potato-solanum tubersosum Family-solanceae pollination -self pollination,vegaetatively propagated Floral biology potato modified stem

2. king of vegetables
“potato”

3. INTRODUCTION
Potato is the fourth major food crop after rice, wheat and maize in
the world.
Potato is a temperate crop grown under subtropical conditions in
India. The potato is a crop which has always been the ‘poor man’s
friend.
Potatoes are an economical food; they provide a source of low cost
energy to the human diet. Potatoes are a rich source of starch,
vitamins especially C and B1 and minerals.
They contain 20.6 per cent carbohydrates, 2.1 per cent protein, 0.3
per cent fat, 1.1 per cent crude fibre and 0.9 per cent ash. They also
contain a good amount of essential amino acids like leucine,
tryptophan and isoleucine etc

4. Potatoes are used for several industrial purposes such as for the
production of starch and alcohol.
 Potato starch (farina) is used in laundries and for sizing yarn in textile
mills.
Potatoes are also used for the production of dextrin and glucose. As a
food product itself, potatoes are converted into dried products such as
‘potato chips’, ‘sliced’ or ‘shredded potatoes’

5.  The potato is a native of tropical south
American region.
It is believed that the cultivated potato
originated from its wild ancestors near
the lake Tritica basin in Peru Bolivian
region in high mountains .
 Potato was introduced into India by
Portugese in 17 th century
It was originated from wild diploid
species Solanum leptophytes and the
first domesticated species was
Solanum stenotum.
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

6.  China ranks first in area and production followed by Russian Federation, Ukraine,
Poland and India .
 Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal are the major potato producer states in the
countries
 India occupies → 2nd Position in area & production in the world
 The China → World leader in Potato production (45.7 MT/ha)
 U.P is the major producer of potato (24 MT/ha)
 The highest productivity is in west bengal (24 mt/ha) followed by Gujarat (22.6
MT/ha)

7. Botanical Name : Solanum tuberosum
Family : Solanaceae(nightshades)
Chromosome Number : 2n= 4x=48
Pollination : self pollination(bisexual flower)
cross pollination(Bumble bees)
Local name : Dampala(telugu)
Allu (oida)
Propagation type : True potato seed,
vegetatively propagated.

8.  Potato has basic chromosome number 12. Form diploid to hexaploid
species are available. About 75% species are diploid while about 15%
species are tetraploids
Triploids and pentaploids are highly sterile and maintained by vegetative
propagation.
 S.stenotomum , S.phureja & S.ajanhuiri –diploids(2n=24)
 S.chaucha & S.Juzepezukii - triploid, more or less sterile(2n=36)
PLOIDY STATUS

9.  The cultivated tetraploid(2n=48) species S.tuberosum spp tuberosum &
S.tuberosum spp andigena are fertile .
S.curtilobum(2n=60) is pentaploid.
Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum produces tubers under long days or
short days in the tropics or lower altitudes of 500-2000 m above
Solanum tuberosurm ssp. andigena produces tubers at high altitude only
(above 2000 m) under short day conditions
Nearly all the diploid species are self-incompatible while all the tetraploids &
hexaploids are self compatible.

12. Wild species
Solanum leptophytes
Solanum bolivense
Solanum demissum
progenitors
Solanum sparsipilum
Solanum acaule
Solanum megistacrolobum

14. CULTIVATED SPECIES

19. Source of resistance in wild species
 Solanum demissum - late blight, leaf roll virus
 Solanum acaule - PVX, PLRV, spindle tuber viroid
 Solanum chacoensis - PVA, PVY, late blight, tuber
moth
 Solanum spegazzinii - Fusarium, wart, cyst
nematode
 Solanum stoloniferum - PVA, PVY
 Solanum vernei - Cyst nematode 25

20. Habit- Potato is a much branched ,erect spreading
spreading herb,growing 0.5 -1.5m height
Leaves - compound,pinnate ,10-20 cm long
alternatively arranged
Inflorescence- Monochasial cyme
Flower- vary in colour from white,creamy,pink,purple
Flowers are hermaphrodite(bisexual)
Flowers are actinomorphic and hypogynous
Mature fruit - Berry
FLORAL BIOLOGY

25. POTATO FLOWER
CALYX- 5 lobed,gamosepalous i.e five sepals that are partly joined at their base
forming a bell shaped structure below the corolla. The calyx colour may be green
or partially or totally pigmented.
COROLLA -gamopetalous ,5 lobed
STAMENS -5, alternate,with corolla lobes. Anthers are erect longer than the
filaments with apical dehiscence .The anthers form a coneshaped structure
through lateral joinings, to conceal the ovary
OVARY-Superior, bicarpellary
PLACENTATION-axial
A photoperiod of 14-18 hours and night temperature of 15 to 20°C favour flower
production

27. FLOWER BIOLOGY
 Anthesis time and closing of flowers varies with varieties and species
 Cool wet weather makes flowering more, while hot weather
depresses flowering
 Pollen production is abundant from early morning to 10am
 Bombus impatiens is very effective in pollinating potatoes in the
field Stigma receptivity and anther dehiscence are also at the same
time
 Emasculation is usually done in Evening
 Diploid species have abundant pollen

28. EMASCULATION AND
POLLINATION

30. Buzz pollination or sonication
 It a technique used by some bees, such as solitary bees (Andrena carantonica) to release
pollen which is more or less firmly held by the anthers
 The anthers of buzz-pollinated plant species are typically tubular, with an opening at only
one end, and the pollen inside is smooth-grained and firmly attached. With self-fertile plants
such as potatoes wind may be sufficient to shake loose the pollen through pores in the
anther and accomplish pollination
 Visits by bees may also shake loose some pollen, but more efficient pollination of those
plants is accomplished by a few insect species who specialize in sonication or buzz
pollination.
 In order to release the pollen, solitary bees are able to grab onto the flower and move their
flight muscles rapidly, causing the flower and anthers to vibrate, dislodging pollen.
Pollination involving vibrations is called buzz pollination. About 9% of the flowers of the
world are primarily pollinated using buzz pollination.

31.  Breeding Objective
 High tuber yield
 Earliness
 Photoperiod insensitivity
 Responsiveness to fertilizer
 Better keeping quality (resistance/tolerance against shrinkage,rottage
etc)
 Better quality tubers
 Resistance to
 i. Late blight
 ii. Early blight
 iii.Charcoal rot
 iv.Common scab
 v. Bacterial wilt

32. POTATO TUBER PROPAGATION

33. TRUE POTATO SEED (TPS)TRUE POTATO SEED (TPS)
Non-availability of quality seed tubers, high seed cost, virus infiltration in
seed tubers causing degeneration of seed stocks and problems of long
distance transport of seed from seed-producing areas have led to the
development of true potato seed (TPS) technology of crop production.
It can be easily stored over long periods of time. About 100-120 g TPS is
enough to raise a seedling crop for one hectare or if the commercial crop is
to be produced using seedling tubers, the produce of 40-45 g TPS is
enough to plant one hectare crop next year. They also provide better
disease resistance because of high heterogeneity in the population.