Polio virus
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
11 likes•1,666 views
polio virus, polio, definition, morphology, history, classification, replication cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, prevention.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infection
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. It begins by explaining why viral diagnosis is important and lists some common diagnostic methods like microscopy, antigen detection, antibody detection, and nucleic acid detection. It then goes into more detail on specific diagnostic techniques. Microscopy methods discussed include light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy. The document outlines best practices for proper sample collection and storage. It also provides details on viral transport medium and various viral cultivation and isolation methods like animal inoculation, egg inoculation, and tissue culture.
Poxviruses
Poxviruses are a family of large, complex enveloped viruses that contain double-stranded DNA. They include viruses that infect humans and other vertebrates. Smallpox and molluscum contagiosum are human poxviruses, while viruses like vaccinia, cowpox and monkeypox can infect humans incidentally from animal hosts. Poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm and have complex virion structures. Important human poxviruses include variola (smallpox virus), which was eradicated in the 1970s through vaccination, and molluscum contagiosum, which causes a generally mild skin infection.
Poliovirus
Poliovirus is an enterovirus that causes the acute infectious disease poliomyelitis. It is spherical and 27nm in diameter with an icosahedral capsid containing its single-stranded RNA genome. It infects and replicates in the intestinal tract and sometimes spreads to the central nervous system, destroying motor neurons and potentially causing flaccid paralysis. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause a range of illnesses from minor to paralytic. Diagnosis involves isolating the virus from specimens through cell culture and identification, and treatment involves vaccination to develop protective antibodies.
Picorna virus
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Virus host interactions
Viral infections can occur at the cellular, individual, and community levels. At the cellular level, viral infection may cause cytocidal effects, cellular proliferation, or steady state infection through various mechanisms of cellular injury. Inclusion bodies are virus-specific intracellular masses that can be seen in infected cells under microscopy. Viral infections may be classified as inapparent, apparent acute, subacute, or chronic, and some viruses like herpes can cause latent infections. Viruses enter the body through routes like respiratory, alimentary, skin, genital, conjunctival, or congenital transmission. The host mounts non-specific responses like age, hormones, malnutrition, fever, and interferons as well as specific humoral
Paramyxoviruses
Paramyxoviruses are larger RNA viruses that have a single piece of RNA genome and are not liable to antigenic variation. They include parainfluenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Parainfluenza viruses cause respiratory infections in children and adults. Mumps virus causes mumps or parotitis disease of childhood and can lead to complications like meningitis. Measles virus causes a highly infectious childhood disease and RSV is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonitis in infants under 6 months old. These viruses are diagnosed through direct demonstration of viral antigens, virus isolation, and serological tests.
Orthomyxoviruses
This document discusses orthomyxoviruses, which include influenza viruses A, B, and C. It provides details on their structure, including being linear, segmented RNA viruses with negative-sense and enveloped. It also describes the influenza virus life cycle, pathogenesis in humans, clinical symptoms of influenza infection, and methods for prevention and control including inactivated viral vaccines and live attenuated influenza vaccines.
Orthomyxovirus - Morphology and laboratory diagnosis
Properties, introduction , morphology, classification, lab diagnosis , infections caused, treatment, prophylaxis
Recommended
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infection
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. It begins by explaining why viral diagnosis is important and lists some common diagnostic methods like microscopy, antigen detection, antibody detection, and nucleic acid detection. It then goes into more detail on specific diagnostic techniques. Microscopy methods discussed include light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy. The document outlines best practices for proper sample collection and storage. It also provides details on viral transport medium and various viral cultivation and isolation methods like animal inoculation, egg inoculation, and tissue culture.
Poxviruses
Poxviruses are a family of large, complex enveloped viruses that contain double-stranded DNA. They include viruses that infect humans and other vertebrates. Smallpox and molluscum contagiosum are human poxviruses, while viruses like vaccinia, cowpox and monkeypox can infect humans incidentally from animal hosts. Poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm and have complex virion structures. Important human poxviruses include variola (smallpox virus), which was eradicated in the 1970s through vaccination, and molluscum contagiosum, which causes a generally mild skin infection.
Poliovirus
Poliovirus is an enterovirus that causes the acute infectious disease poliomyelitis. It is spherical and 27nm in diameter with an icosahedral capsid containing its single-stranded RNA genome. It infects and replicates in the intestinal tract and sometimes spreads to the central nervous system, destroying motor neurons and potentially causing flaccid paralysis. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause a range of illnesses from minor to paralytic. Diagnosis involves isolating the virus from specimens through cell culture and identification, and treatment involves vaccination to develop protective antibodies.
Picorna virus
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Virus host interactions
Viral infections can occur at the cellular, individual, and community levels. At the cellular level, viral infection may cause cytocidal effects, cellular proliferation, or steady state infection through various mechanisms of cellular injury. Inclusion bodies are virus-specific intracellular masses that can be seen in infected cells under microscopy. Viral infections may be classified as inapparent, apparent acute, subacute, or chronic, and some viruses like herpes can cause latent infections. Viruses enter the body through routes like respiratory, alimentary, skin, genital, conjunctival, or congenital transmission. The host mounts non-specific responses like age, hormones, malnutrition, fever, and interferons as well as specific humoral
Paramyxoviruses
Paramyxoviruses are larger RNA viruses that have a single piece of RNA genome and are not liable to antigenic variation. They include parainfluenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Parainfluenza viruses cause respiratory infections in children and adults. Mumps virus causes mumps or parotitis disease of childhood and can lead to complications like meningitis. Measles virus causes a highly infectious childhood disease and RSV is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonitis in infants under 6 months old. These viruses are diagnosed through direct demonstration of viral antigens, virus isolation, and serological tests.
