Authority types
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In every Organization there is Authority, in this document there are different types of authority represented
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Power and Authority
This document discusses different types of authority and forms of government. It defines three types of authority - traditional authority, which is legitimacy based on longstanding cultural traditions; rational-legal authority, which comes from following established legal rules and bureaucratic procedures; and charismatic authority, which depends on an individual's extraordinary personality and abilities to inspire devotion. It then contrasts different political systems like monarchy, which is ruled by a hereditary monarch, versus democracy, which is ruled by the people through elections and stresses individual rights and freedoms. Finally, it examines other forms of government like authoritarianism, totalitarianism, and dictatorships.
Power and authority
Authority is the formal right given to a manager to direct subordinates and make decisions to achieve organizational objectives. It flows downward through the hierarchy, as higher managers delegate authority to lower ones. Power, on the other hand, is a person's ability to influence others and does not depend on formal position. It can flow in any direction. While authority is determined by one's level in the management structure, power can exist at any level based on personal attributes and relationships.
Concept of power
This document discusses the concept of power through defining it, examining its various sources and types. It defines power as the ability to influence or control the behavior of others. Power can come from formal positions of authority, the ability to reward or punish others, expertise or knowledge, personality traits, or charisma. The document outlines several types of power including political power derived from government institutions, economic power from wealth and resources, ideological power through shaping beliefs, and military power through armed forces.
The concept of power
Power plays a huge role in politics, from decision making to interactions between political actors. Power can be defined as the ability to get someone to do something and make things happen as one wants. There are different types of power including organizational power which comes from one's position, and personal power which comes from one's characteristics. Power must be exercised carefully to avoid corruption and instead motivate followers to accomplish group goals.
Authority and power
Authority refers to the formal right given to managers to make decisions and direct subordinates. It flows downward through the organizational hierarchy. Power, on the other hand, is the ability to influence others and events, which can flow in any direction. While authority depends on a manager's position, power resides in the person and does not necessarily correspond to levels of authority. The key difference is that authority is a formal and legitimate right, whereas power is not always official or legitimate.
Power and authority
This document defines and discusses different concepts of power and authority. It defines power as the ability to control or influence people and resources. It then describes several types of power: social power which comes from influence over decision makers; cultural power from influence as cultural icons; economic power from money and capital; political power from control over government bodies; and legal power from ability to create and enforce laws. It defines authority as the legitimate or acceptable use of power. It then discusses various concepts of authority, including customary authority from history/tradition, statutory authority from legislation, common law authority from courts, and delegated authority given to subordinates.
Concept & Types of authority
Types of Authorities[edit]
The types of political authority were first defined by Max Weber in his essay "Politics as a Vocation" and his other writings in 1919-1920. In this essay he emphasized that the political authority that controlled the state can be composed of the following types of authority, or what is called in German as Herrschaft.[3]
Traditional Authority: Power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns.
Charismatic Authority: Power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.
Rational-Legal Authority: Also known as bureaucratic authority, is when power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations such as governments.
Power and authority
Power is the ability to influence others, which can arise from different bases including legitimate authority, expertise, rewards, or coercion. Authority derives from one's position or role and provides the right to make decisions. While authority is well-defined and based on legitimate power, power has less clear definition and can be used for productive or destructive purposes. The line and staff concept designates line functions that directly impact objectives and staff functions that support line workers through expertise, research, and advice, providing benefits like relief and specialization but also potential conflicts if staff oversteps bounds.
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Power and Authority
This document discusses different types of authority and forms of government. It defines three types of authority - traditional authority, which is legitimacy based on longstanding cultural traditions; rational-legal authority, which comes from following established legal rules and bureaucratic procedures; and charismatic authority, which depends on an individual's extraordinary personality and abilities to inspire devotion. It then contrasts different political systems like monarchy, which is ruled by a hereditary monarch, versus democracy, which is ruled by the people through elections and stresses individual rights and freedoms. Finally, it examines other forms of government like authoritarianism, totalitarianism, and dictatorships.
Power and authority
Authority is the formal right given to a manager to direct subordinates and make decisions to achieve organizational objectives. It flows downward through the hierarchy, as higher managers delegate authority to lower ones. Power, on the other hand, is a person's ability to influence others and does not depend on formal position. It can flow in any direction. While authority is determined by one's level in the management structure, power can exist at any level based on personal attributes and relationships.
