This is chapter No 3 of Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I for Diploma in Pharmacy (D. Pharmacy) Details notes for Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharmacy) Students.
This is chapter No 3 of Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I for Diploma in Pharmacy (D. Pharmacy) Details notes for Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharmacy) Students.
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Limit tests, Introduction, Definition,
Limit Test For Chlorides
Limit Test For Sulphates
Limit Test For Iron
Limit Test For Lead
Limit Test For Arsenic
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Limit tests, Introduction, Definition,
Limit Test For Chlorides
Limit Test For Sulphates
Limit Test For Iron
Limit Test For Lead
Limit Test For Arsenic
Cape Unit 2 Module 3 Aluminium Extraction Cram SheetDenison Dwarkah
Everything you need to know for CAPE Unit 2 Module 3 on the chemistry of aluminium extraction. It will allow you to answer any past paper question on this topic. The physical properties of aluminium were left out since you can easily find those yourself.
This is a summary of the topic "Acids and bases" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
Welcome to UNICORN CHEMICALS CO.
Unicorn Chemicals Co. is a leading name in manufacturing and trading an extensive range of chemicals which find wide application in different industrial sectors. Based in Kolkata, our company was established in the year 2010. Using our wide domain expertise and in-depth market knowledge we have been able to set up an organized infrastructure and network which are aiding us to escalate our business to new heights.
Our products are all manufactured using the most authentic and top quality ingredients which are formulated in their correct ratio to bring out the most desired results. All these chemicals are appreciated for their environment friendly and non-toxic nature which do not cause any adverse impact on the human body. These chemicals find effective application like dehumidification, fluid purification operations, air separation and other chemical treatment.
We are backed by a team of highly qualified scientists and professionals who hold extensive insight on the specific industry. Strictly adhering to the rules and norms of the specific industry, we are producing the most authentic brands of chemicals within an affordable market rate. Our sheer dedication, ethical business policies and utmost professionalism have helped us to create a niche not only in the domestic market but we have also formed a renowned client base in the international arena.
Synthetic reagent and applications OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDEShikha Popali
SYNTHETIC REAGENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDE ITS ALTERNATIVE NAMES AND ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIRS , HANDLING, STORAGE, PRECAUTIONS, PREPARATIONS, SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS
Anatacid || B pharmacy First Year || Presentation || kkwagh ||
This presentation is helpful for your study
This Presentation Contain
• Introduction
• characteristics of ideal antacid
• classification of antacid
• Some common use antacid
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)₃, is found in nature as
the mineral gibbsite and its three much rarer
polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite and nordstrandite.
Aluminium hydroxide exist in many forms, all based
on the common combination of one aluminium atom
and three hydroxide molecules into different crystalline
arrangements that determine the appearance and
properties of the compound.
Gibbsite is the most chemically stable form of
aluminium hydroxide
3. In nature, the element aluminum
combines with other elements to form
compounds. Aluminum hydroxide is a
compound which is closely related to
aluminum oxide and aluminum oxide
hydroxide, the primary difference
between the three being the loss of
water. All three compounds are found
in bauxite, the ore used for creating
pure aluminum. While pure aluminum
is a metal, aluminum hydroxide is a
crystal.
4. Bauxite, an aluminium ore, is the world's
main source of aluminium. It consists mostly
of the minerals gibbsite (Al(OH)3),
bauxite mostly present near the village of Les
Baux in Provence, southern France.
5. It’s a odorless white powder.
Formula: Al(OH)3
Molar mass: 78.0036 g/mol
Density: 2.42 g/cm³
Melting point: 300 °C
Soluble in: Acid, Sulfuric acid, Alkali,
Hydrochloric acid (In Water….0.0001g/100ml)
Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric in nature,
i.e, it has both basic and acidic nature.
6. Decomposition Reaction
Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + H2O
When it is heated to redness, It decomposes
into water and aluminium oxide.
Reaction with Acids
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
The hydroxide reacts with acids readily that is
hydrochloric acid forming the water and the
aliminium salts.
7. Hot solution of potash alum is added slowly to a hot solution
of sodium carbonate.
The aluminium hydroxide is precipitated and then washed
thoroughly with hot water until it is free of sulfate ions.
3NaCO3+2KAl(SO4)2+3H2O 3Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + 2 Al(OH)3 + 2CO2
8. Aluminium hydroxide used commercially is manufactured by
the Bayer process which involves dissolving bauxite in sodium
hydroxide at temperatures up to 270 °C (518 °F). The waste
solid, bauxite tailings, is removed and aluminium hydroxide is
precipitated from the remaining solution of sodium aluminate.
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O−>2NaAlO2+3H2
2H2O+NaAlO2(aq)−>Al(OH)3(s)+NaOH(aq
9. Aluminium hydroxide is used as an Antacid.
Aluminium hydroxide is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium
bicarbonate because Al(OH)3, being insoluble, does not increase the pH of
stomach above 7 and hence, does not trigger secretion of excess acid by the
stomach. It reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing the acidity of the
stomach content, which may relieve the symptoms of heartburn or dyspepsia.
Such products can cause constipation, because the aluminum ions inhibit the
contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, slowing
peristalsis and lengthening the time needed for stool to pass through the colon.
Some such products (such as Maalox) are formulated to minimize such effects
through the inclusion of equal concentrations of magnesium hydroxide or
magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects.
10. It acts as astringent and antiseptic because of aluminium ions
formed by its solution in the hydrochloric acid of the stomach,
so also used as protective in treating peptic ulcer.
Precipitated Aluminium hydroxide is included as an adjuvant
in some vaccines (e.g. anthrax vaccine). Since it absorbs
protein well, it also functions to stabilize vaccines by
preventing the proteins in the vaccine from precipitating or
sticking to the walls of the container during storage.
11. Brand names as antacids
Alu-Cap, Aludrox, Gaviscon or Pepsamar.
brands for aluminium hydroxide
adjuvant
Alhydrogel, made by Brenntag Biosector