Orthomyxoviruses
This document discusses orthomyxoviruses, which include influenza viruses A, B, and C. It provides details on their structure, including being linear, segmented RNA viruses with negative-sense and enveloped. It also describes the influenza virus life cycle, pathogenesis in humans, clinical symptoms of influenza infection, and methods for prevention and control including inactivated viral vaccines and live attenuated influenza vaccines.
Orthomyxovirus - Morphology and laboratory diagnosis
Properties, introduction , morphology, classification, lab diagnosis , infections caused, treatment, prophylaxis
Reoviruses/Reoviridae and Rotavirus
This document discusses the Reoviridae family of viruses. It provides information on Rotavirus, including that it is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children worldwide, with about 500,000 child deaths annually. Rotavirus has a double-stranded RNA genome and infects the intestinal tract. It spreads easily between young children and causes symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. While there is no specific treatment, prevention through vaccination is available.
Virology
This presentation provides an introduction to virology to First Year graduation students of Biotechnology
Serological test for virus identification
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
Picornavirus
Picornaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that includes enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. Enteroviruses such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and echovirus can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to meningitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and even paralysis. Poliovirus is classified into three serotypes and can be diagnosed through virus isolation from throat or stool samples or antibody detection in serum. Both injectable inactivated and oral live attenuated vaccines are used to protect against poliovirus. Global vaccination efforts have nearly eradicated polio, with transmission now only occurring in a few countries.
Tumour Viruses
The document discusses tumor viruses and their life cycles. It notes that tumor viruses can either have a lytic life cycle where they replicate and cause cell lysis, or a latent life cycle where they integrate into the host cell genome and cause transformation without producing new virus particles. It further describes the two major classes of tumor viruses - DNA tumor viruses and RNA tumor viruses - and provides examples of specific viruses that are known to cause cancer in humans such as human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus.
Poliovirus
Poliovirus is an enterovirus in the Picornaviridae family that causes the disease poliomyelitis. It has a positive-sense RNA genome and protein capsid. There are three serotypes of poliovirus that share 36-52% genetic homology. Poliovirus is usually transmitted through the fecal-oral route or oral-oral contact with infected stool or respiratory secretions. It infects the gastrointestinal tract and in rare cases enters the central nervous system, where it can cause paralysis. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, headache, and muscle weakness. Treatment involves vaccination with the inactivated Salk vaccine or attenuated Sabin vaccine to prevent the spread of polio.
Reoviridae
Reoviridae is a family of viruses that includes orthoreoviruses, rotaviruses, orbiviruses, and coltiviruses. They are non-enveloped viruses with double-layered protein capsids and segmented double-stranded RNA genomes. Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. They replicate in the cytoplasm of intestinal cells. Orbiviruses commonly infect insects and can be transmitted to vertebrates by insects, causing diseases like bluetongue in sheep. While reoviruses are ubiquitous, their role in human disease is unclear.
Rhabdovirus
RhabdoVirus is a single stranded, linear, negative sense, non-segmented RNA virus that is enveloped and bullet shaped. It multiplies in the cytoplasm. Rabies virus is an example. Rabies virus enters through bites from rabid animals and is carried in the saliva, depositing at the wound site. If untreated, 50% of those exposed will develop rabies as the virus multiplies in muscles, connective tissue and nerves before infecting the central nervous system. Symptoms include headache, fever, sore throat, nervousness, confusion, pain or tingling at the bite site, hallucinations, hydrophobia, paralysis, and eventually coma and death. Diagnosis involves antigen detection
Dna Virus
The document summarizes human DNA viruses, including their structure, replication cycles, and associated diseases. It covers adenoviruses, herpesviruses, papovaviruses, parvoviruses, poxviruses, and hepadnaviruses. Adenoviruses use host cell machinery to replicate their DNA and assemble new virus particles that ultimately cause cell lysis. Herpesviruses and papovaviruses replicate through rolling circle mechanisms. Parvoviruses and hepadnaviruses have unique replication features. Poxviruses are the only DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm.
Picornaviruses 06.08.11
Picornaviruses are a family of small RNA viruses that includes enteroviruses like poliovirus and rhinoviruses that cause the common cold. They are spherical and non-enveloped, around 30nm in diameter, and contain a single strand of positive-sense RNA genome around 7-8kb in size. Picornaviruses infect the cytoplasm and their replication results in cell lysis and spread to other cells. Important human pathogens include the polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and rhinoviruses. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been developed to prevent diseases like polio.
Poxvirus
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Rhabdovirus lecture
Rhabdoviruses are bullet-shaped viruses with a helical nucleocapsid and a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. They infect mammals, fish, insects, and plants. Mammalian rhabdoviruses are classified into the Vesiculovirus and Lyssavirus genera, with rabies virus being the most important lyssavirus. Rabies virus is transmitted via bites or scratches from infected animals and causes fatal encephalitis in humans. Upon entry through a bite, the virus travels through peripheral nerves to the central nervous system. In the brain, it causes symptoms like aggression, hallucinations, and hydrophobia. Post-mortem diagnosis involves detecting Negri bodies
Retrovirus
The document discusses retroviruses, which are enveloped viruses that contain an RNA genome and the enzyme DNA polymerase. Retroviruses can be transmitted sexually or through blood and cause diseases like AIDS. Examples given are HIV and sarcoma viruses. Prevention methods include safe sex practices, blood screening for HIV, and avoiding sharing needles.
14. salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi is a gram-negative enteric bacillus that causes typhoid fever in humans. It grows optimally at 37°C and pH 6-8, forming characteristic colonies on nutrient agar, blood agar, MacConkey agar, and selective media like XLD agar and Wilson-Blair bismuth sulfite agar. S. typhi causes typhoid fever through ingestion, incubating in the intestines before spreading to organs and causing systemic infection marked by fever, headache, and possible complications like intestinal perforation. Diagnosis involves blood, stool, and other cultures as well as serological tests. Treatment uses antibiotics like chloramphenicol and ampicillin.
