The document discusses political violence and its various forms such as war, genocide, human rights violations, torture, police brutality, and brutality by armed forces. It provides examples like the Holocaust, Abu Ghraib torture, and accusations against India's armed forces. Political violence has significant short and long term effects on societies like physical/psychological trauma, financial losses, migration, and prolonged social division. The document also discusses two case studies: the 2002 Godhra riots in India and the ongoing Arab uprisings that began in 2010 in response to authoritarianism and other grievances.

1. Team
Dinesh kumar
Sneha Ghosh
Mohit Vaishnav
Nikita Bansal
Dantu Neeraj

2. 2
Political violence
A common means used by People and Governments
around the world to achieve Political Goals.
“organized violent activity for political goals.”
-UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

3. 3
Claim :
“The right to use force “– in the name of:
Survival, self-defence
Order
Justice
Freedom
Possession of resources (land, water, people, etc.)?
Access to markets?

4. 4
Many groups and individuals believe that their political systems will never
respond to their political demands.
As a result, they believe that violence is not only justified but also
necessary in order to achieve their political objectives.
Many governments around the world believe they need to use violence in
order to intimidate their populace into acquiescence.

5. 5
Governments use force in order
to defend their country from outside invasion or other threats of force,
and
to coerce other governments or conquer territory.
Non-action on the part of the government can also be characterized as a
form of political violence.
Introducing…

6. 6
WAR Guerilla War
Human Rights Violation
War Crimes
(International)
Terrorism

7. 7
Genocide is commonly defined as
the deliberate and systematic
destruction, in whole or in part, of
an ethnic, racial, religious,
or national group"
The Holocaust is the historical
example of genocide. It was the
mass murder of approximately 6
million Jews during World War II
by the Germans.
Its Form: Genocide

8. 8
Human Rights Violation
Occur when actions by state (or
non-state) actors abuse, ignore, or
deny basic human rights
(including civil, political, cultural,
social, and economic rights).
Occur when any state or non-state
actor breaches any part of
the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.
Its Form: Human Right Violation

9. 9
Its Form: War
War is a state of organized,
armed, and often prolonged conflict
carried on between states, nations,
or other parties typified by extreme
aggression, social disruption, and
usually high mortality.
War is an intentional and
widespread armed conflict between
political communities, and therefore
is defined as a form of political
violence

10. 10
Its Form: War
World War II (1939-45)
Death toll of, estimated at 60
million plus, by far the
deadliest.
Marked by the use of
nuclear weapons in warfare.
It is estimated that 378,000
people died due to war each
year between 1985 and 1994.

11. 11
Its Form: Torture
Torture is the act of inflicting severe
pain (whether physical or
psychological) as a means of
punishment, revenge, forcing
information or confession, or simply as
an act of cruelty.
Torture cases continue to arise such as
the 2004 Abu Ghraib torture and
prisoner abuse committed by military
police personnel of the United States
Army. The acts of sodomy and
homicide were committed in the
prisons.

12. 12
Its Form: Torture
Lynndie England holding a
leash attached to a prisoner
Prisoner at the U.S.’Abu Ghraib
concentration camp is being subjected to
sleep deprivation torture

13. 13
Its Form: Police Brutality
Police Brutality is a civil rights
violation that occurs when a police
officer acts with excessive force by
using an amount of force with regards
to a civilian that is more than
necessary.
Police brutality and the use of
excessive force are present throughout
the world and in the United States
alone, 4,861 incidences of police
misconduct were reported during 2010

14. 14
Its Form : Brutality by Armed Forces
Armed Forces are frequently accused of civilian casualties
( civilian or non-combatant persons killed, injured, or
imprisoned)
Persistent complaints about raiding, checking,
molestation and harassment of civilians by the army
personnel.
“More than 500 members of India's armed forces
are accused of human rights abuses”
-BBC News India (6 December 2012)

15. 15
In Nutshell
Political violence has significant short and long term effects
on the society in terms of
physical and psychological trauma,
financial losses,
migration of families, and
further division of society into identifiable communities
which may prolong the conflict.

17.  Took place on 27 February 2002
 Series of incidents starting with the Godhra train
burning and the subsequent communal violence
between Hindus and Muslims
 Sabarmati Express train was attacked
at Godhra by a Muslim mob
 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were ultimately
killed and 223 more people were reported
missing. 536 places of worship were damaged:
273 dargahs, 241 mosques, 19 temples, and 3
churches.

18.  58 Hindus including 25 women and 15 children, Hindu pilgrims (Kar
Sevaks) returning by the Sabarmathi express train from Ayodhya were
burnt alive in a railway coach by a large Muslim mob.
 The forensic report has contradicted the police version of Godhra
incident.
"The inspection of the tracks and burn patterns on the
exterior of the coach confirm that the inflammable liquid did
not come from outside,"

19.  The report was compiled by a government forensic laboratory and was
prepared by forensic experts who re-enacted the attack
 In their re-enaction using water, the experts found that only 10 to 15 per
cent of the liquid thrown from outside a coach went inside while the rest
spilled onto the tracks

20. “How did the Modi government handle the riots?”
Fairly and effectively - 61%
In a parpartisan manner - 21%
Incompetently - 15%

21. “WHAT CAUSED THE MARCH RIOTS?”
 Godhra incident- 64 %
 Muslim extremists- 18 %
 State sponsored riots – 7 %
 Miscreants on both sides -7 %
 Hindu extremist groups – 3 %
Godhra
incident- 64 %
Muslim
extremists-
18 %
State
sponsored
riots – 7 %
Miscreants on
both sides -7
%
Hindu
extremist
groups – 3
%

22. CASE STUDY 2: ARAB UPRISING

23. ARAB UPRISING
 The Arab Spring is a revolutionary wave
of demonstrations, protests, and civil
wars occurring in the Arab world that
began on 18 December 2010.
 Many Arab Spring demonstrations have
been met with violent responses from
authorities, as well as from pro-
government militias and counter-
demonstrators. These attacks have been
answered with violence from protestors in
some cases. A major slogan of the
demonstrators in the Arab world has
been Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam ("the
people want to bring down the regime").
 Death(s): 88,408 – 93,421+ (International
estimate, ongoing;

24. CAUSES
 Authoritarianism
 Political corruption
 Human rights violations
 Inflation
 Kleptocracy
 Sectarianism
 Unemployment
 Self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi

25. STATUS: ONGOING
 Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Aliousted, and government overthrown.
 Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak ousted, and government overthrown.
 Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi killed after a civil war with foreign military
intervention, and government overthrown.
 Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh ousted, and hands power to a national
unity government.
 Syria experiences a full-scale civil war between the government and opposition
forces.
 Civil uprising against the government of Bahrain, despite government changes.
 Kuwait, Lebanon and Oman implementing government changes in response to
protests.
 Morocco, Jordan implementing constitutional reforms in response to protests.
 Ongoing protests in Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Mauritania and some other countries

26. QUESTIONS
Is political violence ethically correct?
Bhagat singh, Rebels in syria?
Holocaust, Gujarat riots?
“Enhanced” Interrogation?
Where do you draw the line?
Should we look at alternatives?
Can we answer these questions?

27. WHERE DO WE DRAW THE LINE
 Genocide
 War crimes
 Communal violence
 Torture
 Punishment
 Nationalist movements

28. NORMATIVE THEORIES OF ETHICS
 The Scenario
 Virtue Ethics (Aristotelianism)
“one's actions are a mere reflection of one's inner
morality”
“Focus is on being rather than doing”
 Fighting wars for good??
 What about collateral damage?

29. CONTD..
 Deontological ethics
“morality of an action based on the action's
adherence to a rule or rules”
 Specifically lets talk about kantian ethics
“Nothing is intrinsically good without qualification
except Goodwill”
Categorical Imperative-“Actions should become
universal laws”
“Treat humanity not simply as a means but as an
end in itself”

30. CONTD..
 Act and rule Utilitarianism
“Act utilitarianism maintains that an action is right if it
maximises utility; rule utilitarianism maintains that
an action is right if it conforms to a rule that
maximises utility”.
 Opposite outcomes

31. ALTERNATIVES
 Peace and Non-violence
 Gandhian way?
 Egypt, Syria…
 Successful but time-consuming.
 Ultimate question is the means important or the end
result?
 Other practices :
1. Pray for miracles…may be Jesus will help you
2. Witchcraft can help too…

32. THANK YOU….QUESTIONS