The document discusses different types of temporary structures. It begins with introducing temporary structures and defining them. It then discusses the history of temporary structures dating back 44,000 years. Some key early temporary structures discussed include tipis and yurts. The document then covers classifications of temporary structures according to their basic functions and structural behavior. It identifies and describes different types of temporary structures including membrane structures like tents, pneumatic structures, net structures, shell structures, space frame structures, geodesic domes, folded plate structures, and bamboo structures. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate these different temporary structure types.

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T E M P O R A R Y S T R U C T U R E S
ADV. CONSTRUCTION I SEM 1 NANDINI SHAH 17MID04 H.M. PATEL SCHOOL OF INTERIOR DESIGN, VALLABH VIDYA NAGAR 388120

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CONTENTS PAGE NO
1. Introductionand definition 3
2. History 4
3. Importance of temporarystructure 5
4. Classification oftemporary structures 6-12
5. Typesof temporary orlight structurs 13
 Membrane structures 13-17
 Pneumatic structures 18-19
 Net structures 20
 Shell structures 21-26
 Space frame structures 27-30
 Geodesicdomes 31-32
 Folded plate structure 33-34
 Bamboo structure 35-36
6. Uses and application of temporarystructure 37-38
7. Tempoarystructures in interior spaces 39
8. Bibliography 40

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INTRODUCTION
The aim of all buildings is the creation of space.
Structures are always built for a definite purpose. Structure’s main purpose
is to enclose and define a space. At times it is only built to connect two
points, in the case of bridges and elevators. Structures may or may not
enclose the space completely. Different functions need different enclosures.
Temporary structures are light structures usually lasting for a short duration
or an installations which are made out of light materials to serve different
functions.
This study relates to the topic of different types of temporary structures and
their types and forms and construction technology. This study covers
different aspects of temporary structures in terms of its need, history, types,
forms, materials and construction methods and case studies. This is study
is divided into
Parts to explain the process of research. Each type of temporary
structure is supported with case study which enables one to visualize the
different ideology used in such constructions. This study attempts to be user
friendly to the person who is basically more interested in knowing about
temporary structures. It is more about research and fact findings. The basic
purpose of this study is to develop a general view of existing temporary
structures and the ones which can develop in future with the aid of new
construction materials.
Structures are complex and the topic of their construction is correspondingly
extensive. In order to cut down the size of this presentation the topic here is
limited to the research of different types of the temporary structures,
movable structures which can be developed on the basis of this study.
DEFINITION
Temporary structures also known as light weight structure, the light weight
principle means bringing the outlay of material (mass) for a structure (built
form) down to minimum while fulfilling the building functions (transfer of
forces). The light weight principle describes the connection between form,
force and mass.
Temporary structure is defined as a structure erected to aid the construction
of a permanent project. These structures can be employed to aid the
construction of a larger projects, they might also be the end project in
themselves.
Temporary structures are created for a multitude of purposes, can be built
utilizing a wide variety of materials, and therefore come in a variety of
shapes and sizes. Space inside is organized for different uses.it is left to
collapse after use and new structure is built over time. It is found in history
that Hunters did the same and built new huts every hunting season.
DEFINITION ACCORDING TO NBC
“Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials
constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not
and does not includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs.
Tents/SHAMIANAHS, tarpaulin shelters, etc, erected for temporary and
ceremonial occasions with the permission of the Authority shall not be
considered as building. “

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HISTORY
History of temporary structures dates back more than 44,000 years to the iceage.
Shelters were made from animal skins draped between the sticks essentially
dependent on locally available materials. These structures developed where
availability of materialswas scarceand where survival required mobility.Nomads,
warriors and travelers needed such shelters to protect themselves from harsh
weather, animals etc. This structures had to light, transportable and could be
carried from one place to another. In earlier times materials like grass, leaves,
Animal skin and mud were used to make these structures
It was oval in shapeand constructed fromtree branches.Spaceinsideis organized
for different uses.It is leftto collapseafteruseand new huts built over by the next
year’s hunting season. Use of degradable materials could not make long lasting
structures.
MATERIAL
Earliest were made from the membranes extracted from animals and vegetables.
Later these membranes were cut into strips and interlaced to form larger, more
practical textiles.
Wood and membranes were two principal materials used in the construction of
such structures.
FORM
Conical forms came into existence as simplest method of erecting a
structure was arranging poles in a circular way and tying them in the center
at the top.
Membrane was then fixed around it to protect from weather and animals.
Different forms came into existence with the use of different materials like
Square or rectangular with sloping roofs and dome like.
In India many Nomadic tribes like charan, vanzara, many Himalayan tribes
are still
Using such temporary structures for their shelters.

