This is chapter No 3 of Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I for Diploma in Pharmacy (D. Pharmacy) Details notes for Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharmacy) Students.
This document discusses acidifying reagents, including dilute hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride. It provides details on their preparation, properties, tests for identification and purity, assays, storage, and uses. Dilute hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless liquid prepared by diluting concentrated hydrochloric acid with water. Ammonium chloride is a white, crystalline powder prepared by neutralizing ammonia with hydrochloric acid. Both are used as acidifiers in pharmaceutical preparations and to treat conditions like metabolic alkalosis.
This document discusses various types of saline cathartics (laxatives) including their definitions, mechanisms of action, preparations, and uses. The main types discussed are bulk forming laxatives, osmotic laxatives, lubricant laxatives, surfactant laxatives, and purgatives. Specific saline cathartics described in detail include magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), and magnesium carbonate. Their preparations, assays, uses as laxatives or other purposes, and dosages are provided.
The document describes procedures for limit tests to detect arsenic and lead impurities. For arsenic, the test uses Gutzeit apparatus to convert any arsenic present into arsine gas, which is detected by the formation of a yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper. For lead, the test uses dithizone to form a violet-colored lead dithizonate complex if lead is present, and the color is compared to a standard. Both tests involve extraction and color comparison to determine if the level of impurity exceeds the specified limit.
Emetics are drugs that induce vomiting by causing the contents of the stomach to be expelled through the mouth. They are important for treating poisoning cases. Copper sulfate is a common emetic that is blue crystalline powder. It can be assayed through an oxidation-reduction titration with iodine and sodium thiosulfate. Sodium potassium tartrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a crystalline powder that is soluble in water. It has uses as a laxative, diuretic, and food additive.
This document provides information about gastrointestinal agents (GI agents), which are drugs used to treat GI disorders. It discusses the classifications of GI agents including acidifying agents, antacids, protectives, adsorbents, and cathartics. It then describes common antacids including aluminum hydroxide gel, calcium carbonate, and magnesium salts. The ideal characteristics of antacids are outlined. Common calcium-containing and magnesium-containing antacids are also discussed in more detail.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
The document provides information on the preparation, properties, assays, and uses of several inorganic compounds including sodium chloride, calcium gluconate, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, chlorinated lime, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, and sodium thiosulphate. For each compound, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, assay methods (often titration based), and common uses are described. The compounds discussed are commonly used in pharmaceutical, medical, industrial, and laboratory applications.
This is chapter No 3 of Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I for Diploma in Pharmacy (D. Pharmacy) Details notes for Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharmacy) Students.
This document discusses acidifying reagents, including dilute hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride. It provides details on their preparation, properties, tests for identification and purity, assays, storage, and uses. Dilute hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless liquid prepared by diluting concentrated hydrochloric acid with water. Ammonium chloride is a white, crystalline powder prepared by neutralizing ammonia with hydrochloric acid. Both are used as acidifiers in pharmaceutical preparations and to treat conditions like metabolic alkalosis.
This document discusses various types of saline cathartics (laxatives) including their definitions, mechanisms of action, preparations, and uses. The main types discussed are bulk forming laxatives, osmotic laxatives, lubricant laxatives, surfactant laxatives, and purgatives. Specific saline cathartics described in detail include magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), and magnesium carbonate. Their preparations, assays, uses as laxatives or other purposes, and dosages are provided.
The document describes procedures for limit tests to detect arsenic and lead impurities. For arsenic, the test uses Gutzeit apparatus to convert any arsenic present into arsine gas, which is detected by the formation of a yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper. For lead, the test uses dithizone to form a violet-colored lead dithizonate complex if lead is present, and the color is compared to a standard. Both tests involve extraction and color comparison to determine if the level of impurity exceeds the specified limit.
Emetics are drugs that induce vomiting by causing the contents of the stomach to be expelled through the mouth. They are important for treating poisoning cases. Copper sulfate is a common emetic that is blue crystalline powder. It can be assayed through an oxidation-reduction titration with iodine and sodium thiosulfate. Sodium potassium tartrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a crystalline powder that is soluble in water. It has uses as a laxative, diuretic, and food additive.
