- Roses originated in China and are widely cultivated globally for their flowers and other uses. The top rose importing countries are Germany, USA, France, Switzerland, and UK, while the main exporters are the Netherlands, Columbia, Ecuador, Kenya, Israel, and Zimbabwe. - There are over 150 rose species, with common varieties including hybrid tea roses, floribundas, grandifloras, miniature roses, climbers, and ramblers. Roses require specific growing conditions including temperatures between 15-18°C, soil pH between 6.2-6.8, and irrigation methods like drip irrigation. - Rose cultivation involves land preparation, planting, use of manures and fertil

1. ROSE
Introduction
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• Family: Rosaceae
• Genus: Rosa
• Scientific names: Rosa domestica, Rosa centifolia L,Rosa
damascena Mill. Rosa alba L. etc
• Orginated in china
IMPORTANT ROSE IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS:
• Germany is the highest importer followed by USA, France,
Switzerland and U.K
• The main exporter is the Netherland followed by Columbia
Ecuador, Kenya, Israel and Zimbabwe.
• In India,the major rose flower cultivating states are
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu , Karnataka & West bengal.
Uses and importance
• Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil.
• Rose water, made as a byproduct of rose oil production.
• Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly,marmalade.
• Roses are also used in herbal medicine.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF ROSES
• Rose belongs to family Rosaceae.
• All species of this flower belongs to the genus Rosa.

2. • There are about 150 recognized and described species of roses.
• Fruit is called as hip.
• CLASSIFICATION OF ROSES
Hybrid tea:- (Hybrid perpetual ×Tea roses)
• Most popular rose. Bears large & highly centered flowers,
borne singly at the end of a stem.
• First variety:- La France created in1867.Some known varieties
are Melody, Darling , Sonia , Only Love etc.
Floribunda:- (Hybrid tea x Poliantha)
• They combined the beautiful forms of the Hybrid Teas with the
perpetual flowering habit of the Polyanthas.
• Flowering in clusters with small size and open centre.
• Good for garden display.
• Important Varieties are:- Kiss, Florence , Mercedes, Jaguar etc.
Grandifloras: Mainly obtained from crosses between Hybrid
Tea
and Floribunda type. Produces large number of flowers in
cluster with fine form.
Eg: Montezuma (1955), Queen Elizabeth (1954),
Miniature / Button Roses:
• Popularly known as Baby roses with small leaves & flowers.
• They are hardy and good for pot culture.
• Multiplied by cuttings as well as budding on root stocks.
• Used as loose flowers.
Climbers and Ramblers:
• They bears large clusters of small, single or double flowers.
• Used for training on arches, pergolas.
Cabbage roses:

3. • The cabbage roses called such due to their numerous petals
that
create a large, full bloom resembling a cabbage.
• They belongs to species R.centifolia.
Varieties: Pusa abhishek, pusa priya,
Pusa pitamber, Arka parimala, first red etc.
CLIMATE
• The temperature should be maintained between 15-18⁰ C.
• High temperature in polyhouse can be managed by simple
ventilation,evaporative
cooling from pad and fan system, micro sprinklers.
• Low temperature at night is more detrimental for growth and
flowering of rose.
• Humidity is maintained between 50-60% in poly house during
hot summer
months.
• CO₂ level of 1000ppm is ideal for quality bloom production of
rose.
• In open field condition ideal temperature is 15-28⁰C and
humidity 75%.
SOIL
• Loose soil and structurally stable with a depth of around 50cm
for
optimum drainage and aeration of the roots.
• Roses do not tolerate water logging and high water table, So,
soil must have a stable water table at the active root zone.
• Roses can also be grown in soil less media like rock wool, peat,
cocopeat, perlite.
• Soil pH should be slightly acidic 6.2-6.8.

4. Land Preparation
• The soil should be dug to a depth of 60 cm. and incorporated
with organic or inorganic additives to improve the soil
structure.
• Soil sterilizing is an important technique to prevent the soil
from soil borne diseases.
Soil sterilizing techniques:-
• Soil solarization
• Chemical sterilization: To control soil borne phytopthora,
fusarium and
pythium
• Fumigation with 2% Formeldehyde
• Methyl bromide-30g/m2
• Recent chemical-Dazomate (Basaline)-30g/m2
• Covered with plastic sheet for 3 days
PLANTING
• 1. Ideal method of planting of rose double row system
• 2. Plant to plant distance -25 cm.
• 3. Row to row distance-30 cm.
• 4. Long stemmed varieties are planted at 25-26 cm.
• 5. Short stemmed varieties are planted at 18-25 cm.
• 6. Planting time: October- November
• 7. Planting distance :
• hybrid tea:60cm×30cm
• floribunda:30cm×30cm
• 8. Number of plants:15000-20000 plants/ha
Manures and fertilizers
• 100:50:50 kg of NPK Per hactare.
• Nitrogen applied in four splits.
1st
split: transplanting

