Pneumatic structures use thin, pressurized membranes to create enclosed spaces. Their key advantages are their light weight, ability to span large distances, quick assembly and disassembly times, and relatively low cost compared to permanent structures. There are two main types: air-supported structures, which use low internal pressure to support a single membrane, and air-inflated structures, which use pressurized air within building elements but keep the interior at atmospheric pressure. Materials used include plastics, fabrics, rubber, and metal foils.
Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.
A short and elaborate Case Study on Membrane Structures for the course of Advanced Building Construction from students of 8th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (January- April 2017)
A space frame or space structure is a structure system assembled of linear elements so arranged that forces are transferred in a three-dimensional manner. Space frames can be used to cover large areas with few interior supports.
Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.
A short and elaborate Case Study on Membrane Structures for the course of Advanced Building Construction from students of 8th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (January- April 2017)
A space frame or space structure is a structure system assembled of linear elements so arranged that forces are transferred in a three-dimensional manner. Space frames can be used to cover large areas with few interior supports.
Membrane Structure
spatial structures made out of tensioned membranes.
Membranes are also used as non-structural cladding
Membrane can support both tension and compression and thus withstand bending moment.
ANTICLASTIC AND SYNCLASTIC
FOR MOMENT STRESS:
ANTICLASTIC – A FORM IN WHICH
TWO DOMINANT AXES CURVE IN
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
SYNCLASTIC – TWO DOMINANT
CURVES BOTH MOVE IN THE SAME
DIRECTION
1. Pneumatic Structure
An air-supported (or air-inflated) structure is any building that derives its structural integrity from the use of internal pressurized air.
In practice, any inflated surface involves a double curvature.
Therefore, the most common shapes for air-supported structures are hemispheres, ovals, and half cylinders
Membrane can support both tension and compression and thus withstand bending moment.
1. Pneumatic Structure
An air-supported (or air-inflated) structure is any building that derives its structural integrity from the use of internal pressurized air.
In practice, any inflated surface involves a double curvature.
Therefore, the most common shapes for air-supported structures are hemispheres, ovals, and half cylinders
Membrane can support both tension and compression and thus withstand bending moment.
System Components Envelope
• They can be made up of different materials.
• Cannot be used as one continuous material.
• Material are seamed together by sealing, heatbonding or mechanical jointing.
System Components Cable System
• They act as the supporting system.
• They experience tension force due to the upwardforce of the air.
• Can be placed in one or two directions to create anetwork and for better stability.
• They do not fail since they are pulled tightenough to absorb the external loads.
System Components
Pumping Equipment
• It is used to supply and maintain internal pressure inside the structure.
• Fans, blowers or compressors are used for constant supply of air.
• The amount of air required depends on the weight of the material and the wind pressure.
System Components Entrance Doors
• Doors can be ordinary doors or airlocks.
•Airlock minimize the chances of having an unevenly pressurized environment.
System Components Foundations
•Pneumatic structures are secured to ground using heavy weights, ground anchors or attached to a foundation.
•Weight of the material and the wind loads are used to determine the most appropriate anchoring system.
1. Pneumatic Structure
2 Types of Structures
Air Supported Structures
-They have air higher than the atmospheric pressure supporting the envelope.
-Air locks or revolving doors help to maintain the internal pressure.
-These systems are provided with low pressure air; hence have to be provided with continuous supply of air. -They are either anchored to the ground or to a wall so that leakage is prevented.
-They have relative low cost and they can be installed easily.
1. Pneumatic Structure
Air Infalted Structures
-Supporting frames consis
It is a reinforced cement cloth attached to a inflatable structure which can be readily used as a secured structure at war zones, war affected areas and refugees camps, covid-19 treatment centers etc.
Domes Basics and It's Future from it's originabhinavmj
Some basic knowledge about Domes and it's awesome properties :) , I tried to make it as simple as possible.For more information you can comment below and I will try my best to answer your questions.