This document provides information about gastrointestinal agents (GI agents), which are drugs used to treat GI disorders. It discusses the classifications of GI agents including acidifying agents, antacids, protectives, adsorbents, and cathartics. It then describes common antacids including aluminum hydroxide gel, calcium carbonate, and magnesium salts. The ideal characteristics of antacids are outlined. Common calcium-containing and magnesium-containing antacids are also discussed in more detail.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
The document provides information on the preparation, properties, assays, and uses of several inorganic compounds including sodium chloride, calcium gluconate, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, chlorinated lime, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, and sodium thiosulphate. For each compound, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, assay methods (often titration based), and common uses are described. The compounds discussed are commonly used in pharmaceutical, medical, industrial, and laboratory applications.
This document discusses impurities in pharmaceuticals and limit testing. It defines impurity as any undesired material that affects the purity of the substance. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. Limit tests are used to check pharmaceuticals for common toxic impurities like arsenic, lead, iron and ensure they are below safe levels. Proper testing of impurities is important to ensure pharmaceuticals are safe and effective.
Limit tests, Introduction, Definition,
Limit Test For Chlorides
Limit Test For Sulphates
Limit Test For Iron
Limit Test For Lead
Limit Test For Arsenic
Anatacid || B pharmacy First Year || Presentation || kkwagh ||
This presentation is helpful for your study
This Presentation Contain
• Introduction
• characteristics of ideal antacid
• classification of antacid
• Some common use antacid
The document describes the limit test for lead, which determines the allowable limit of heavy metal lead in a sample. The test involves reacting the sample with dithizone, which forms a violet-colored lead dithizonate complex in the presence of lead. The intensity of color in the sample is compared to that of a standard lead solution treated the same way. If the sample solution is less colored than the standard, the sample passes the lead limit test. The test is useful for detecting trace amounts of lead impurity from sources like equipment, storage containers, or packaging materials used during manufacturing or storage of medical compounds.
This document discusses electrolytes, which are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved and can carry an electrical current. It focuses on the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes in the body, including potassium, magnesium, phosphate intracellularly and sodium, chloride, bicarbonate extracellularly. The document also discusses electrolyte imbalance, the fluid compartments electrolytes are present in, and electrolyte replacement therapies using substances like sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
Modified limit tests for chlorides and sulphates.EXCELRA
This document describes a modified limit test for chlorides and sulphates. For chlorides, the test is based on the reaction between silver nitrate and chloride ions to form a silver chloride precipitate in dilute nitric acid. The turbidity produced is compared to a standard solution. For sulphates, barium chloride reacts with sulphate ions in the presence of acetic acid to form a barium sulphate precipitate. The opalescence produced is compared to a standard solution containing a known amount of sulphate. Detailed procedures are provided for preparing reagents and performing the tests on samples and standards.
Dental product is a topic of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry,for B.Pharmacy First year students.
this ppt is presented with the aim to enable with students to easily grasp unfamiliar,unacquainted & seemingly complicated concepts of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry so that it helps them to kindle their interest in the subject.
Prepared by,
Ms. Megha M. Muley
Assistant Professor
Expectorants are agents that enhance sputum secretion from the respiratory tract and facilitate removal of bronchopulmonary mucus. They are classified as sedatives like ipecac or stimulants like eucalyptus oil. Potassium iodide is a sedative expectorant prepared by reacting iodine with potassium hydroxide or using iron fillings with potassium carbonate. Ammonium chloride is also a sedative expectorant made by neutralizing hydrochloric acid with ammonia. Emetics induce vomiting by stimulating the chemoreceptor trigger zone or irritating the GI tract. Copper sulphate is a common emetic that is prepared as blue crystals through a two-
The document discusses electrolyte balance and acid-base balance in the body. It provides details on various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium salts and their role in maintaining balance. It also discusses the buffer systems and mechanisms involved in regulating pH of blood and treatment of acid-base imbalances. Specifically, it summarizes commonly used pharmaceutical compounds for correcting acid-base imbalances like sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and their properties, methods of preparation, uses and official preparations.
Limit tests are quantitative or semi-quantitative tests used to detect and limit small amounts of impurities in substances. They involve comparing the color or turbidity produced by the sample to a standard with a known concentration of impurities. Common limit tests include those for chlorides, sulfates, iron, heavy metals, and arsenic. These tests use chemical reactions to form precipitates or colors whose intensity indicates the concentration of impurities, allowing comparison to a standardized level. Limit tests provide a simple way to check if levels of harmful impurities meet defined specifications.