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IMPORTANCE OF TEMPORARY
STRUCTURES
emporary structures are principally lightweight, fast to construct, uses
minimal materials and minimum elements.
These structures do not need foundation and can be installed directly
on the ground outdoors or on the hard floor indoors.
Temporary structures made out of metal have a supporting frame of
extruded aluminum alloy profiles, connected together by steel or aluminum
joints. The structural skeleton consists of a series of trusses supported on
the ground by steel plates fixed to the installation surface.
The anchor system may comprise plates and threaded rods or plates and
steel micro-piles to allow the structure to be installed without the preparation
of foundation works.
The TEMPORARY STRUCTURE consists of an aluminum and steel
frame with a cover in technical PVC fabric membrane.
The choice of materials allows shipping low weights and compact volumes,
rapid assembly and impressive resistance to weather loads. This
construction solution is applied for shelters for use in
the Industrial, Events and Civil Defence sectors.
Advantages of temporary structures
QUICKER TO BUILD – Because they don’t need foundations, and also
since all the parts can be quickly made, temporary structures are
exceedingly quick to erect and dismantle.
MUCH CHEAPER THAN A CONVENTIONAL BUILDING – Shorter
lead times in the planning, designing and building stages, and the lower
costs of components used in the construction will save you a great deal of
money when compared against a conventional building whether you rent or
buy outright.
VERSATILITY – Its very easy to change the configuration of the
structure, or add to it at a later date. Its also very easy to relocate it, or
dismantle it.
Choice of insulation systems, which can easily be combined
Strong, lightweight materials enable easy transportation and
installation
T

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Temporary structure can be classified in two ways i) according to basic functions and ii) according to structural behavior
According to basic function:
According to structural behavior
theFORM
•ONE
DIMENSIONA
L
•TWO
DIMESIONAL
•THREE
DIMENSIONA
L
theTEXTURE
•glossy
•animal skin
hairy
•granular
concrete
theELEMENTS
•surfaces
•edges
•supports
•anchorages
TENSILESURFACES
•SUPPORTS
•POINT
•LINEAR
•AREA
•EDGE
•HOLE
•HOLLOW
COMPRESSIVESURFACES
•POINT
SUPPORTS
•LINEAR
SUPPORTS
•EDGE
SUPPORTS
BENDINGSURFACES
•MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE
•PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURE
•NET
STRUCTURE
•GRID SHELL
•SPACE FRAME
•FOLDED
PLATE
STRUCTURES
•BAMBOO
STRUCTURES
SURFACEINBENDINGAND
COMPRESSION
•PLAIN
•SINGLY
CURVED
•SYNCLASTIC
•ANTICLASTIC
COMBINATIONS
•COMBINATION
OF MATERIALS
•COMBINATION
OF FORMS
•COMBINATION
OF TYPES

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Surface structurescan be classified accordingto
its basic function:
1. Form
2. Texture
3. Elements
A 1 THE FORM:
PLANAR SINGLY CURVED
CUPOLA – SYNCLASTIC SADDLE SHAPED – ANTICLASTIC
A 2 TEXTURE
Animal hide fiberglass fabric pvc coated fabric tarpaulin fabric
A 3 ELEMENTS
Surface
Edges
Supports
Anchorages