16. vibrio cholera
Vibrio cholerae is the bacteria that causes cholera. It is a facultative anaerobe that grows well between 37°C and pH 7.4-9.6. It can be cultured on ordinary media like nutrient agar as well as special transport and enrichment media. Pathogenesis involves ingesting contaminated food/water, with the bacteria multiplying in the intestines and producing cholera toxin which causes hypersecretion of fluids. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of rice water stool samples and culturing in selective media. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement therapy and oral rehydration.
Oncogenic virus ppt
This document summarizes information about oncogenic viruses. It begins with definitions of oncoviruses and tumor viruses. It then estimates that viruses cause approximately 18% of human cancers. Several important historical discoveries are outlined, such as the first demonstration that avian sarcoma leukosis virus could cause leukemia when transmitted between chickens. Mechanisms by which viruses can cause cancer are discussed, such as by inserting oncogenes into host cells. Several specific DNA and RNA viruses that are known to cause cancer are described, including their associated cancer types. Precautions to prevent viral infection during cancer treatment are provided. In conclusion, viruses can stimulate cell proliferation and cause cancer through various mechanisms such as modifying proto-oncogenes or stimulating growth.
Human retroviruses
Human Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing them to convert their RNA genome into DNA. The two major genera that affect humans are Lentiviruses, which include HIV-1 and HIV-2, and HTLV-BLV group, which includes HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. HIV binds host cells via gp120, enters via fusion, reverse transcribes into DNA then integrates into the host genome. It replicates using host cell machinery. Infection can lead to AIDS as CD4+ T cells are depleted. Opportunistic infections are treated with antiretrovirals that target reverse transcriptase and protease.
Adenoviruses
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Bacterial virulence factors
Bacteria have several virulence factors that allow them to cause infection by adhering to host cells, invading tissues, competing for nutrients, resisting the immune system, and secreting toxins. The main virulence factors discussed are adhesion through fimbriae and adhesins, invasion through enzymes, competing for iron through siderophores, resisting phagocytosis through capsules and other mechanisms, and damaging tissues through exotoxins and endotoxins. These virulence factors enable bacteria to overcome the host's defenses and cause disease.
Paramyxovirus: Dr Kamlesh Patel
This document provides information on various paramyxoviruses, including parainfluenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It describes their morphology, genome, taxonomy, pathogenesis, transmission, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. The paramyxoviruses are enveloped viruses that contain single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes. They cause a variety of respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. Laboratory diagnosis involves antigen detection, virus isolation, serology, and molecular techniques like RT-PCR. Vaccines are available to prevent infections from some paramyxoviruses.
Picornaviruses
Picornaviruses are a diverse family of viruses that includes poliovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, and others. They have a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The genome encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins. Replication is rapid, shutting down host cell protein synthesis. Transmission is usually fecal-oral or respiratory. Infections can cause a variety of illnesses depending on the virus, including poliomyelitis, hand foot and mouth disease, myocarditis, and the common cold. Diagnosis involves cell culture or PCR detection of the virus. Treatment is supportive and prevention includes vaccines for polio
Picornaviruses
Picornaviruses are a diverse family of viruses that includes poliovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, and others. They have a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The genome encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins. Replication is rapid, shutting down host cell protein synthesis. Transmission is usually fecal-oral or respiratory. Diseases range from mild cold symptoms to paralytic polio. Diagnosis involves cell culture or PCR detection in clinical samples. Treatment is supportive and prevention includes vaccines for poliovirus.
More Related Content
What's hot
Reoviruses/Reoviridae and Rotavirus
This document discusses the Reoviridae family of viruses. It provides information on Rotavirus, including that it is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children worldwide, with about 500,000 child deaths annually. Rotavirus has a double-stranded RNA genome and infects the intestinal tract. It spreads easily between young children and causes symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. While there is no specific treatment, prevention through vaccination is available.
Virology
This presentation provides an introduction to virology to First Year graduation students of Biotechnology
Serological test for virus identification
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
Picornavirus
Picornaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that includes enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. Enteroviruses such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and echovirus can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to meningitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and even paralysis. Poliovirus is classified into three serotypes and can be diagnosed through virus isolation from throat or stool samples or antibody detection in serum. Both injectable inactivated and oral live attenuated vaccines are used to protect against poliovirus. Global vaccination efforts have nearly eradicated polio, with transmission now only occurring in a few countries.
Tumour Viruses
The document discusses tumor viruses and their life cycles. It notes that tumor viruses can either have a lytic life cycle where they replicate and cause cell lysis, or a latent life cycle where they integrate into the host cell genome and cause transformation without producing new virus particles. It further describes the two major classes of tumor viruses - DNA tumor viruses and RNA tumor viruses - and provides examples of specific viruses that are known to cause cancer in humans such as human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus.
Poliovirus
Poliovirus is an enterovirus in the Picornaviridae family that causes the disease poliomyelitis. It has a positive-sense RNA genome and protein capsid. There are three serotypes of poliovirus that share 36-52% genetic homology. Poliovirus is usually transmitted through the fecal-oral route or oral-oral contact with infected stool or respiratory secretions. It infects the gastrointestinal tract and in rare cases enters the central nervous system, where it can cause paralysis. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, headache, and muscle weakness. Treatment involves vaccination with the inactivated Salk vaccine or attenuated Sabin vaccine to prevent the spread of polio.