This document describes procedures for estimating the purity of magnesium sulfate and calcium gluconate. It first details the preparation of a 0.05 M disodium edetate solution and its standardization. For magnesium sulfate estimation, 0.3 g of the compound is dissolved and titrated against the disodium edetate solution. The volume used is used to calculate purity percentage. For calcium gluconate estimation, an accurately measured volume equivalent to 0.5 g of the compound is titrated against disodium edetate after the addition of magnesium sulfate and ammonia solutions. The volume used is then used to calculate the amount of calcium gluconate present.
The document describes limit tests for various inorganic impurities that may be present in compounds. It discusses the principles, procedures, and observations for limit tests of chlorides, sulphates, iron, lead, arsenic, and heavy metals. The tests involve preparing test and standard solutions, and comparing a property such as turbidity, color formation, or stain intensity between the two. If the property from the test solution is less than the standard, then the sample passes the limit test for that impurity. The document provides detailed procedures for each limit test.
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, which are used to analyze organic acids and bases that are insoluble or weakly reactive in water. It describes the principles, reasons for using non-aqueous titrations, common solvents like acetic acid, and provides examples of procedures to titrate drugs like ephedrine hydrochloride and sodium benzoate. The key steps involve dissolving the analyte in a non-aqueous solvent, titrating with an acid or base, and determining the endpoint using an indicator reaction.
This document discusses various types of cathartics/laxatives including bulk forming, stimulant, stool softeners, and osmotic laxatives. It provides examples of specific cathartics that fall into each category such as magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, kaolin, and bentonite. Details are given on the properties, identification tests, uses and methods of preparation/assay for some of these cathartic agents. Constipation and the role of laxatives in treating it are also briefly covered.
This document describes the limit test for iron according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. The test involves comparing the color produced by reacting a sample with thioglycolic acid in an ammonical citrate buffer to the color produced by a standard iron solution under the same conditions. If the color produced by the sample is less than the standard, it passes the limit test for iron. If the color is greater than the standard, it fails the limit test. The test is sensitive and uses citric acid to eliminate interference from other metal cations.
This document describes the limit test for lead using diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) which forms a violet colored lead-dithizonate complex in an alkaline medium. The method separates any lead impurity in a substance by extracting an alkaline solution with dithizone chloroform solution. The intensity of the violet color complex is then compared to a standard lead solution to determine the amount of lead present.
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities, which are unwanted chemicals that remain with active pharmaceutical ingredients or develop during formulation or aging. Impurities can come from raw materials, intermediates, reagents, catalysts, solvents, reaction vessels, improper storage, cross contamination, manufacturing errors, packaging errors, microbial contamination, chemical instability, storage containers, or atmospheric contamination. The presence of impurities can affect the efficacy, safety, and purity of pharmaceutical products. Common impurities include metals, microbes, residual solvents, and degradation products. Strict controls are needed in manufacturing to minimize impurities.
In this presentation viewers will able to learn about liquids for external use such as liniments and lotions, liquids for oral cavity such as mouthwash, throat paints and gargles.
Errors in pharmaceutical analysis can be determinate (systematic) or indeterminate (random). Determinate errors are caused by faults in procedures or instruments and cause results to consistently be too high or low. Sources include improperly calibrated equipment, impure reagents, and analyst errors. Indeterminate errors are random and unavoidable, arising from limitations of instruments. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value, while precision refers to reproducibility. Systematic errors can be minimized by calibrating equipment, analyzing standards, using independent methods, and blank determinations.
The document discusses several antacids including calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide gel, magnesium trisilicate, magnesium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, and bismuth carbonate. It provides details on the preparation, properties, assays, and uses of each antacid. The antacids are classified based on their inorganic elemental composition such as calcium, magnesium, aluminium, and sodium containing antacids. Combination antacids like magaldrate are also mentioned.
This is chapter No 3 of Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I for Diploma in Pharmacy (D. Pharmacy) Details notes for Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharmacy) Students.
This document discusses impurities in pharmaceuticals and limit testing. It defines impurity as any undesired material that affects the purity of the substance. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. Limit tests are used to check pharmaceuticals for common toxic impurities like arsenic, lead, iron and ensure they are below safe levels. Proper testing of impurities is important to ensure pharmaceuticals are safe and effective.
Limit tests, Introduction, Definition,
Limit Test For Chlorides
Limit Test For Sulphates
Limit Test For Iron
Limit Test For Lead
Limit Test For Arsenic
Anatacid || B pharmacy First Year || Presentation || kkwagh ||
This presentation is helpful for your study
This Presentation Contain
• Introduction
• characteristics of ideal antacid
• classification of antacid
• Some common use antacid
The document describes the limit test for lead, which determines the allowable limit of heavy metal lead in a sample. The test involves reacting the sample with dithizone, which forms a violet-colored lead dithizonate complex in the presence of lead. The intensity of color in the sample is compared to that of a standard lead solution treated the same way. If the sample solution is less colored than the standard, the sample passes the lead limit test. The test is useful for detecting trace amounts of lead impurity from sources like equipment, storage containers, or packaging materials used during manufacturing or storage of medical compounds.
This document discusses electrolytes, which are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved and can carry an electrical current. It focuses on the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes in the body, including potassium, magnesium, phosphate intracellularly and sodium, chloride, bicarbonate extracellularly. The document also discusses electrolyte imbalance, the fluid compartments electrolytes are present in, and electrolyte replacement therapies using substances like sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
Modified limit tests for chlorides and sulphates.EXCELRA
This document describes a modified limit test for chlorides and sulphates. For chlorides, the test is based on the reaction between silver nitrate and chloride ions to form a silver chloride precipitate in dilute nitric acid. The turbidity produced is compared to a standard solution. For sulphates, barium chloride reacts with sulphate ions in the presence of acetic acid to form a barium sulphate precipitate. The opalescence produced is compared to a standard solution containing a known amount of sulphate. Detailed procedures are provided for preparing reagents and performing the tests on samples and standards.
Dental product is a topic of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry,for B.Pharmacy First year students.
this ppt is presented with the aim to enable with students to easily grasp unfamiliar,unacquainted & seemingly complicated concepts of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry so that it helps them to kindle their interest in the subject.
Prepared by,
Ms. Megha M. Muley
Assistant Professor
Expectorants are agents that enhance sputum secretion from the respiratory tract and facilitate removal of bronchopulmonary mucus. They are classified as sedatives like ipecac or stimulants like eucalyptus oil. Potassium iodide is a sedative expectorant prepared by reacting iodine with potassium hydroxide or using iron fillings with potassium carbonate. Ammonium chloride is also a sedative expectorant made by neutralizing hydrochloric acid with ammonia. Emetics induce vomiting by stimulating the chemoreceptor trigger zone or irritating the GI tract. Copper sulphate is a common emetic that is prepared as blue crystals through a two-
The document discusses electrolyte balance and acid-base balance in the body. It provides details on various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium salts and their role in maintaining balance. It also discusses the buffer systems and mechanisms involved in regulating pH of blood and treatment of acid-base imbalances. Specifically, it summarizes commonly used pharmaceutical compounds for correcting acid-base imbalances like sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and their properties, methods of preparation, uses and official preparations.
Limit tests are quantitative or semi-quantitative tests used to detect and limit small amounts of impurities in substances. They involve comparing the color or turbidity produced by the sample to a standard with a known concentration of impurities. Common limit tests include those for chlorides, sulfates, iron, heavy metals, and arsenic. These tests use chemical reactions to form precipitates or colors whose intensity indicates the concentration of impurities, allowing comparison to a standardized level. Limit tests provide a simple way to check if levels of harmful impurities meet defined specifications.
This document describes procedures for estimating the purity of magnesium sulfate and calcium gluconate. It first details the preparation of a 0.05 M disodium edetate solution and its standardization. For magnesium sulfate estimation, 0.3 g of the compound is dissolved and titrated against the disodium edetate solution. The volume used is used to calculate purity percentage. For calcium gluconate estimation, an accurately measured volume equivalent to 0.5 g of the compound is titrated against disodium edetate after the addition of magnesium sulfate and ammonia solutions. The volume used is then used to calculate the amount of calcium gluconate present.
The document describes limit tests for various inorganic impurities that may be present in compounds. It discusses the principles, procedures, and observations for limit tests of chlorides, sulphates, iron, lead, arsenic, and heavy metals. The tests involve preparing test and standard solutions, and comparing a property such as turbidity, color formation, or stain intensity between the two. If the property from the test solution is less than the standard, then the sample passes the limit test for that impurity. The document provides detailed procedures for each limit test.
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, which are used to analyze organic acids and bases that are insoluble or weakly reactive in water. It describes the principles, reasons for using non-aqueous titrations, common solvents like acetic acid, and provides examples of procedures to titrate drugs like ephedrine hydrochloride and sodium benzoate. The key steps involve dissolving the analyte in a non-aqueous solvent, titrating with an acid or base, and determining the endpoint using an indicator reaction.
This document discusses various types of cathartics/laxatives including bulk forming, stimulant, stool softeners, and osmotic laxatives. It provides examples of specific cathartics that fall into each category such as magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, kaolin, and bentonite. Details are given on the properties, identification tests, uses and methods of preparation/assay for some of these cathartic agents. Constipation and the role of laxatives in treating it are also briefly covered.
This document describes the limit test for iron according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. The test involves comparing the color produced by reacting a sample with thioglycolic acid in an ammonical citrate buffer to the color produced by a standard iron solution under the same conditions. If the color produced by the sample is less than the standard, it passes the limit test for iron. If the color is greater than the standard, it fails the limit test. The test is sensitive and uses citric acid to eliminate interference from other metal cations.
This document describes the limit test for lead using diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) which forms a violet colored lead-dithizonate complex in an alkaline medium. The method separates any lead impurity in a substance by extracting an alkaline solution with dithizone chloroform solution. The intensity of the violet color complex is then compared to a standard lead solution to determine the amount of lead present.
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities, which are unwanted chemicals that remain with active pharmaceutical ingredients or develop during formulation or aging. Impurities can come from raw materials, intermediates, reagents, catalysts, solvents, reaction vessels, improper storage, cross contamination, manufacturing errors, packaging errors, microbial contamination, chemical instability, storage containers, or atmospheric contamination. The presence of impurities can affect the efficacy, safety, and purity of pharmaceutical products. Common impurities include metals, microbes, residual solvents, and degradation products. Strict controls are needed in manufacturing to minimize impurities.
In this presentation viewers will able to learn about liquids for external use such as liniments and lotions, liquids for oral cavity such as mouthwash, throat paints and gargles.
Errors in pharmaceutical analysis can be determinate (systematic) or indeterminate (random). Determinate errors are caused by faults in procedures or instruments and cause results to consistently be too high or low. Sources include improperly calibrated equipment, impure reagents, and analyst errors. Indeterminate errors are random and unavoidable, arising from limitations of instruments. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value, while precision refers to reproducibility. Systematic errors can be minimized by calibrating equipment, analyzing standards, using independent methods, and blank determinations.
The document discusses several antacids including calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide gel, magnesium trisilicate, magnesium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, and bismuth carbonate. It provides details on the preparation, properties, assays, and uses of each antacid. The antacids are classified based on their inorganic elemental composition such as calcium, magnesium, aluminium, and sodium containing antacids. Combination antacids like magaldrate are also mentioned.
This is chapter No 3 of Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I for Diploma in Pharmacy (D. Pharmacy) Details notes for Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharmacy) Students.
This document discusses several types of gastrointestinal agents including acidifiers, antacids, cathartics, and antimicrobials. It provides details on specific agents such as ammonium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, aluminum hydroxide gel, milk of magnesia, sodium bicarbonate, and their uses, preparations, and assays. Antacids are discussed in terms of their ideal properties and combinations used. Acidifiers are described as agents that increase acidity in the gastrointestinal tract for various purposes.
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration including enabling the titration of organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water. Key types of non-aqueous solvents used in titration include aprotic, protogenic, protophillic, and amphiprotic solvents. Common indicators used in non-aqueous titration include crystal violet and oracet blue B. Example applications of non-aqueous titration include determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations like ephedrine and codeine. Proper preparation and standardization of titrants such as perchloric acid in acetic acid or potassium methoxide in toluene-methanol is important for accurate non-aqueous tit
The document discusses antacids and their ideal requirements. It states that no single antacid satisfies all requirements, so combinations are used. It then lists some common combination antacid preparations, including their ingredients. It also provides information about the properties, preparation and uses of some individual antacids, including sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide gel, and magnesium hydroxide.
The document discusses water quality assessment and surveillance. It outlines various physical, chemical and biological parameters used to evaluate drinking water quality according to WHO guidelines. These include turbidity, total dissolved solids, colour, odor, taste, temperature, pH and presence of inorganic constituents like chloride, calcium, magnesium, iron and sodium. Methods for testing parameters like turbidity, chloride, hardness, iron and fluoride are described. The document also covers bacteriological indicators of water quality including coliforms, E. coli and presence of pathogens. It provides methods for testing coliform bacteria using membrane filtration and multiple tube techniques.
Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid substances and carbonates or bicarbonates, and that react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing carbon dioxide.
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration:
1. Organic acids and bases insoluble in water can be soluble in non-aqueous solvents allowing them to be titrated.
2. A non-aqueous solvent may help separate two or more acids in a mixture so they can be titrated individually.
3. More substances can be titrated as the solubility and application ranges are enlarged for weak acids/bases that cannot be titrated in water.
Some common non-aqueous solvents used include acetic acid, acetonitrile, alcohols, DMF. Indicators suitable for specific titrations must be selected to indicate the endpoint
Cathartics are drugs that relieve constipation and promote bowel movements. They include laxatives, which are mild cathartics, and purgatives, which are generally stronger. Both work by stimulating peristalsis in the intestines. Magnesium sulfate is a commonly used osmotic laxative that works by retaining water in the intestinal lumen, increasing hydrostatic pressure and promoting bowel motility. It has a bitter taste but is used orally as a laxative or to treat electrolyte deficiencies. Sodium phosphate is also used as a saline cathartic and acts as a buffering agent in the body.
Analytical Procedures in Elemental Impuritiesumaiya fatima
This document discusses analytical procedures for determining elemental impurities like arsenic, lead, and mercury. It provides details on the methodology and reagents used for arsenic detection using the molybdenum blue method and atomic absorption spectrometry. For lead, the dithizone method is described where lead ions form a brown colloid with dithizone. Mercury detection uses the mercury(II) thiocyanate method where chloride ions displace thiocyanate and form a colored complex with iron(III). Spectrophotometric techniques are used for quantification and calibration curves.
This document discusses various protective and topical agents used in pharmaceutical preparations. It provides details on talc, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, calamine, and iodine. Talc is an inert substance used as a filtering and distributing medium. Zinc oxide is prepared by burning zinc metal in air and is used as a mild antiseptic and astringent. Titanium dioxide is prepared by heating ilmenite with hydrogen chloride and is used as a white pigment. Calamine lotion contains calamine and is used to treat skin conditions like eczema. Iodine is prepared by heating potassium iodide with dilute sulfuric acid and manganese dioxide.
This document provides an overview of fertilizer analysis methods. It discusses:
- The three main types of fertilizers - mineral, organic, and inorganic - and examples of each.
- Common nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium containing fertilizers such as urea, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, and muriate of potash.
- Methods for analyzing the nutrient content of fertilizers including the Kjeldahl method for total nitrogen, distillation for ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen, the ammonium molybdate method for phosphorus, and the STPB method for potassium.
This document provides information about various miscellaneous inorganic pharmaceutical compounds categorized as antidotes. It discusses the definitions, classifications, examples and properties of antidotes including physiological, chemical and mechanical antidotes. Specific antidotes discussed in detail include sodium thiosulphate, sodium nitrite and activated charcoal. Their methods of preparation, physical properties, uses and identification tests are summarized. The document aims to inform readers about these important miscellaneous inorganic pharmaceutical agents.
This document provides a procedure for determining the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of a water sample using the iodometric titration method. Key steps include adding manganese sulfate and an alkali-iodide solution to the sample to oxidize DO, followed by sulfuric acid to dissolve precipitates and liberate iodine in proportion to the original DO. The iodine is then titrated with sodium thiosulfate using starch indicator. The volume of titrant used is used to calculate DO concentration in mg/L based on the normality of the titrant and sample volume. Reagents and equipment needed are also specified.
MAKAUT/SEM 1/ PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ UNIT 3/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS_ANTIMICROBIAL
BY
KUNAL DATTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B.PHARM , M.PHARM
NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
This document provides information on various pharmaceutical compounds including expectorants, potassium iodide, copper sulfate, iron sulfate, zinc sulfate, and methods for their analysis. It discusses the definition, chemical and physical properties, preparation, uses and assays of these compounds by redox titration, gravimetric analysis, and complexometric titration. The document also covers emetics, astringents, antidotes and poisons including sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate and activated charcoal.
Expectorants are drugs that enhance sputum secretion from the airways, making it easier to cough up phlegm. Ipecacuanha and potassium iodide are common expectorants that work by irritating the stomach or bronchial mucosa to stimulate sputum production. Ammonium chloride and antimony potassium tartrate are also used as expectorants. Potassium iodide, ammonium chloride, and sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle salt) can also act as emetics in small doses to induce vomiting. Activated charcoal, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulphate are common antidotes used to treat poisoning from substances like cyanide.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
5. I.P. limit: It contains not less than 99.0% and not more than
100.5% of magnesium sulphate calculated with reference to
dried substance.