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FORMS OF THE STRUCTURE
1. ONE DIMENSIONAL SURFACE STRUCTURES:
One dimensional surface structures such as ladders , long nets or belts ,
fences and prestressed compression bridge are common examples.
Ladder net
Fence prestressed compression bridge.
2. TWO DIMENSIONAL SURFACE STRUCTURES:
Two dimensional surface structures are objects with two dimensions such
as drum skin spider’s web, ship sails, tent roofs, vaults etc.
Drumskin spider’s web
Ship’s sail tent roof

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3. THREE DIMENSIONAL SURFACE STRUCTURES:
surface structures enclose activities which are mostly three dimensional
like air balloons, tents, water tanks, gas containers etc.
Air balloon tent
Water tank gas container
Form isthe resultof the distributionof forces.The criteriafor
optimizationof formandqualityof formandconstructionas well as
function.Formandfunctionare inseperableentity.
Concept Design and Criteria for Shape Finding
The concept design is the most important stage of the design process. A
bad concept will reverberate throughout the design, manufacture and
installation process to impair the appearance and performance of the final
product. A number of factors need to be taken into consideration:
a) Geometric constraints of the site and adjacent buildings
b) Sun-shading levels required and Sun angles
c) Air-flow and ventilation of the space
d) Light transmission requirements for the space below
e) Availability and positions of anchorage points
f) Need for continuous-sealed perimeter anchorages
g) Aesthetic considerations and compatibility with adjacent elements
h) Achievement of adequate curvature to minimize fabric stresses and
movements
i) Drainage of rainwater and avoid ponding
j) Suitable fabric slopes, to ensure adequate self-cleansing
k) Nature of supporting structure and tensile elements

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Surface structurescan also be classified
accordingto their behavior:
1. Tensile structures
2. Compressive surface structures
3. Bending surface structures
4. Surface structures in tension and compression
5. Combinations
1. TENSILE STRUCTURES:
A tensile structure is a construction of elements, carrying only tension and
no compression or bending. Tensile structures are the most common type
of thin-shell structures. Being economically feasible, a tensile membrane
structure is often used as a roof, because they can stretch over large
distances looking attractive. Most tensile structures are supported by some
form of compression or bending elements, such as masts (as in the
Millennium Dome), compression rings or beams. Tensile structures have
been used since long in tents allowing it to withstand loads. Steady
technological progress has increased the popularity of fabric-roofed
structures. The low weight of the materials makes construction easier and
cheaper than standard designs, especially, when vast open spaces are to
be covered. Its lightweight nature, translucent and reflective properties,
and environmental adaptability could also be taken advantage of, in
building construction.
Common forms of tensile structures are 1) planar , 2) singly curved , 3)
synclastic and 4) anticlastic. The borders of these surfaces take the
surface tensile forces and can themselves be stressed in a variety of
ways.
The different types of support for tensile structures are:
1. Point support:
They are possible in case of radial cable nets or masts subjected to
tension.
radial cable nets
mast

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2. Linear support:
Cable in tension
Arches in compression
3. Area support:
Membranes in particular can be included in area support for e.g.
gridshells, pneumatical membranes and membrane supported by cables.
Gridshell pneumatic structure
membranes supported by
cables

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4.EDGE SUPPORTS:
The edge may be fixed directly to the foundation, by tension members ,
compression elements or beams or supports in bending.
4. HOLE SUPPORTS:
Holes in nets and membranes especially those bounded by cables, can
also be supported.
5. HOLLOW BODIES:
They can be used to form one dimensional hollow bodies such as tubes ,
two dimensional hollow bodies such as pillow and three dimensional body
such as balloons.