Reoviridae
Reoviridae is a family of viruses that includes orthoreoviruses, rotaviruses, orbiviruses, and coltiviruses. They are non-enveloped viruses with double-layered protein capsids and segmented double-stranded RNA genomes. Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. They replicate in the cytoplasm of intestinal cells. Orbiviruses commonly infect insects and can be transmitted to vertebrates by insects, causing diseases like bluetongue in sheep. While reoviruses are ubiquitous, their role in human disease is unclear.
Rhabdovirus
RhabdoVirus is a single stranded, linear, negative sense, non-segmented RNA virus that is enveloped and bullet shaped. It multiplies in the cytoplasm. Rabies virus is an example. Rabies virus enters through bites from rabid animals and is carried in the saliva, depositing at the wound site. If untreated, 50% of those exposed will develop rabies as the virus multiplies in muscles, connective tissue and nerves before infecting the central nervous system. Symptoms include headache, fever, sore throat, nervousness, confusion, pain or tingling at the bite site, hallucinations, hydrophobia, paralysis, and eventually coma and death. Diagnosis involves antigen detection
Dna Virus
The document summarizes human DNA viruses, including their structure, replication cycles, and associated diseases. It covers adenoviruses, herpesviruses, papovaviruses, parvoviruses, poxviruses, and hepadnaviruses. Adenoviruses use host cell machinery to replicate their DNA and assemble new virus particles that ultimately cause cell lysis. Herpesviruses and papovaviruses replicate through rolling circle mechanisms. Parvoviruses and hepadnaviruses have unique replication features. Poxviruses are the only DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm.
Picornaviruses 06.08.11
Picornaviruses are a family of small RNA viruses that includes enteroviruses like poliovirus and rhinoviruses that cause the common cold. They are spherical and non-enveloped, around 30nm in diameter, and contain a single strand of positive-sense RNA genome around 7-8kb in size. Picornaviruses infect the cytoplasm and their replication results in cell lysis and spread to other cells. Important human pathogens include the polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and rhinoviruses. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been developed to prevent diseases like polio.
Poxvirus
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Rhabdovirus lecture
Rhabdoviruses are bullet-shaped viruses with a helical nucleocapsid and a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. They infect mammals, fish, insects, and plants. Mammalian rhabdoviruses are classified into the Vesiculovirus and Lyssavirus genera, with rabies virus being the most important lyssavirus. Rabies virus is transmitted via bites or scratches from infected animals and causes fatal encephalitis in humans. Upon entry through a bite, the virus travels through peripheral nerves to the central nervous system. In the brain, it causes symptoms like aggression, hallucinations, and hydrophobia. Post-mortem diagnosis involves detecting Negri bodies
Retrovirus
The document discusses retroviruses, which are enveloped viruses that contain an RNA genome and the enzyme DNA polymerase. Retroviruses can be transmitted sexually or through blood and cause diseases like AIDS. Examples given are HIV and sarcoma viruses. Prevention methods include safe sex practices, blood screening for HIV, and avoiding sharing needles.
14. salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi is a gram-negative enteric bacillus that causes typhoid fever in humans. It grows optimally at 37°C and pH 6-8, forming characteristic colonies on nutrient agar, blood agar, MacConkey agar, and selective media like XLD agar and Wilson-Blair bismuth sulfite agar. S. typhi causes typhoid fever through ingestion, incubating in the intestines before spreading to organs and causing systemic infection marked by fever, headache, and possible complications like intestinal perforation. Diagnosis involves blood, stool, and other cultures as well as serological tests. Treatment uses antibiotics like chloramphenicol and ampicillin.
16. vibrio cholera
Vibrio cholerae is the bacteria that causes cholera. It is a facultative anaerobe that grows well between 37°C and pH 7.4-9.6. It can be cultured on ordinary media like nutrient agar as well as special transport and enrichment media. Pathogenesis involves ingesting contaminated food/water, with the bacteria multiplying in the intestines and producing cholera toxin which causes hypersecretion of fluids. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of rice water stool samples and culturing in selective media. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement therapy and oral rehydration.
Oncogenic virus ppt
This document summarizes information about oncogenic viruses. It begins with definitions of oncoviruses and tumor viruses. It then estimates that viruses cause approximately 18% of human cancers. Several important historical discoveries are outlined, such as the first demonstration that avian sarcoma leukosis virus could cause leukemia when transmitted between chickens. Mechanisms by which viruses can cause cancer are discussed, such as by inserting oncogenes into host cells. Several specific DNA and RNA viruses that are known to cause cancer are described, including their associated cancer types. Precautions to prevent viral infection during cancer treatment are provided. In conclusion, viruses can stimulate cell proliferation and cause cancer through various mechanisms such as modifying proto-oncogenes or stimulating growth.
Human retroviruses
Human Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing them to convert their RNA genome into DNA. The two major genera that affect humans are Lentiviruses, which include HIV-1 and HIV-2, and HTLV-BLV group, which includes HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. HIV binds host cells via gp120, enters via fusion, reverse transcribes into DNA then integrates into the host genome. It replicates using host cell machinery. Infection can lead to AIDS as CD4+ T cells are depleted. Opportunistic infections are treated with antiretrovirals that target reverse transcriptase and protease.
Adenoviruses
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Bacterial virulence factors
Bacteria have several virulence factors that allow them to cause infection by adhering to host cells, invading tissues, competing for nutrients, resisting the immune system, and secreting toxins. The main virulence factors discussed are adhesion through fimbriae and adhesins, invasion through enzymes, competing for iron through siderophores, resisting phagocytosis through capsules and other mechanisms, and damaging tissues through exotoxins and endotoxins. These virulence factors enable bacteria to overcome the host's defenses and cause disease.
Paramyxovirus: Dr Kamlesh Patel
This document provides information on various paramyxoviruses, including parainfluenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It describes their morphology, genome, taxonomy, pathogenesis, transmission, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. The paramyxoviruses are enveloped viruses that contain single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes. They cause a variety of respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. Laboratory diagnosis involves antigen detection, virus isolation, serology, and molecular techniques like RT-PCR. Vaccines are available to prevent infections from some paramyxoviruses.