Finite ElementAnalysis of Doubly Curved Thin Concrete ShellsHARISH B A
thin shell is a “Three-dimensional spatial structure made up of one or more curved surfaces whose
thickness is small compared to their other dimensions”. Shells belong to the class of stressed skin structures which,
because of their geometry and small flexural rigidity of the skin, tend to carry loads primarily by direct stresses acting in
their plane. The shells are subjected to pure membrane state of stress, under appropriate loading and boundary
condition the resulting bending and twisting moments are either zero or small which may be neglected. The coordinates
of funicular shells are determined by masonry mould method by developing a computer program. In this study doubly
curved thin shells are analysed using finite element software SAP 2000. Doubly curved shells which are in square plan
having 10mX10m and 15mX15m are considered and shells in rectangular plan having dimensions 10mX15m
and 15mX20m are considered. The behavior of shells under self-weight, live load varying from 0-20KN/m (UDL) is
obtained. In this case study deflection curves, membrane stress and stress contour diagram are obtained. It is observed
that with the increase in rise and thickness of funicular shell the deflection are reduced. The membrane stresses
decreases with the increase in rise and thickness of concrete funicular shell. The aim of this study is to develop shells of
different sizes and investigation is done on the shells by finite element analysis under given uniformly distributed load,
to find out the behavior of shells in various cases using standard software, Structural Analysis Package (SAP 2000).
It is a reinforced cement cloth attached to a inflatable structure which can be readily used as a secured structure at war zones, war affected areas and refugees camps, covid-19 treatment centers etc.
Though 100 smart cities is being talked around many times, common people still doesn't clearly know what exactly the project is. This presentation will help to orient yourselves to the 100 smart cities project. This is in no way the ideas of the author or is influenced by the authors opinions. The presentation is purely based on the vision, mission and strategies of India Govt guidelines.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. The first experiments with pneumatic structures were undertaken during the
development of hot-air balloons. An effective start for the development of
balloons just occurred at the end of the 18th century.
These balloons were made by linen and paper.
At the same year, Jaques A. C. Charles built the first hydrogen balloon a
derigible called the zepellin.
HISTORY
A Derigible or airship
3. The idea of transposing the dirigibles technology to architecture tracks back to
the English engineer F. W. Lanchester.
His patent of a pneumatic system for campaign hospitals was approved in
England, in 1918, but was never actually constructed, due to the lack of
adequate membrane materials or appeal to possible clients.
4. WORLD WAR II AND THE U.S. ARMY
During the Word War II, and after the invention of nylon, pneumatics started to be
used in military operations, as emergency shelters and decoys.
At the end of the War, the increase in the number of military air operations
demanded implementation of a large and sophisticated network of radars over the
American territory.
In order to protect these radars from extreme weather conditions, the American
Army sponsored the development of thin non-metallic
shelters, avoiding interference with the radar signals.
These were called ‘radomes’.
5. Frei Otto was the first to undertake academic
investigations, specially about the process of
form finding.
Through various publications, Otto broadened
the landscape, not only of pneumatics, but of
tension structures in general.
Pneumatics were also part of the repertoire of
Richard Buckminster Fuller. His proposal of a
pneumatic dome to cover New York (1962,
Figure 6) is a famous example of Utopian
pneumatic architecture.
Realization of this project would require a
radical environmental transformation, a
sterilized enclosure without dust, pollution,
exhaust gases and so.
6. INTRODUCTION
• Pneumatic structure is a membrane which carries load developed from the
tensile stresses.
• Its stabilization is done by pre-stressing the membrane either by:-
a) applying an external force which pulls the membrane
b) internal pressurizing if the membrane is volume enclosing.
• These structures can create artificial environments
adaptable to human use .
7.
8. PRINCIPLE
• Its principle is the use of relatively thin membrane supported by a
pressure difference.
• Through increasing the inside air pressure not only the dead weight of the
space envelope is balanced, but the membrane is stressed to a point where
it cannot be indented by asymmetrical loading .
11. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1) LIGHT WEIGHT :-
1. The weight of the structure as compared to the area it covers is very less
2. The weight of the membrane roof , even when it is stiffened by cables, is
very small
3. Low air pressure is sufficient to balance it
4. Even with spans of more than 100mts, the weight of the structure does not
exceed 3kg/square metre .
12. 2) SPAN :-
• Another advantage over other structures is that, for pneumatic membrane ,
there is no theoretical maximum span as determined by strength, elasticity,
specific weight or any other property.
• It is hardly possible to span a distance of over 36km. With a steel cables as they
would fail because of their inability to sustain their own weight. But with
pneumatics, such spans are quiet possible.
3) QUICK ERECTION AND DISMANTLING:-
• Suitable for temporary constructions because they are as easy to dismantle as
to establish.
• 1 sq.Km. Of an area can be brought down in 6 hours. And establish in less
than 10 hours. The 4 hours difference is due to establishment of pegs etc.
13. 4) ECONOMY:-
Pnuematic structures are relatively cheaper for erecting temporary structures
when compared to permanent ones. Otherwise the cost per square foot of air
supported structures is among the lowest for large span roofs.