5. 2nd
split: plant estblishment
3rd
split: after pruning [mar-june]
4th
split: after pruning [oct]
• Where phosphorous and potash applied as basal dose.
Rose mix
• Rose mix powder is manufactured through various organic
nutrients extracted from different Ayurvedic plants and oil
cakes such as neem cake, castor cake which supplies all
essential nutrients for rose plants & other flower plants.
• Advantages:
• Improves soil structure,
• Uptake of nutrients and water by the plants.
• Activates soil, improves capacity to hold water.
• by loosening the soil. Provides better aeration.
• It works as a pest repellent since it contains neem cake to
produce healthy & excellent flowers.
Irrigation
• Roses do not like water logging condition but need plenty of
water for their
growth and development.
• Frequency of irrigation depends on the water requirement of
particular
varieties.
• Ideal method-Drip irrigation system
• Another method of irrigation –Sub surface ,in which water is
directly delivered
at the root zone without any losses.
• Regular soil moisture is very essential for rose.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT PARAMETERS

6. • Increase in temperature resulted in reduction in juvenile
period.
• At low temperature , growth and flower production become
slow but the quality of
flowers are better.
• The stem and flower buds in some roses do not elongate or
expand until there has
been an exposure to cool temperature.
• Winter chilling was found to be necessary for flower bud
formation.
• Very high humidity results in condensation of low
temperature encourage the
diseases.
Plant growth regulators
Gibberellic Acid:-
• Regulate the growth and flowering
• Increases the length of shoots
• Increases the number of nodes
• Prolonged the period of flowering and enhanced the yield.
CCC(3%) solution caused dwarfing and improve flowering
Mulching
• It conserve soil moisture.
• Supply humus.
• Suppress weeds.
• It is done with paddy straw, dried leaves.
• Also promotes growth and flowering.
• It promotes physical properties of the soil.
BENDING OF ROSE

7. • Bending helps in maintaining enough leaf area on the plants.
• The maximum leaf area is required to build up a strong root
system.
• Leaves are important for producing carbohydrates
Bud Capping
• Regulate the shape of the buds.
• Some varieties should be covered with bud nets.
Pruning
For cut flower production:-
• First week of October (North Indian condition)
• Last week of June and again last week of November (Bangalore
condition)
• The height of pruning varies from 30-45 cm. from ground.
For hybrid tea roses:-
• A sharp cut should be given at an angle of about 45º above eye
bud.
• FLORIBUNDA:- Pruned lightly
• POLYANTHAS:-Need thinning of over crowd branches.
• CLIMBERS:-Removal of unwanted wood to control size and
shape.
• Disbudding
• pinching
Stenting
• Rapid method of propagation in rose.
• Here separate mother block of rootstock and scion bank is
maintained
• Select the pencil thick rootstock and plant in sand beds.

8. • Select the pencil thick scion and graft them.
• Rooting and graft union takes place simultanous.
• Within one month seedlings is ready for transplanting.
Blind shoots
• No flower bud initiation
• Shoots do not initiates of pistils and stamens primordial.
causes
• Low temperature
• Boron deficiency
Control :
• ccc@500ppm and GA@100ppm
• Boron @30 to 60 ppm
• Colour fading:
1.off coloured flowers present in that petals may green or a
dirty white
instead of a clear yellow.
2. Pink and red varieties are develop into bluish colour.
Control: raising the night temperature reduces the off
flavoured flowers.
Limp neck: the area of stem just below the flower wilts and will
not support the head
control: cutoff off the flower 1 to 2 inches and placed in water
at 27°c
revive the flower.
Blackening of rose petals: caused by low temperature and low
anthocyanin content.
Control: application of GA3 causes accumulation of
anthocyanin

9. Harvesting after 4 months after planting
YIELD
CUT FLOWER
Under protected cultivation; 150-300 quality flower stems per
m2 per year.
Under open field condition; 10- 20 flower stems (Hybrid Teas )
LOOSE FLOWER
10-50 quintals/hactare (R. damascena)
Postharvest handling
• Roses must be placed in a bucket of water immediately after
harvesting and
transported to cold storage (2-4°C).
• The length of time depends upon the variety and quality of the
roses .
• The flowers are graded according to the length.
• It varies from 40-70 cm depending on the variety and packed
in 10/12 per
bunch.
Rose oil: It is also obtained from rose petals, sweet fragrance;
medicinal properties.
Gulkand: Rose petals are also preserved for direct consumption
prepared by beating equal proportion of petals and sugar –
considered as tonic and laxative.
Rose water: Important commercial product obtained from rose
petals, used as perfume, medicine and confectionary. Its
important uses are, cools the body,used in eye lotions, eye
drops for its soothing qualities.

10. Pankhuri: Dried rose petals are known as pankhuri,they are
occasionally used for preparing sweetened cold drinks.