What's hot (20)
Similar to Polio virus
Picornaviruses
Picornaviruses are a diverse family of viruses that includes poliovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, and others. They have a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The genome encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins. Replication is rapid, shutting down host cell protein synthesis. Transmission is usually fecal-oral or respiratory. Infections can cause a variety of illnesses depending on the virus, including poliomyelitis, hand foot and mouth disease, myocarditis, and the common cold. Diagnosis involves cell culture or PCR detection of the virus. Treatment is supportive and prevention includes vaccines for polio
Picornaviruses
Picornaviruses are a diverse family of viruses that includes poliovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, and others. They have a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The genome encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins. Replication is rapid, shutting down host cell protein synthesis. Transmission is usually fecal-oral or respiratory. Diseases range from mild cold symptoms to paralytic polio. Diagnosis involves cell culture or PCR detection in clinical samples. Treatment is supportive and prevention includes vaccines for poliovirus.
Poliovirus By Ashwin Vijayan.pptx
Poliovirus is the causative agent of polio. It is a positive-sense RNA virus with an icosahedral capsid. There are three serotypes that infect humans via the fecal-oral route. While most infections are asymptomatic, in rare cases the virus enters the central nervous system and can cause paralysis or death. The virus evades the immune system by surviving the acidic stomach and replicating quickly before an immune response occurs. Vaccines provide immunity by generating antibodies that block viral replication and spread.
Molecular Epidemiology of Polio virus
Poliovirus is the causative agent of poliomyelitis, which was a major public health issue in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. It is an enterovirus with an RNA genome and protein capsid that enters the body orally and multiplies in the intestine before invading the nervous system. There are three serotypes with no cross-immunity. Effective vaccines were developed in the 1950s, with Salk developing the first injectable vaccine in 1952 and Sabin developing an oral vaccine in 1961, leading to mass vaccination programs that dramatically reduced polio cases worldwide.
Genitourinary Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis can infect the genitourinary system and cause lesions in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and genital organs. Radiographic imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and can reveal findings like renal calcifications, ureteral strictures, and bladder wall thickening indicative of genitourinary tuberculosis. The document discusses the pathology, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests including urine examination, tuberculin skin testing, and radiography that are used to identify genitourinary tuberculosis.
Biol409_Flavivirus.ppt
Flaviviruses are mosquito- and tick-borne viruses that include Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and hepatitis C viruses. They have positive-sense RNA genomes and enveloped virions. Flaviviruses are transmitted via arthropod bites or bodily fluids and can cause diseases like hepatitis, encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and microcephaly in fetuses. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antibody detection, nucleic acid testing and neutralization assays. Promising approaches for Zika vaccines include mRNA packaged in lipid nanoparticles.
11. spirochetes
Spirochetes are elongated, motile bacteria that are twisted in a spiral shape along their long axis. They are found in the genera Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira, which include human pathogens. Treponema species cause diseases like syphilis, yaws, pinta, and endemic syphilis. Treponema pallidum specifically causes syphilis, which has primary, secondary, and tertiary stages and can also be congenital. Syphilis is diagnosed through microscopy, serology tests, and symptoms. Treatment involves penicillin or erythromycin. Borrelia species can cause relapsing fever and Lyme disease.
Gastroenteritis viruses
This document discusses four common viruses that cause gastroenteritis - rotaviruses, adenoviruses, caliciviruses, and astroviruses. It provides details on their morphology, genome, and epidemiological aspects. Rotaviruses are the leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. Noroviruses account for about 10% of all cases of viral gastroenteritis. While most were initially identified using electron microscopy, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is now commonly used for molecular diagnosis.
Bunya virus- Bunyaviridae
Bunyavirus, any virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviridae is a family of arthropod-borne or rodent-borne, spherical, enveloped RNA viruses. Bunyaviruses are responsible for a number of febrile diseases in humans and other vertebrates. They have either a rodent host or an arthropod vector and a vertebrate host.
Malaria main
The document provides a historical overview of malaria. Some key points:
- Malaria symptoms have been described as early as 2700 BC in China and 400 BC by Hippocratic writings.
- In 1880, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran discovered the malaria parasite in blood samples.
- In 1897, Ronald Ross demonstrated that malaria can be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes.
- In 1898, it was shown that the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae complete their life cycle within mosquitoes.
- Major developments in the 20th century included the 1955 WHO malaria eradication program using DDT and
Bioterrorism Present
The document discusses the establishment of an emergency medicine department at the Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University. It describes Dr. Intharin Imthavan's project to create this department in order to improve emergency care and treatment of patients in Thailand.
PPR (Peste des Petits Ruminants)
Introduction, Aetiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Symptoms, Pathogenesis, Post-mortem lesion, Diagnosis, Differential diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and control.
Lect 7 a enteroviruses-rmc
Enteroviruses are a genus of picornaviruses that includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses. There are over 71 serotypes that are classified into 5 groups. They primarily infect humans through the oral-fecal route. While most infections are mild, some can cause paralysis, meningitis, or neonatal disease. Diagnosis involves virus isolation in cell culture or molecular techniques. There is no antiviral treatment, but vaccines exist to prevent poliovirus infection.
8 august FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT.pptx
Opportunistic fungal agents: Major fungal agents cause respiratory infections
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Zygomycoses
Aspergillosis
Penicillosis.
Fungi causing systemic mycoses:
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Coccidioides immitis.
Yeast: Cryptococcus neoformans
Recently, the taxonomy of Pneumocystis has been changed (2002).
Once thought to be a protozoan, now under fungus based on nucleic acid sequence studies.