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TYPESOF TEMPORARY OR LIGHT WEIGHT
STRUCTURES:
A. MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
i. Tent structure
ii. Pneumatic structure
iii. Net structure
Membrane structure is a Structure with a thin, flexible surface
(membrane) that carries loads primarily through tensile stresses.
The membrane surface tends to adapt their shapes to the way they are
loaded. They are very sensitive to the aerodynamic effects of wind,
consequently most membranes that are used in building are stabilized in
such a way that their basic shape is retained under a variety of loadings.
A membrane structure can be stabilized by
1) Using internal framework
2) By prestressing the membrane surfaces
Membrane structures can be formed in variety of shapes, sizes and can
cover a variety of planes. They can be fabricated from simple materials
like canvas or hemp rope to the highly refined coated plastic fiber fabric or
steel cable.
Structural principles:
Although a membrane is a two dimensional resisting structure it cannot
develop appreciable plate stresses its depth is very small in comparision
with its span, neither it can stand , compression without buckling .
therefore the load carrying capacity is exclusively due to their tensile
strength.
There are two main types: tent structures and pneumatic structures.
The Denver International Airport (1995) features a terminal building roofed
by a white membrane stretched from steel masts. Another such structure
is London’s The O2 (formerly Millennium Dome), which has a tensioned
membrane structure with a diameter of 320 meters (1,050 feet), one of the
largest in the world.
i
Tent structure
ii
Pneumatic structure
iii
Net structure

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Evolution of temporary structure started from the need of shelter or
covering to the human beings which protected them from animals
and harsh weather conditions, rain and heat. Nomads kept travelling
from one place to another and hence they needed a shelter which
was light and they could transport it with them or make new.
Warriors also needed a place where they could rest. Structures like
Teepee, yurt and tents came into existence. The building material and
the covering material waseventually sourced from locally available
material. Wood being the principal material for struts skin was either
from animals or plants depending on their geographical location.
Different places had different structures. th
TIPI
A tipi is a cone-shaped tent, traditionally made of animal skins upon
wooden poles. A tipi is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke
flaps at the top of the structure. They were mainly used by the tribes of
Canadian Prairies and Great plains of North America.
A typical family tipi is a conical, portable structure with two adjustable
smoke flaps, multiple poles (historically from 12 to 25 feet long) called
lodge poles.
The frame consists of thirteen poles from fifteen to eighteen feet in length,
which, after being tied together at the small ends, are raised upright with a
twist so as to cross the poles above the fastening. They are then drawn
apart at the large ends and adjusted upon the ground in the rim of a circle
usually ten feet in diameter. A number of untanned and tanned buffalo
skins, stitched together in a form adjustable to the frame, are drawn
around it and lashed together, as shown in the figure. The lower edges
are secured to the ground with tent-pins. At the top there is an extra skin
adjusted as a collar, so as to be open on the windward side to facilitate the
exit of the smoke. A low opening is left for a doorway, which is covered
with an extra skin used as a drop. The fire-pit and arrangements for beds
are the same as in the Ojibwa lodge, grass being used in the place of
spruce or hemlock twigs.
MATERIAL
Lodge pole pine is the preferred wood in the Northern and Central Plains
and Red Cedar in the Southern Plains as struts.
Cover: buffalo hide, bison calf skin for door, canvas or cloth, wooden pegs
and ropes.

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YURT
A traditional yurt or ger (Mongolian) is a portable, round tent covered with
skins or felt and used as a dwelling by nomads in the steppes of Central
Asia. The structure comprises an angled assembly or latticework of pieces
of wood or bamboo for walls, a door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and
a wheel (crown, compression ring) possibly steam-bent. The roof structure
is often self-supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting
the crown. The top of the wall of self-supporting yurts is prevented from
spreading by means of a tension band which opposes the force of the roof
ribs.
Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wooden platform; they may use
modern materials such as steam-bent wooden framing or metal framing,
canvas or tarpaulin, Plexiglas dome, wire rope, or radiant insulation.
TRADITIONAL MONGOLIAN YURT
TENT
A tent is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped
over, attached to a frame of poles or attached to a supporting rope. While
smaller tents may be free-standing or attached to the ground, large tents
are usually anchored using guy ropes tied to stakes or tent pegs.
First used as portable homes by nomadic people, tents are now more
often used for recreational camping and temporary shelters.
MATERIAL
Tents are traditionally made of poles or Bamboo and a cloth , tarpaulin ,
canvas or animal skins.