Concept of power
This document discusses the concept of power through defining it, examining its various sources and types. It defines power as the ability to influence or control the behavior of others. Power can come from formal positions of authority, the ability to reward or punish others, expertise or knowledge, personality traits, or charisma. The document outlines several types of power including political power derived from government institutions, economic power from wealth and resources, ideological power through shaping beliefs, and military power through armed forces.
The concept of power
Power plays a huge role in politics, from decision making to interactions between political actors. Power can be defined as the ability to get someone to do something and make things happen as one wants. There are different types of power including organizational power which comes from one's position, and personal power which comes from one's characteristics. Power must be exercised carefully to avoid corruption and instead motivate followers to accomplish group goals.
Authority and power
Authority refers to the formal right given to managers to make decisions and direct subordinates. It flows downward through the organizational hierarchy. Power, on the other hand, is the ability to influence others and events, which can flow in any direction. While authority depends on a manager's position, power resides in the person and does not necessarily correspond to levels of authority. The key difference is that authority is a formal and legitimate right, whereas power is not always official or legitimate.
Power and authority
This document defines and discusses different concepts of power and authority. It defines power as the ability to control or influence people and resources. It then describes several types of power: social power which comes from influence over decision makers; cultural power from influence as cultural icons; economic power from money and capital; political power from control over government bodies; and legal power from ability to create and enforce laws. It defines authority as the legitimate or acceptable use of power. It then discusses various concepts of authority, including customary authority from history/tradition, statutory authority from legislation, common law authority from courts, and delegated authority given to subordinates.
Concept & Types of authority
Types of Authorities[edit]
The types of political authority were first defined by Max Weber in his essay "Politics as a Vocation" and his other writings in 1919-1920. In this essay he emphasized that the political authority that controlled the state can be composed of the following types of authority, or what is called in German as Herrschaft.[3]
Traditional Authority: Power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns.
Charismatic Authority: Power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.
Rational-Legal Authority: Also known as bureaucratic authority, is when power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations such as governments.
Power and authority
Power is the ability to influence others, which can arise from different bases including legitimate authority, expertise, rewards, or coercion. Authority derives from one's position or role and provides the right to make decisions. While authority is well-defined and based on legitimate power, power has less clear definition and can be used for productive or destructive purposes. The line and staff concept designates line functions that directly impact objectives and staff functions that support line workers through expertise, research, and advice, providing benefits like relief and specialization but also potential conflicts if staff oversteps bounds.
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This document discusses the differences between comparative government and comparative politics. Comparative government focuses on the formal institutions of government like branches of government and their organization, while comparative politics examines both formal and informal institutions and factors like elections, political behaviors, and social groups. It notes that while the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, comparative politics involves a more analytical and empirical study of both formal and informal structures, with a focus on theory building and understanding political systems. The comparative method allows for understanding similarities and differences between systems and providing context for individual countries. Challenges to comparative studies include a lack of common terminology and universally applicable results.
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Max Weber developed the bureaucratic approach to management, which is characterized by division of labor, a clear hierarchy, formal impersonal relations, selection and promotion based on technical qualifications, and emphasis on legal authority. Some drawbacks are that it can be inflexible, ignore informal groups, lead to red tape and delays in decision making. The presentation aimed to explain Weber's bureaucratic management theory and discuss its pros and cons.
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Max weber bureaucracy
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Concept of authority
Authority refers to legitimate power that is approved by law or the constitution. It consists of both power and legitimacy. Authority is the capacity or ability to exercise influence over others due to one's position or office. Max Weber identified three main types of authority: traditional authority based on long-standing customs, charismatic authority derived from an individual's charisma or divine calling, and rational-legal authority based on rules and bureaucracy. Authority differs from power in that authority is always legalized while power can be acquired through force rather than peaceful means.
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This document outlines concepts of power and authority. It defines power as the ability to control or influence people and resources through various sources including social, cultural, economic, political and legal means. Authority is described as the legitimate or acceptable use of power to make decisions and enforce obedience. The document discusses Weber's three types of legitimacy - traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal. It concludes by advising administrators to use legitimate authority and treat staff politely when exercising power.
Max weber’s theory of bureaucracy and its criticism
Max Weber developed a theory of bureaucracy that defined its key features as a formal rational system intended to maximize efficiency. These features include a clear division of labor, a well-defined hierarchy of authority, impersonal relationships based on positions rather than personalities, and an emphasis on rules and standard operating procedures. While bureaucracy aims to increase rationality and efficiency, it has also been criticized for being too rigid and rule-bound, hindering flexibility and informal communication within organizations. Weber acknowledged that bureaucracy is not the only way to structure modern institutions rationally.
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Max Weber was a German sociologist who is considered a founding father of sociology and sociology of law. He developed a systematic analysis of different types of authority and their relation to law. According to Weber, there are three main types of legitimate authority: traditional authority based on long-standing tradition, charismatic authority stemming from an individual's charisma, and rational-legal authority based on a belief in the legality of rules and the rights of those in positions of authority. Weber's analysis of authority types and their relationship to law and social order had a profound influence on sociological theory and the study of law in society.
Theories of Max Weber/
Max Weber was a German sociologist who developed influential theories of social action and stratification. According to Weber's theory of social action, social behavior is guided by subjective meanings and orientations. He identified four types of social action - rational, value-rational, affective, and traditional. Weber also developed a three-component theory of stratification that classified people based on class, status, and power. Weber argued that Protestantism and the Protestant work ethic influenced the emergence of capitalism's rational spirit. He analyzed how religious beliefs shaped entrepreneurship and economic behavior.
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The document discusses different concepts related to politics and power, including:
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2) It outlines Max Weber's definitions of power and different types of authority - legitimate power accepted by people versus illegitimate coercive power.
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Power refers to the ability to influence others and make things happen according to one's will. There are various sources of power in organizations, including legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, and referent power. Managers acquire power through their position, expertise, visibility, and expanding their networks. Empowerment involves helping employees acquire power to make decisions affecting themselves and their work. Organizational politics involves intentionally enhancing self-interest through activities to develop and use power and resources to achieve preferred outcomes. Managing politics effectively involves establishing credibility, building support networks, implementing clear policies, and acting consistently.
Max Weber's Bureaucratic Management Theory
This presentation provides the definition, principles and discussions on the Max Weber's Bureaucratic Management Theory.
For more of this presentation: https://youtu.be/SZECH-gPW7E
SUBSCRIBE. COMMENT. LIKE. SHARE
Power
This document discusses various concepts and sources of power in organizations. It begins by defining power as the potential ability to influence others and outlines different bases of power including reward, coercive, legitimate, and expert power. It then discusses how managers can build position and personal power to influence others through increasing visibility, controlling information, and perfecting influence techniques. The document concludes by discussing empowerment and how sharing power can expand employees' influence potential.
Max Weber's Legal Thought & Contribution
Max Weber was a German sociologist who developed a theory of authority that identified three types: traditional authority, charismatic authority, and legal-rational authority. Traditional authority is based on long-standing customs and traditions, charismatic authority comes from an individual's charisma and vision, and legal-rational authority derives from a belief in abiding by formal rules and procedures. Weber saw the development of modern bureaucracies as reflecting the rise of legal-rational authority. While no single form of authority can exist purely, Weber's tripartite theory of authority has significantly influenced social science research on power and legitimacy.
Weber's authority
This file is for students of Sociology and Political Science. It describes authority and it's classifications.
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This document discusses the differences between comparative government and comparative politics. Comparative government focuses on the formal institutions of government like branches of government and their organization, while comparative politics examines both formal and informal institutions and factors like elections, political behaviors, and social groups. It notes that while the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, comparative politics involves a more analytical and empirical study of both formal and informal structures, with a focus on theory building and understanding political systems. The comparative method allows for understanding similarities and differences between systems and providing context for individual countries. Challenges to comparative studies include a lack of common terminology and universally applicable results.
Max Weber's Bureaucratic Approach
Max Weber developed the bureaucratic approach to management, which is characterized by division of labor, a clear hierarchy, formal impersonal relations, selection and promotion based on technical qualifications, and emphasis on legal authority. Some drawbacks are that it can be inflexible, ignore informal groups, lead to red tape and delays in decision making. The presentation aimed to explain Weber's bureaucratic management theory and discuss its pros and cons.