Taxonomists renamed the human species of Pneumocystis as Pneumocystis jirovecii.
Two known species: P. carinii & P. jirovecii
Pneumocystis pneumonia is one of the common opportunistic infections in AIDS
Pneumocystis exists in cyst and trophozoite forms. The
Cysts - found in the environment; in human tissues, both cysts and trophozoites (containing 4–8 sporozoites) are found.
Once inhaled, the cysts are carried to – the lungs - transform into trophozoite
Trophozoites induce - inflammatory response – recruitment of plasma cells -frothy exudate - also called plasma cell pneumonia
Infection is transmitted by respiratory droplets
In immunocompetent individuals: Asymptomatic
In immunocompromised patients: Fatal pneumonia
Specimens: Induced sputum, BAL or lung biopsy
Microscopy
Trophozoites can be demonstrated by Giemsa, toluidine blue, Grocott’s methenamine silver stain
The cyst wall stains black with methenamine silver stain
The organism cannot be cultured
Serology
Complement fixation test & Latex agglutination test
Histopathological examination of lung tissue - reveals cysts.
Gomori’s methenamine silver (GMS) staining method-demonstrate the cysts of P. jirovecii.
Cysts – black-colored crushed ping-pong balls against the green background
Histopathological examination of lung tissue - reveals cysts.
Gomori’s methenamine silver (GMS) staining method-demonstrate the cysts of P. jirovecii.
Cysts – black-colored crushed ping-pong balls against the green background
Histopathological examination of lung tissue - reveals cysts.
Gomori’s methenamine silver (GMS) staining method-demonstrate the cysts of P. jirovecii.
Cysts – black-colored crushed ping-pong balls against the green background
Radiology: Chest X-ray - classical finding of bilateral diffuse infiltrates.
CT of the lung - ground-glass opacities at the early stage.
Atypical manifestations - nodular densities, cavitary lesions
PCR - developed for detection of P. jirovecii specific genes
Detection of 1, 3 β-D-glucan in serum
Cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) - drug of choice for Pneumocystis pneumonia.
Given for 14 days in non-HIV patients and 21 days in patients with HIV.
Also the recommended drug for primary and secondary prophylaxis in patients with HIV
Life-threatening infections caused by aseptate fungi belonging to the phylum Zygomycota
1. Order Mucorales (causes mucormycosis)
Rhizopus (R. arrhizus and R. microsporus)
Mucor racemosus, Rhizomucor pucillus
Lichtheimia corymbifera , Apophysomyces elegans
2. Order ento
1pneumonia
This document discusses pneumonia, including its classification, pathogenesis, and types such as lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia. Pneumonia is defined as an inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma. It can be classified according to immune status (community acquired, hospital acquired, etc.), anatomical location (lobar, lobular, interstitial), or cause (infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, or non-infectious). Lobar pneumonia involves the consolidation of an entire lung lobe and is commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. It progresses through stages of congestion, red and gray hepatization, and resolution. Bronchopneumonia presents as patchy consolidation and often affects the elderly or very young.
Rhabdoviridae
Rhabdoviridae is a family of viruses that includes over 150 members, with rabies virus being the most important human pathogen. Rabies virus has a bullet-shaped structure with a linear, negative-sense single stranded RNA genome encapsulated by a nucleoprotein and surrounded by a lipid envelope containing glycoprotein spikes. Rabies virus is typically transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected animal and causes fatal neurological disease in humans. While treatment after symptoms is ineffective, vaccination can prevent disease if administered promptly after exposure.
Plague: The Black Death.pptx
This document summarizes the history and key details of plague (also known as the Black Death). It discusses three main points:
1. The history of plague pandemics, beginning in ancient times and including the devastating Black Death pandemic of the 14th century that killed around half of Europe's population.
2. The causative bacteria (Yersinia pestis) and how it is typically transmitted from infected rodents and their fleas to humans.
3. The three main forms of plague - bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic - along with their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and methods of prevention.
Enteroviruses life cycle structure genome organization classification
Enteroviruses are a genus of viruses that include poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer human enteroviruses like EV-68. They are small, non-enveloped viruses that enter the host and replicate in the gastrointestinal tract or central nervous system, causing a variety of mild to severe diseases. Common illnesses include respiratory infections, rashes, meningitis, and myocarditis. While vaccination has eradicated polio in most countries, other enteroviruses continue to circulate globally and cause periodic outbreaks of diseases.
Intestinal nematodes
This document summarizes intestinal nematodes (roundworms). It describes their classification, morphology, life cycles, and pathogenic effects. Key points include:
1. Intestinal nematodes are classified based on where they lay eggs or larvae. Major genera discussed are Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius, Strongyloides, and Ancylostoma/Necator.
2. The life cycles of these nematodes involve eggs and larvae, with some having direct or indirect life cycles between human and/or insect hosts.
3. Clinical effects range from asymptomatic infection to malnutrition, anemia, intestinal obstruction, and hyperinfection syndromes depending on worm burden and specific nematode.
Dr. Matt Sturos - Senecavirus A Infection in Boars
Senecavirus A Infection in Boars - Dr. Matt Sturos, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
Similar to Polio virus (20)
8 august FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT.pptx
8 august FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT.pptx
Enteroviruses life cycle structure genome organization classification
Enteroviruses life cycle structure genome organization classification
Dr. Matt Sturos - Senecavirus A Infection in Boars
Dr. Matt Sturos - Senecavirus A Infection in Boars
More from University of the Punjab
Fighting superbugs
Superbugs are bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics, making them difficult to treat. They infect over 2 million people in the US each year and kill 23,000. The rise of superbugs is caused by misuse and overuse of antibiotics and is considered a major global health threat. Common multidrug-resistant superbugs include CRE, MRSA, and C. difficile. New approaches to fighting superbugs include using bacteriophages, combining drugs, and activating nanoparticles with light to generate ions that target specific bacterial cells.