Properties: It occurs as colorless crystals having a cool,
saline bitter taste. It effloresces in warm dry air. It is
soluble in water and sparingly soluble in alcohol.
when gently heated, it loses some of its water of hydration
and gets converted into the monohydrate
(white powder) which becomes anhydrous at 200 degree
Celsius.
6. 2) On commercial scale it is manufactured by reacting sulphuric with dolomite.
Magnesium sulphate so formed is dissolved in the solution and the sparingly soluble
calcium sulphate is deposited. The liquid is filtered the filtrate is concentrated and
crystallized
Test for Identification: It gives reaction which are characterstic of
magnesium and sulphate.
For magnesium: To solution of sample add dilute nitric acid solution a white
precipitate is produced that is redissolved by adding 1ml of 2M ammonium
chloride, add 0.25M disodium hydrogen phosphate a white crystalline precipitate is
produced.
For sulphate: To 5ml of sample solution add 1ml of dilute HCl and 1ml barium
chloride solution white precipitate. Add 1ml of iodine solution to the suspension,
the suspension remains yellow (distinction from sulphites and dithionites) but
decolorizes on adding stannous chloride (distinction from iodates).
7.
8. (3) It is also produce in large quantities from magnesium salt occuring in brine which is used
for the extraction of bromine. The liquors after removal of bromine ate treated with milk of
lime, thus precipitating out magnesium salt as magnesium
Hydroxide. sulphur dioxide, and air are passed through the suspension of
Magnesium hydroxide.
2Mg(OH)2 + 2SO2 + O2 2MgSo4 + 2H2O
On crystallization, crystals of MgSO4 . 7H2O are obtained
Assay: -
Weigh accurately about 0.3gm of sample dissolve in 50ml of water,
add 10ml of strong ammonia ammonium chloride solution is added.
and titrate with 0.05M disodium EDTA using 0.1gm of moderate black 11 mixture as
indicator until blue color is obtained.
Each ml of 0.05M disodium EDTA≡ 0.00602 gm of MgSO4
9. Action & Uses:
Magnesium sulphate is given orally in dilute solutions. About 5g gives
rise to laxative effect. Due to bitter and nauseating taste it is given in fruit juices .
The mechanism of action is that magnesium sulphate does not get
absorbed from intestinal Tract and thus retains sufficient water within the lumen
.the hydrostalic pressor is able to promote motor activity or peristalsis of bowel.
Usual Dose is 10-15g. It is to be used with care in patients with impaired
renal function. It is used as osmotic laxative, in treatment of electrolyte deficiency,
in wet dressing in boils, in treatment of cholecystitis
, sea sickness, hypertension etc.
10. Sodium Orthosulphate
Properties
1. Dry Powder, PelletsLargeCrystals, Wet Solid
2. Colorless
3. Solubility-14.5 g/100 g water at 25 deg C
4. Density-2.54 g/cu cm
5. Decomposition-75°C
6. pH- 11
7. Molecular Weight-163.939 g/mol
White odourless crystals, granules or a crystalline powder; hydrated forms
available include hemi- and monohydrates, hexahydrate, octahydrate,
decahydrate and dodecahydrate; the dodecahydrate contains 1/4 mol of
sodium hydroxide.
11. Loss on ignition Anhydrous:-Not more than 2% (120o , 2 h, then 800o , 30 min)
Monohydrate:- Not more than 11% (120o , 2 h, then 800o , 30 min)
Dodecahydrate:- 45-58% (120o , 2 h, then 800o , 30 min)
Water insoluble substances :- Not more than 0.2%
Fluoride :- Not more than 50 mg/kg (Method I or III)
Arsenic:- Not more than 3 mg/kg (Method II)
Lead:- Not more than 4 mg/kg
PURITY
12. Test for sodium :-To 5 ml of a 1 in 20 solution of the sample add 1 ml of acetic acid
TS and 1 ml of uranyl zinc acetate TS. A yellow crystalline precipitate is formed within
a few min.
Test for phosphate :-To 5 ml of a 1 in 100 solution of the sample add 1 ml of
concentrated nitric acid and 5 ml of ammonium molybdate TS and warm. A bright
canary-yellow precipitate is obtained.