Defining feminism
Feminism refers broadly to the doctrine advocating equal social, political, and other rights for women as men. It describes both a philosophy and a cultural/political movement. In its narrow political sense, feminism is the struggle to achieve institutional and economic equality between the sexes. In the late 19th century, women had fewer rights and opportunities than men. They were excluded from many professions and politics. Progress was made in the late 19th century through better education and some legal reforms, but the right to vote in all elections, or suffrage, was still denied to women. This led to the emergence of suffrage movements advocating for women's right to vote.
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This document discusses power, authority, and legitimacy. It defines power as the ability to influence others and achieve objectives, and identifies six reasons why power is important for governments. Authority is defined as legitimate power assigned to a position, and there are three main sources of authority: traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational. Legitimacy means having the right to rule based on established rules and the consent of the governed. Governments can achieve legitimacy through long-standing governance, just rule, national symbols, and structure.
Max weber bureaucracy
Max Weber was a German sociologist who developed a theory of bureaucracy based on legal-rational authority. According to Weber's theory, a bureaucracy is characterized by: a clear hierarchy with levels of authority; specialized divisions of labor; a framework of consistent rules applied impartially; and qualifications-based selection of bureaucrats. Weber saw bureaucracy as an efficient and rational way for large organizations to operate through standardized procedures and impersonal administration.
Political participation
This document discusses political participation, defining it as voluntary activities citizens undertake to influence government or support politics. It outlines different levels of participation, from simply living in a democratic system to more active involvement like voting, campaigning, protesting, or holding office. A variety of methods of participation are also listed, such as contacting officials, demonstrations, petitions, and financial contributions to political parties.
Concept of authority
Authority refers to legitimate power that is approved by law or the constitution. It consists of both power and legitimacy. Authority is the capacity or ability to exercise influence over others due to one's position or office. Max Weber identified three main types of authority: traditional authority based on long-standing customs, charismatic authority derived from an individual's charisma or divine calling, and rational-legal authority based on rules and bureaucracy. Authority differs from power in that authority is always legalized while power can be acquired through force rather than peaceful means.
Karl marx
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theories of communism, socialism, and Marxism. Some of Marx's major ideas discussed in the document include dialectical materialism, historical materialism, the concept of base and superstructure in societies, modes of production, class consciousness, class struggle, surplus value, and alienation of workers. The document provides an overview of Marx's key theories and concepts.
Power and authority
This document outlines concepts of power and authority. It defines power as the ability to control or influence people and resources through various sources including social, cultural, economic, political and legal means. Authority is described as the legitimate or acceptable use of power to make decisions and enforce obedience. The document discusses Weber's three types of legitimacy - traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal. It concludes by advising administrators to use legitimate authority and treat staff politely when exercising power.
Max weber’s theory of bureaucracy and its criticism
Max Weber developed a theory of bureaucracy that defined its key features as a formal rational system intended to maximize efficiency. These features include a clear division of labor, a well-defined hierarchy of authority, impersonal relationships based on positions rather than personalities, and an emphasis on rules and standard operating procedures. While bureaucracy aims to increase rationality and efficiency, it has also been criticized for being too rigid and rule-bound, hindering flexibility and informal communication within organizations. Weber acknowledged that bureaucracy is not the only way to structure modern institutions rationally.
Politics & political development
This document discusses politics, power, and political development. It defines politics as the major social institution through which society organizes decision making and distributes power. Power is defined as the ability to control others or participate in decision making. The document outlines three types of authority according to Max Weber: rational legal authority based on established laws and procedures; traditional authority based on customs; and charismatic authority based on a leader's personal qualities. Political development is defined as increasing political participation and unity. The stages of political development discussed include traditional, drive to maturity, take off, mass production, and past mass production. Key characteristics of political development are equality before the law, the capacity of the political system, and differentiated specialized political structures and
Weber's Theory of Authority
Max Weber was a German sociologist who is considered a founding father of sociology and sociology of law. He developed a systematic analysis of different types of authority and their relation to law. According to Weber, there are three main types of legitimate authority: traditional authority based on long-standing tradition, charismatic authority stemming from an individual's charisma, and rational-legal authority based on a belief in the legality of rules and the rights of those in positions of authority. Weber's analysis of authority types and their relationship to law and social order had a profound influence on sociological theory and the study of law in society.
Theories of Max Weber/
Max Weber was a German sociologist who developed influential theories of social action and stratification. According to Weber's theory of social action, social behavior is guided by subjective meanings and orientations. He identified four types of social action - rational, value-rational, affective, and traditional. Weber also developed a three-component theory of stratification that classified people based on class, status, and power. Weber argued that Protestantism and the Protestant work ethic influenced the emergence of capitalism's rational spirit. He analyzed how religious beliefs shaped entrepreneurship and economic behavior.