Alzheimer
Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible progressive brain disorder that causes brain cells to degenerate and die. It is the most common cause of dementia, which is a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral, and social skills that disrupts independent functioning. The disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who first identified characteristic brain changes of abnormal clumps and tangled bundles of fibers in a woman who had died of an unusual mental illness. Alzheimer's progresses through mild, moderate, and severe stages, and causes memory loss, mood changes, difficulty communicating, and other cognitive declines. While the exact causes are unknown, age and genetics are major risk factors. Current treatments cannot cure the disease but aim to slow symptoms and maintain quality
Pita bread
Pita bread is a type of flatbread that originated in the Middle East. It is made from wheat flour, water, yeast, and salt. The dough is mixed, formed into balls, rolled out into thin rounds, and baked at a very high temperature to create the signature puffed pockets. Pita bread is commonly used to make sandwiches by stuffing fillings into the pocket. It is a staple food in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cuisines.
Human cytomegalic virus
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common virus that infects epithelial cells and can cause disease in people with weakened immune systems. It is transmitted through body fluids like saliva, urine, blood, and breast milk. While most HCMV infections do not cause symptoms, it can cause complications in infants congenitally infected or transplant recipients. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect antibodies against HCMV. Treatment uses antiviral drugs like ganciclovir, though there is no vaccine yet. Prevention focuses on hygiene and avoiding contact with infectious body fluids.
Gastroenteritis by vibrio cholerae
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by bacterial toxins or viral infections that results in vomiting and diarrhea. It is commonly known as a stomach bug. Vibrio cholerae is a common bacterial cause that is transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include low-grade fever, vomiting, and rice-water stools. Treatment focuses on rehydration while antibiotics are usually reserved for severe cases. Prevention involves hand washing and avoiding unsafe foods and water.
Expressivity
expressivity definition, penetrance vs expressivity,, quantified example, qualitative expressivity, types of expressivity, waardenburg syndrome.
Electron microscope
The document discusses electron microscopy. It defines electron microscopy as a microscope that uses electron beams instead of light to achieve higher magnification and resolution, allowing observation of objects as small as atoms. It discusses the history and development of electron microscopes, from early light microscopes to Ernst Ruska building the first transmission electron microscope in 1931. It also covers how electron microscopes work using electron beams and electromagnetic coils, their power to achieve over 10 million times magnification and resolution of 50 picometers, and sample preparation techniques like fixation, dehydration and embedding needed for viewing under the microscope's high vacuum.
Lac operon
The lac operon controls genes involved in lactose transport and metabolism in E. coli. It contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are regulated by a single promoter. The lac repressor protein binds to the operator region between the promoter and genes, inhibiting transcription in the absence of the inducer allolactose. When allolactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a configuration change that allows transcription of the genes and expression of beta-galactosidase, beta-galactoside permease, and beta-galactoside transacetylase. This classic model of operon regulation was discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod in their work
Correlation
Correlation measures the strength and direction of association between two variables. It ranges from -1 to 1, where 0 indicates no association and values closer to 1 or -1 indicate stronger positive or negative associations, respectively. The document provides examples of positive correlation between variables such as height and weight that increase together, and negative correlation where variables such as TV time and grades move in opposite directions. Formulas and different types of correlation including partial and multiple correlation are also defined in the document.
Restriction Enzymes
This document provides information about restriction enzymes including their definition, history, origin, types, and applications. Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cleave DNA at specific restriction sites. They were first discovered in the 1960s by scientists studying E. coli bacteria. There are four main types of restriction enzymes that are classified based on differences in their structure and cleavage/recognition sites. Restriction enzymes have various applications in gene cloning, protein expression experiments, and biotechnology.
Microbes & Mental Health
This document outlines the microbiota-gut-brain axis and its influence on mental health conditions like anxiety and depression. It discusses how gut microbes communicate with the brain through pathways like the vagus nerve, immune system, and neurotransmitters. Certain microbes can produce neurotransmitters like GABA and serotonin that impact brain functions related to mood. Imbalances in the gut microbiome through factors like stress, antibiotics, and diet have been linked to mental health issues by disrupting this axis. Future research aims to better understand these relationships and develop microbiome-targeted treatments and preventions.
More from University of the Punjab (11)
Recently uploaded
EXAMINATION OF HUMAN URINE AND FAECES.pdf
This presentation will help to develop in-depth knowledge of the examination of Urine and Faeces.
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, in Public Health
This is a presentation on the overview of the role of monitoring and evaluation in public health. It describes the various components and how a robust M&E system can possitively impact the results or effectiveness of a public health intervention.
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPT
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...The Lifesciences Magazine
The cyclothymia test is a pivotal tool in the diagnostic process. It helps clinicians assess the presence and severity of symptoms associated with cyclothymia.Know Latest Hiranandani Hospital Powai News.pdf
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric n...
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric n...rightmanforbloodline
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric noreen and peter brewer_compressed
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric noreen and peter brewer_compressedVEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdf
Air Ambulance Services In Rewa works in close coordination with ground-based emergency services, including local Emergency Medical Services, fire departments, and law enforcement agencies.
More@: https://tinyurl.com/2shrryhx
More@: https://tinyurl.com/5n8h3wp8
一比一原版(UoA毕业证)昆士兰科技大学毕业证如何办理
UoA毕业证学历书【微信95270640】办文凭{昆士兰科技大学毕业证}Q微Q微信95270640UoA毕业证书成绩单/学历认证UoA Diploma未毕业、挂科怎么办？+QQ微信：Q微信95270640-大学Offer（申请大学）、成绩单（申请考研）、语言证书、在读证明、使馆公证、办真实留信网认证、真实大使馆认证、学历认证
办理国外昆士兰科技大学毕业证书 #成绩单改成绩 #教育部学历学位认证 #毕业证认证 #留服认证 #使馆认证（留学回国人员证明） #（证）等
真实教育部认证教育部存档中国教育部留学服务中心认证（即教育部留服认证）网站100%可查.