Test for orthophosphate:- Dissolve 0.1 g of the sample in 10 ml water, acidify
slightly with dilute acetic acid TS, and add 1 ml of silver nitrate TS. A yellow
precipitate is formed.
IDENTIFICATION
13. Assay Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of the sample, equivalent to between
5.5 and 6 g of anhydrous Na3PO4, in 40 ml of water in a 400-ml beaker, and
add 100 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid.
Pass a stream of carbon dioxide-free air, in fine bubbles, through the solution
for 30 min to expel carbon dioxide, covering the beaker loosely to prevent loss
by spraying.
Wash the cover and sides of the beaker with a few ml of water, and place the
electrodes of a suitable pH meter in the solution.
Titrate the solution with 1 N sodium hydroxide to the inflection point
occurring at about pH 4,
then calculate the volume (A) of 1 N hydrochloric acid consumed. Protect the
solution from absorbing carbon dioxide from the air, and continue the titration
with 1 N sodium hydroxide until the inflection point occurring at about pH 8.8
is reached.
Calculate the volume (B) of 1 N sodium hydroxide consumed in the titration.
When (A) is equal to, greater than, 2(B), each ml of the volume (B) of 1 N
sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 163.9 mg of Na3PO4. When (A) is less than
2(B), each ml of the volume (A) - (B) of 1 N sodium hydroxide is equivalent to
163.9 mg of Na3PO4.
14. Light Kaolin, IP
Preparation: It differs from the heavy variety mainly in the degree of purity and in
particle size. It is prepared from heavy kaolin by elutriation,
Reducing gritty and coarse particles. It should not contain any dispersing agent.
Properties: It is a light white powder, unctuous (Ointment like, soft) to touch.
Standards: Besides identification test limits prescribed are: arsenic,
heavy metals, chloride, soluble matter, loss on drying and
on ignition. Furher it has to be tested for coarse particles and fine
particles.
Uses: Used IN cathartics.
Light kaolin is mainly used as adsorbent for toxic substances from the
gastro-intestinal tract and to provide bulk by swelling with water in
conditions of diarrhoea. It may also be used in poultices.
dusting powders, toilet powders and as filtering aid .
Storage: It should be stored in a well-closed container.
15. Heavy Kaolin IP
Occurrence: This is a purified form of a natural clay having an approximate
composition Al2O3. 2SiO2.2H2O. Natural kaolin is contaminated with carbonates of
calcium and magnesium and ferric oxide. These can be easily removed by
treatment with hydrochloric acid, followed by filtration, washing and drying
Properties: It is a soft whitish powder, odorless and almost tasteless. It is insoluble in
water, organic solvents, mineral acids and alkali solutions.
Standards: The pharmacopoeia prescribes identification and limits for: acidity or
alkalinity, arsenic, heavy metals, chloride, sulphate, substances soluble in mineral
acids, organic impurities and loss on ignition tests are also included for determining
adsorption power and swelling power.
Uses:- Heavy kaolin is used in the preparation of poultices. As it is liable to be
contaminated with spore bearing bacille and other bacteria.
Storage: It should be stored in a well-closed container.
16. The term bentonite is applied commercially to any plastic, colloidal, and swelling
clay regardless of its geological origin. Such clays are ordinarily composed
largely of minerals of the montmorillonite group.
Bentonite derived from ash falls tends to be in beds of uniform thickness (from a
few millimetres to 15 m) and extensive over large areas.
Bentonite from ash falls and other sources occurs worldwide in strata spanning a
broad range of ages, but is most abundant in Cretaceous or younger rocks.
Bentonite is a rock or a clay base industrial material. It is therefore a mixture of
minerals.
17. Bentonite feels greasy and soap-like to the touch (Bates & Jackson, 1987). Freshly
exposed bentonite is white to pale green or blue and, with exposure, darkens in time to
yellow, red, or brown (Parker, 1988). The special properties of bentonite are an ability to
form thixotrophic gels with water, an ability to absorb large quantities of water with an
accompanying increase in volume of as much as 12–15 times its dry bulk, and a high
cation exchange capacity.
Physical and chemical properties
Bentonite is used as filler in pharmaceuticals, and due to its absorption/adsorption
functions, it allows paste formation. Such applications include industrial protective
creams, calamine lotion, wet compresses, and antiirritants for eczema. In medicine,
bentonite is used as an antidote in heavy metal poisoning. Personal care products such
as mud packs, sunburn paint, baby and facepowders, and face creams may all contain
bentonite.
Use