Politics and government(sociology)
The document discusses different concepts related to politics and power, including:
1) It defines politics as the social institutions that distribute power and make decisions for society. It also discusses micropolitics in everyday life and macropolitics exercised over large groups.
2) It outlines Max Weber's definitions of power and different types of authority - legitimate power accepted by people versus illegitimate coercive power.
3) It describes Weber's three main types of authority - traditional authority based on longstanding traditions, rational-legal authority based on laws and rules, and charismatic authority based on extraordinary personal abilities.
Chapter 7 power, authority, and governance
This document discusses different forms of government and how power and authority are organized through government. It describes monarchy, dictatorship, oligarchy, theocracy, and democracy as different systems of government. It also discusses the US system of checks and balances and individual responsibilities and ways for citizens to engage in democracy.
The Bureaucracy
PowerPoint for Bureaucracy lectures for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Political Institution
Political science is the study of government and politics. It involves the analysis of power and authority within political systems. Power can be exercised through both coercion and authority. Authority is legitimized through the historical beliefs and practices of a society, and is derived from rules and laws. Political power structures society and influences decision making processes through various means like voting, political counsel, patronage, and public opinion formation. Interest groups also seek to influence policymaking in their favor on issues of both economic and noneconomic concern.
Power & politics in organizations
Power refers to the ability to influence others and make things happen according to one's will. There are various sources of power in organizations, including legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, and referent power. Managers acquire power through their position, expertise, visibility, and expanding their networks. Empowerment involves helping employees acquire power to make decisions affecting themselves and their work. Organizational politics involves intentionally enhancing self-interest through activities to develop and use power and resources to achieve preferred outcomes. Managing politics effectively involves establishing credibility, building support networks, implementing clear policies, and acting consistently.
Max Weber's Bureaucratic Management Theory
This presentation provides the definition, principles and discussions on the Max Weber's Bureaucratic Management Theory.
For more of this presentation: https://youtu.be/SZECH-gPW7E
SUBSCRIBE. COMMENT. LIKE. SHARE
Power
This document discusses various concepts and sources of power in organizations. It begins by defining power as the potential ability to influence others and outlines different bases of power including reward, coercive, legitimate, and expert power. It then discusses how managers can build position and personal power to influence others through increasing visibility, controlling information, and perfecting influence techniques. The document concludes by discussing empowerment and how sharing power can expand employees' influence potential.
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Max weber’s theory of bureaucracy and its criticism
Max weber’s theory of bureaucracy and its criticism
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Patrimonial politics poses a threat to democracy and good governance in Pakistan. Patrimonialism is a form of governance where all power flows directly from the leader, who treats public and private matters as personal. This contrasts with democratic systems that have clear rules, accountability, transparency and equal treatment of citizens. In Pakistan, patrimonialism is seen in political dynasties that have held power for multiple generations. This has undermined leadership transitions, political participation, rule of law and responsiveness. To overcome this challenge, reforms are needed to promote intra-party democracy, political culture, participation of all citizens in politics, training common people, limiting family politics through legal and constitutional reforms, and strengthening institutions over personalities.
Rr patrimonial politics in pakistan by farxana syed (1)
Patrimonial politics poses a threat to democracy and good governance in Pakistan. Patrimonialism is a form of governance where all power flows directly from the leader, who treats public and private matters as personal. This contrasts with democratic systems that have clear rules, accountability, transparency and equal treatment of citizens. In Pakistan, patrimonialism is seen in political dynasties that have held power for multiple generations. This has undermined leadership transitions, political participation, rule of law and responsiveness. To overcome this challenge, reforms are needed to promote intra-party democracy, political culture, participation of all citizens in politics, training common people, limiting family politics through legal and constitutional reforms, and strengthening institutions over personalities.