真实使馆认证（即留学人员回国证明）使馆存档可通过大使馆查询确认.
留信网认证国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书留信网永久存档可查.
昆士兰科技大学昆士兰科技大学毕业证文凭证书毕业证 #成绩单等全套材料从防伪到印刷从水印到钢印烫金跟学校原版100%相同.
国际留学归国服务中心：实体公司注册经营行业标杆精益求精！
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理流程：
1客户提供办理昆士兰科技大学昆士兰科技大学毕业证文凭证书信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作昆士兰科技大学毕业证成绩单电子图；
3昆士兰科技大学毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4昆士兰科技大学毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5昆士兰科技大学成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快递邮寄昆士兰科技大学昆士兰科技大学毕业证文凭证书）。闷不乐的样子父亲特意带山娃去找三楼房东家的儿子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交感
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
Correlation between surface motion and heart-breast distance for breast cance...
Lisa Dietrich,
MSc, Medical physicist in training and PhD candidate
Universitätsklinikum Erlangen
Germany
Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
2024 Media Preferences of Older Adults: Consumer Survey and Marketing Implica...
When it comes to creating marketing strategies that target older adults, it is crucial to have insight into their media habits and preferences. Understanding how older adults consume and use media is key to creating acquisition and retention strategies. We recently conducted our seventh annual survey to gain insight into the media preferences of older adults in 2024. Here are the survey responses and marketing implications that stood out to us.
Faridkot ℂ𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝔾𝕚𝕣𝕝𝕤 7742996321 ℂ𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝔾𝕚𝕣𝕝𝕤 Faridkot
Faridkot ℂ𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝔾𝕚𝕣𝕝𝕤 7742996321 ℂ𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝔾𝕚𝕣𝕝𝕤 Faridkot
Psychological Safety as a Foundation for Improvement 12-06-24.pdf
Nick Holding and Pete Gordon's slides for an NHS IMAS (Interim Management and Support) webinar 'Psychological safety as a foundation for improvement'
FACIAL NERVE
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa AjmanMalayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Our Spa Massage Center Ajman prioritizes efficiency to ensure a satisfying massage experience for our clients at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman. We offer a hassle-free appointment system, effective health issue identification, and precise massage techniques.
Our Spa in Ajman stands out for its effectiveness in enhancing wellness. Our therapists focus on treating the root cause of issues, providing tailored treatments for each client. We take pride in offering the most satisfying Pakistani Spa service, adjusting treatment plans based on client feedback.
For the most result-oriented Russian Spa treatment in Ajman, visit our Massage Center. Our Russian therapists are skilled in various techniques to address health concerns. Our body-to-body massage is efficient due to individualized care and high-grade massage oils.Sunscreens, IP-I, Dr. M.N.CHISHTI, Asst Prof. Dept of Pharmaceutics, YBCCPA
Industrial Pharmacy -I, PCI syllabus
Recently uploaded (20)
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, in Public Health
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, in Public Health
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric n...
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric n...
3. User Guide Activity Budget Tracking App Steps to apply.pptx
3. User Guide Activity Budget Tracking App Steps to apply.pptx
VEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdf
VEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdf
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...
Correlation between surface motion and heart-breast distance for breast cance...
Correlation between surface motion and heart-breast distance for breast cance...
Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -
Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -
2024 Media Preferences of Older Adults: Consumer Survey and Marketing Implica...
2024 Media Preferences of Older Adults: Consumer Survey and Marketing Implica...
Faridkot ℂ𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝔾𝕚𝕣𝕝𝕤 7742996321 ℂ𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝔾𝕚𝕣𝕝𝕤 Faridkot
Faridkot ℂ𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝔾𝕚𝕣𝕝𝕤 7742996321 ℂ𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝔾𝕚𝕣𝕝𝕤 Faridkot
Psychological Safety as a Foundation for Improvement 12-06-24.pdf
Psychological Safety as a Foundation for Improvement 12-06-24.pdf
Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Sunscreens, IP-I, Dr. M.N.CHISHTI, Asst Prof. Dept of Pharmaceutics, YBCCPA
Sunscreens, IP-I, Dr. M.N.CHISHTI, Asst Prof. Dept of Pharmaceutics, YBCCPA
Polio virus
- 2. Polio Virus By Rani Summeya Seme 33
- 3. Outline O Definition O Morphology O History O Classification O Replication cycle O Transmission O Pathogenesis O Prevention
- 4. Definition O Poliomyelitis O Enterovirus O Single strand + sense O Diameter= 30nm O Icosahedral O Non enveloped CD155 Receptor site
- 6. History O 1789 first clinical description O 1894 first outbreak of polio O 1908 identification of polio virus O 1930s Two strains of polio virus discovered Karl Landsteiner & Erwin Popper
- 7. Classification O Group Group IV + ssRNA Virus O Order Picornavirales O Family Picornaviridiae O Genus Enterovirus O Species Enterovirus C Subtype Polio Virus
- 9. Attachment
- 10. Penetration OTwo types O Pore Mediated Penetration O Receptor Mediated Penetration
- 15. Exit OLysis 4 – 6 hour after initiation OMechanism of viral release unclear OEach dying cell release 10,000 virions
- 16. Transmission Resides in O Intestinal tract O Mucus O Fecal oral route O Contaminated food & water
- 17. Pathogenesis O Replicates in GIT O Invades CNS O Causes paralytic disease