMENT
LA CK OF INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOW HOW
LACK OF TRAINED TECHNICAL MAN POWER

25. SITE SELECTION
Elevated place to avoid water stagnation
Assured year round quality water supply
Away from tall buildings and trees

26. GREEN HOUSE DESIGN
Depends on
location
Crop to be grown
Kind of environmental control expected
To withstand impact of wind, rain and weight of cladding material

27. ORIENTATION
Single span – any direction
Multi span – north – south orientation to avoid permanent shading

28. COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE
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1. Frame
2. Cladding material
3. Environmental control gadgets

29. GREENHOUSE FRAME
Bamboo pole
GI pipes
Mild steel or aluminium
Capital Durability

30. rigid flexible
Glass
Fiber glass
Polycarbonate sheet
Phlexy glass
Polyethylene
Polyester film
Polyvinyl film
Should withstand wind speed of 100 – 140 km /hr
Should transmit light of 400 – 700 nm wave length
Selected based on
Quality and quantity of light transmittance, strength, cost etc.,

31. S No. Type Durability
Transmission
Maintenance
Light Heat
1. Poly ethylene One year 90% 70% Very high
2. Poly ethylene UV
resistant
Two years 90% 70% High
3. Fiber Glass Seven years 90% 5% Low
4. Tedlar coated Fiber
Glass
Fifteen
years
90% 5% Low
5. Double strength
Glass
Fifty years 90% 5% Low
6. Poly carbonate Fifty years 90% 5% Very low
CLADDING MATERIAL

32. ENVIRONMENT CONTROL
LIGHT
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
TEMPERATURE
CO2 CONCENTRATION
VENTILLATION SYSTEM
COOLING SYSTEM
HEATING SYSTEM

33. VENTILATION SYSTEM
 necessary to reduce high temperature
or to replenish CO2 or to modify RH
 Air temperature above 35o C is
detrimental to many crops
cross ventilation on sides
Ventilation at roof
FORCED VENTILATION
through use of low rpm large fans (1 – 1.5 m dia)
Mounted on far end and the air out let is on the other end
Air delivery 70 to 98 m3 per second

35. COOLING SYSTEM
Roof shading
White washing
Applying opaque coating (zinc / titanium)
Reflect 25 – 40 per cent of light
3 – 5 o C reduction in temperature
Cloth shading
Spreading shade net beneath roofing
5 – 7 o C reduction in temperature
EVAPOURATIVE COOLING

36. Fan and pad system High pressure misting Low pressure misting
Use of low velocity large volume fans
Draw moist air through cellulose pad
Exhaust fan should be within 9 m to avoid hot spot
Increase in RH may be controlled by humidistat
Misting with overhead sprinklers
Reduces air temperature by 5o C
Water falls on leaves as droplet
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Water is sprayed at high pressure (30 – 70 kg / m2)
Water is sprayed as fine mist and it cools the air
Mist evapourates before reaching the plant canopy
Air temperature drops by 5 – 10 o C

37. CO2 & LIGHT CONTROL

39. Required in temperate climate
Heated by hot water system running through metal pipes