第六課 - 宗教改革結果：自由民主的興起 (Lesson 6 - Liberal Democracy)
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Sovereignty (1).docx
Sovereignty refers to the ultimate authority within a state or territory. It entails a hierarchy within the state and autonomy externally. In a state, sovereignty is assigned to the entity that has authority to establish or change laws. In political theory, sovereignty designates supreme authority over a polity. While sovereignty is often viewed as absolute, this is not truly the case. All sovereignty is necessarily limited by its underlying conditions. Both individuals and states face various constraints on their sovereignty without losing it altogether. Theorists of the modern era increasingly saw state sovereignty as limited rather than absolute. Understanding sovereignty as limited rather than absolute allows for states to cooperate and limit their sovereignty while still maintaining their sovereign status.
The classical theory projects public administration as a science
The document discusses the classical and bureaucratic approaches to public administration. It describes the key thinkers and principles of each approach. The classical approach was proposed by Gulick and Urwick, who argued for establishing administration as a science based on empirical methods. They emphasized organizational structure principles like specialization, hierarchy, and span of control. Weber is identified as the founder of the bureaucratic theory. His views were influenced by neo-Kantianism and emphasized rationalization. Weber analyzed bureaucracies in ancient states and characterized modern bureaucracies as having division of labor, hierarchies, rules, impersonality, and neutrality.
Public Administration.pptx
This document discusses Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy, which emphasizes impersonal relationships, hierarchy, rationality, and formal communication. It outlines Weber's view of different types of authority - traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational - and how they function. The document also examines Weber's concept of bureaucracy as an "ideal type" and its role in modern administration.
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Machiavelli and hobbes share a similar analysis of political power
Machiavelli and hobbes share a similar analysis of political power
Machiavelli and hobbes share a similar analysis of political power
Machiavelli and hobbes share a similar analysis of political power
Classification of Weber's amalysis , Power and Authority, Social Science
Classification of Weber's amalysis , Power and Authority, Social Science
Rr patrimonial politics in pakistan by farxana syed (2)
Rr patrimonial politics in pakistan by farxana syed (2)
Rr patrimonial politics in pakistan by farxana syed (1)
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第六課 - 宗教改革結果：自由民主的興起 (Lesson 6 - Liberal Democracy)
第六課 - 宗教改革結果：自由民主的興起 (Lesson 6 - Liberal Democracy)
The classical theory projects public administration as a science
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[To download this presentation, visit:
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Authority types
- 1. Traditional authority Is legitimated by the sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule is passed down, often through heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent, and perpetuates the status quo. In fact, Weber states: “The creation of new law opposite traditional norms is deemed impossible in principle.” Traditional authority is typically embodied in feudalism or patrimonialism. In a purely patriarchal structure, “the servants are completely and personally dependent upon the lord”, while in an estate system (i.e. feudalism), “the servants are not personal servants of the lord but independent men” (Weber 1958, 4). But, in both cases the system of authority does not change or evolve. Charismatic authority is found in a leader whose mission and vision inspire others. It is based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual. Weber saw a charismatic leader as the head of a new social movement, and one instilled with divine or supernatural powers, such as a religious prophet. Weber seemed to favor charismatic authority, and spent a good deal of time discussing it. In a study of charisma and religion, Riesebrodt (1999) argues that Weber also thought charisma played a strong - if not integral - role in traditional authority systems. Thus, Weber’s favor for charismatic authority was particularly strong, especially in focusing on what happened to it with the death or decline of a charismatic leader. Charismatic authority is “routinized” in a number of ways according to Weber: orders are traditionalized, the staff or followers change into legal or “estate-like” (traditional) staff, or the meaning of charisma itself may undergo change. Legal-rational authority is empowered by a formalistic belief in the content of the law (legal) or natural law (rationality). Obedience is not given to a specific individual leader - whether traditional or charismatic - but a set of uniform principles. Weber thought the best example of legal-rational authority was a bureaucracy (political or economic). This form of authority is frequently found in the modern state, city governments, private and public corporations, and various voluntary associations. In fact, Weber stated that the “development of the modern state is identical indeed with that of modern officialdom and bureaucratic organizations just as the development of modern capitalism is identical with the increasing bureaucratization of economic enterprise (Weber 1958, 3). However, no authority structure, Weber wrote, could actually be exclusively bureaucratic, because some positions would be held by a variety of charismatic leaders. He also stated that non-bureaucratic legal authority could be found in organizations that have rotating office holders, such as “Parliamentary and committee administration and all sorts of collegiate and administrative bodies” (Weber 1958, 3). Weber’s feelings about bureaucracies sometimes came through in his writing and he tended to view the move towards legal-rational authority as a move into an “iron cage”.