This is one page summarise content as per your d.pharm course. This will help you in the examinations along with less effort of learning exposure.

1. Prepared By – Kartik Tiwari (Lecturer)
Hygia College of Pharmacy, Lucknow (U.P)
Content as Per D. Pharm Syllabus
Diuretic
Definition: Diuretics are the medications that increase the flow of urine
(diuresis). These drugs work by removing sodium and chloride from the body
through urine.
 Diuretics used in the treatment of hypertension and edema (swelling).
LIMIT TEST FOR HEAVY METALS
 Classification of diuretics
1. Thiazide diuretics: Hydrochlorthiazide, Chlorthalidone and Benzthiazide.
2. Thiazide like diuretics: Metolazone and Xipamide.
3. Loop diuretics: Furosemide and Bumetanide
4. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Acetazolamide.
5. Potassium sparing diuretics: Spironolactone.
6. Osmotic diuretic: Mannitol and Glycine.
Brand Name: Lasix and frusenex
LIMIT TEST FOR ARSENIC
LIMIT TEST
Hypoglycemicagents
Definition: Hypoglycemic agents are the medications used for the treatment
of diabetes.
 Diabetes is a disease state which impairs the body’s ability to maintain
blood glucose level.
 It is characterized by the hyperglycemia which is due to the defect in the
secretion and action of the insulin
 Classification of hypoglycemic agents
1. Sulfonylureas:
a) First generation: Acetohexamide, Chlorpropamide, Tolazamide,
Tolbutamide
b) Second generation: Glibenclamide, Glipizide, Gliclazide.
2. Biguanides: Metformin, Phenformin
3. Meglitinides: Repaglitinide, Nateglitinide
4. Thiazolidinediones: Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone.
5. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Acarbose, Miglitol.
6. Incretin agonists: Exenatide, Liraglutide.
7. SGLT2 Inhibitors: Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin.
8. DPP-4 Inhibitors: Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin.
Brand Name: Afdiex and Bionil
Brand Name: Glucophage
and Fortamet
 Uses: It is used in the treatment of the diabetes ( Type-2 and Type-1)
 Stability and storage: It should be stored in the closed container and
keep away from light and moisture
 Formulation: Tablets.
 Stability and storage: It should be stored in the closed container and
keep away from light and moisture
 Formulation: Tablets.
 Uses: It is used in the treatment of edema, hypertension and
inflammation
Principle:
The limit test for Arsenic Principle as per pharmacopeia is based on the
fact that arsenic in arsenious state can be easily reduced to arsenic gas.
when this gas is passed over mercuric chloride paper. it produces a stain
that ranges in color from yellow to brown. The intensity and length of
which are proportional to the amount of arsenic.
Reaction:
As3+ H3AsO4
Arsenic acid
H3AsO4
Arsenic acid
H3AsO3
Arsenious acid
H3AsO3 + 3H2 AsH3 + 3H2O
Arsine gas
2AsH3 + HgCl2 Hg(AsH2)2 + 2HCl
Yellow Color
Stain
Standard Test
Add 1ml std. soln of arsenic
(10ppm) in 50 ml of water.
Dissolved sample in 50ml water.
Add 10ml of stannous HCl acid. Add 10ml of stannous HCl acid.
Add 1gm of Potassium Iodide +
10gm of granulated zinc.
Add 1gm of Potassium Iodide +
10gm of granulated zinc.
Place in Gutzeit Apparatus for 40
minutes.
Place in Gutzeit Apparatus for 40
minutes.
Principle:
Limit test of heavy metals is based on the reaction of metallic impurities
with the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sodium sulfide in an acidic medium to
produce metal sulfides which gives brown colour.
Heavy metals like cobalt, tin, manganese, bismuth, antimony, silver,
arsenic, lead etc.
Heavy metals + H2S/ Na2S Sulfides of heavy metals
(Brown colour)
Standard Test
Place 2 ml of standard lead
solution (0.02mg lead) in a
Nessler cylinder labelled as
Standard and diluted with water
to 25 ml
Place 25 ml of the solution of the
test sample prepared according
to direction of I.P. in a Nessler
cylinder labelled as ‘Test’
Adjust with dil. Acetic acid or
ammonia to a pH b/t 3 to 4 and
dilute with water to 35 ml.
Adjust with dil. Acetic acid or
ammonia to a pH b/t 3 to 4 and
dilute with water to 35 ml.
Adjust with dil. Acetic acid or
ammonia to a pH b/t 3 to 4 and
dilute with water to 35 ml.
Add 10 ml of freshly prepared
saturated solution of hydrogen
sulphide
Make the volume to 50 ml with
distilled water and mix.
Make the volume to 50 ml with
distilled water and mix.
Allow to stand for 5 min Allow to stand for 5 min
Reaction:
Procedure:
Procedure: