A space frame or space structure is a structure system assembled of linear elements so arranged that forces are transferred in a three-dimensional manner. Space frames can be used to cover large areas with few interior supports.
a space frame or space structure is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior support
a space frame or space structure is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior support
Study of Folded Plates for understanding their use, types, technology along with suitable case studies. This is a specific type of Methodology adopted for construction over long spans column free spaces. How structurally Folded plates surpases the need of column grids and conventional methods of construction with the proper design and technology is the motive of this study.
All Types of Arches Flat Arch. In a flat arch, the intrados is flat and acts like the base of an equilateral triangle... Round Arch. Segmental Arch. This is considered a basic type of arch, and it is used for buildings where... Horseshoe Arch. Like its name suggests, this arch is in the shape of ...
types of arches in architecture
different types of arches
styles of arches
types of gothic arches
types of archways
types of interior arches
types of arches shapes
arches in architecture
different types of arches
types of arches shapes
types of arches in architecture
types of interior arches
types of gothic arches
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arches in architecture
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
3. WHAT IS SPACE STRUCTURE?
A SPACE FRAME or SPACE STRUCTURE is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure
constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be
used to span large areas with few interior supports.
4. HISTORY OF SPACE FRAME
• Space frames were independently developed by Alexander Graham Bell around
1900 and Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s Buckminster Fuller's focus was architectural
structures; his work had greater influence.
• It was developed in California during the 1960s and introduced to the South
African market in 1982, specifically developed for unstable soil conditions, the panels
form a monolithic structure offering superior wall strength in which no cracking will
occur.
MATERIALS
Materials which are used for these space frames:
Steel:
This steel material which is used for the space frames sustain more load and carry tones
ofweight. This steel is mostly used in now-a-days in a longspan structures and has to be
maintained properly.
Timber:
This timber material is also used in the 19th century and by using this material the
maintenance level is becomingvery high.
5. LOAD DISTRIBUTION
• The simplest form of space frame is a horizontalslab of interlocking square
pyramids and tetrahedral built fromaluminum or tubular steel struts.
• Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports.
Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the
triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and
compression loads along the length of eachstrut.
6. TYPES OF SPACE FRAME
1. Curvature classification
Space Plane Covers
Barrel Vaults
Spherical Domes
2.Classification by the arrangement of its elements
Single Layer Grid
Double Layer Grid
Triple Layer Grid
7. CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION
1.SPACE PLANE COVERS:
• Spatial structures composed of planar substructures.
• Deflections in the plane are channeled through the horizontal bars and the shear
forces are supported by thediagonals.
8. 2. BARREL VAULTS:
• Has a cross section of a simple arch.
• Usually this type of space frame does not need to usetetrahedral modules or
pyramids as a part of its backing.
9. 3. SPHERICAL DOMES:
• Require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids andadditional support from a
skin.
11. 2.DOUBLE LAYER GRID :
• Commonly used space frames are double layered andflat.
• Elements are organized in two parallel layers with each other at a certain
distance apart.
• Each of the layers form a lattice of triangles, squares or hexagons in which the
projection of the nodes in a layer may overlap or be displaced relative to each other.
12. 3.TRIPLE LAYER GRID :
• Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by thediagonals.
• They are almostalways flat.
• Practically used for a larger spanbuilding
13. SPACE FRAME COMPONENTS
MEMBERS
•Members are axial
element with circular or
rectangular sections, all
members can only resist
tension or compression.
•The space grid is built
of relatively long tension
members and short
compression members.
A trend is very
noticeable in which the
structural members are
left exposed as a part of
the architectural
expression
JOINTS
•In a space frame,
connecting joints play
an important role, both
functional and
esthetic, which derives
from their rationality
during construction and
after completion.
•Since joints have a
decisive effect on the
strength and stiffness of
structure and compose
around 20 to 30 percent
total weight, joint design
is critical to space frame
economy and safety.
14. DESIGN METHOD
• Space frames are typically designed using a rigidity matrix. The special
characteristic of the stiffness matrix in an architectural space frameis the
independence of the angularfactors.
• If the joints are sufficiently rigid, the angular deflections can be
neglected, simplifying the calculations.
• Members are fixed using connectors .
• Different types of connectors are:
1. Nodus Connector
2. Triodetic Connector
3. Tuball Node Connector
4. Hemispherical Dome Connector
15. 1.NODUS CONNECTOR:
• It can accept both rectangular and circular hollow sections and that the cladding
can be fixed directly to thechords.
• Chord connectors have to be welded to the ends of the hollowmembers on site.
16. 2. TRIODETIC CONNECTOR:
• Consists of a hub, usually an aluminum extrusion, with slots or keyways, which the
ends of members are pressed or coined to match the slots.
17. 3. TUBALL NODE CONNECTOR:
• Hollow sphere made of spherical graphite.
• End of the circular hollow section member to be connected is fitted at its ends by
welding connection from inside the cup is done using bolt andnut.
18.
19. 4. HEMISPHERICAL DOME CONNECTOR:
• Usually use for double layer domes.
• Has a span more than 40m.
• More economical for long span.
• The jointing is connect by slitting the end of the tube or rod with the jointfin.
• Two types of joint: pentagonal joint and hexagonal joint.
20. ADVANTAGES OF SPACE FRAMES
1. Light
2. Elegant & economical
3. Carry load by three dimensional action
4. High inherent stiffness
5. Easy to construct
6. Save construction time & cost
7. Services (such as lighting and air conditioning) can be integrated with space frames
8. Offer the architect unrestricted freedom in locating supports and planning the
subdivision of the covered space.