5) GOOD NATURAL LIGHT:-
Gives good natural light as translucent/transparent plastic sheets are used to
cover spaces. Daylight can be brought in efficiently. There is a lot of flexibility
in getting sun light(50%-80%).
14. TYPES OF PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES:-
These are primary classes of pneumatic structures:-
Air supported structures and
Air –inflated structures
AIR – SUPPORTED STRUCTURES:-
• It consist of a single membrane(enclosing a functionally useful space) which
is supported by a small internal pressure difference.
• The internal volume of a building air is consequently at a pressure higher
than atmospheric.
• The air supported structure uses a low positive pressure to support a
membrane over a given area. Air must be supplied constantly because of
the continuous leakage, primarily through the buildings.
• Used most often because of:
. Their relatively low cost
. Their simplicity of design and fabrication
15. AIR – INFLATED STRUCTURE:-
• It is supported by pressurized air contained within inflated building
element.
• The internal volume of building air remains at atmospheric pressure. The
pressurized air in the pillow serves only to stablizing the load carrying
membrane . The covered space is not pressurized .
• Advantages of air- inflated / air frame structure :-
1.the ability for self support
2.The potential to support an attached structure
16. CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES:-
Pneumatic structures can be further subdivided based on:-
1) type of diffrential pressure
2) degree of diffrential pressure
3) type of surface curvature
4) proportions
1. TYPE OF DIFFRENTIAL PRESSURE:-.
A) PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES USE EITHER
Positive pressure or negative pressure.
B) In positive pressure system, the membrane is always
curved outwards, whereas in negative pressure systems the membrane is
curved inward.
C) Being curved inwards the structure is prone to water logging & snow
accumulation.
D) Moreover, negative pressure systems require high supports at the edge or in
the centre which makes it more expensive.
.
17. 2. DEGREE OF DIFFERNTIAL PRESSURE:-
LOW PRESSURE SYSTEMS -
These systems are provided with
low pressure air ;hence have to
be provided with continuous supply
of air. Eg-air supported structures.
HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEMS -
Used for easy erection & dismantling
The pressure difference is b/w
2000-7000mm of water pressure
(100 to 1000 times of low pressure
systems)
These high pressure air inflated systems are either having
a single valve system or a double valve
systems which avoids it’s collapse.
18. TYPE OF SURFACE CURVATURES:-
These structures can also be classified according to the types of curvature on
the outer surface-
a) Single curved
b) Doubly curved in the same direction or synclastics
c) Doubly curved in opposite direction or anticlastic
4. PROPORTIONS:-
On the basis of different proportions, pneumatic structures can be:-
• Two dimension of similar size and one larger dimension
eg:- “tubes”, ”masts”, ”columns”, ”towers”.
• Two dimensions of similar size and one
Smaller dimension, eg:- “cushions”, ”lenses”
• Three dimensions of similar size,
Eg:- “balloons”,”balls”, ”spheres”, ”bubbles
19. 5. MATERIALS:-
ISOTROPIC:- THESE SHOW THE SAME STRENGTH AND STRETCH IN
ALL DIRECTIONS. EXAMPLES ARE:-
PLASTIC FILMS:-
These are primarily produced from PVC,
Poly-ethylene, polyester, polyamide etc.
FABRICS:-
These may be made of glass fibres or synthetic
Fibres which are coated in a PVC, polyester or
Poly-urethene film.
RUBBER MEMBRANE:-
They are the lightest and most flexible.
METAL FOILS:-
They possess a very high gas diffusion resistance and high tensile strength.
One of the major problems in the use of metal foils is in need to produce very
exact cutting joints and edges
20. ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS:-
These do not show the same strength and stretch-ability in all directions. They
have direction oriented properties. Examples are:-
WOVEN FABRICS:- they have two main direction of weave.
They can be made of:-
. Organic fibres eg:- wool, cotton or silk.
. Mineral fibres eg:- glass fibres.
. Metal fibres eg:- thin steel wires.
. Synthetic fibres eg:- polyamide, polyester and poly-vinyl
GRIDDED FABRIC:- these are coarse-weave made of
organic mineral or synthetic fibres or metallic networks.
They are particularly used where maximum light
transmission and high strength is required.
SYNTHETIC RUBBERS:- combination of plastic and rubber.
They can take better wear and tear. They are latest and are
more resistant to elongation.
PLASTICS:- Similar to woven fabrics. Its advantage is that they
have more of tensile strength than normally manufactured
plastic sheets.