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The Nomad’s tent is a membrane capable of spanning tens of feet, provided
its skin are properly supported by compressive struts and stabilised by
tensioned guy ropes.
The circus tents spans hundreds of feet using same technology. The tent
withstands the pressure of wind, but even under ideal circumstances
presents the drawback of moving under variable loads. Also, because of its
light weight , tents vibrates or flutters under the action of variable or even a
steady wind. Tents are useful as temporary covers.
nomad’s tent
circus tents
circus tent
Design of tents futher developed as the most suitable temporary
structure with introduction of new materials and constuction
technique.
One of the largest cable-supported tent structure is the one which covers
808,000 sq.ft at the site of 1972 Olympics in Munich, Germany. It is
supported by nine masts upto 260 feet tall and has prestressing cables upto
500 tons capacity, which give the roof appearance of a sereis of
interconnected saddle surfaces. The cabble support translucent plexiglass
slabs, lightly tinted a neutral gray-brown.
Cable supportedtent of the Olympicstadium in Munich,WestGermany.

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PRINCIPLES OF TENT CONSTRUCTION:
Tents consists of a stressed fabric. The tent panels when stressed, must
be curved in two mutually opposite directions. Tents need to be supported
on compression masts, arches or ribs, otherwise they cannot be properly
stressed. There are an unlimited abundance of possible shapes. A non-
structural form is possible as far as tents are concerned. A wide variety of
forms are possible for construction of tent.
 Pole supported
 Beam supported
 Frame supported
 Point hung
 Hyparbola

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II. PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES:
Pneumatic structures are one of the fundamental structural forms in
nature. Air bubbles, fruits, blood vessels are few examples of the same.
“If a flexible membrane which is only capable of supporting tension is
stressed by the differential pressures of a gas, normally air, the a
pneumatic form arises.”
Pneumatically supported structures are certainly the lightest building
construction of all. A thin membrane or skin e.g. coated fabric or foil is
stabilised by the interior positive or negative pressure of a medium (air).
Generally the forms are curved synclastically (dome shaped).
These structures allow extreme spans.
History of Pneumatic structures:
The sail is probably man’s earlier pneumatic structure. The shape of the
sail has been perfected by the experience of centuries. Water hoses and
various liquid containers are other examples of pneumatic structures.
Parachutes, air balloon, automobile tyres, toy balloons, collapsible boats,
air cushions , inflatable furniture are also part of pneumatic structures.
The British engineer Fredrick William Lanchester attempted to apply the
balloon principle for a field hospital in 1917. He was first to advocate the
use of inflated spherical domes to large roof spans.
Elements of Pnematic structures:
The major elements of any pneumatic construction are the membrane,
anchorages, accesses, inflation devices and transportation and erection.
i) Membranes
The choice of membrane is dependent on a great number of design
criteria. Four basic types of material are
 Plastic films such as polytetrafluroethylene
 Coated fabrics such as nylon, polyester, dacron etc.
 Woven metallic fabrics
 Metallic foil membranes
ii) Anchorages
Pneumatic structures defy gravity. They impose uplift load. There are
two methods of opposing these lift forces, by ballast and by ground
anchors.
Ballast anchors are used for structures that are frequently moved from
one site to another. There are two types of ballast anchors
 Water ballast
 Earth ballast

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Different types of Pneumatic forms
air balloon
river raft
tyres and tubes
toy balloon
Types of Pneumatic structures
Air supported structure
Air supported structure air inflated structure

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III NET STRUCTURES:
A net is a tensile stressed mesh structure which is flexible. The word net
structure means structures in which nets are a significant part of the total
structure.
Net structures are classified according to
 Mesh forms
 Function
 Suspended form
Elements of net structures are
Cables , suspension point, nodes, mesh, net boundary , net supports and
anchorages.

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S H E L L S T R U C T U R E S
CONCRETE
•MONOLITHIC
•STRESSED RIBBON
•SADDLE ROOF
GRID SHELL
•LATTICE IN WOOD,
STEEL, BAMBOO
•GEODESIC DOME
•HYPERBOLOID
STRUCTURE
MEMBRANE
•FABRIC
•TENSILE STRUCTURES
•CABLE DOMES
•PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

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THIN GRIDSHELL STRUCTURES
Thin-shell structures are also called plate and shell structures. They are
lightweight constructions using shell elements. These elements, typically
curved, are assembled to make large structures. Typical applications
include aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and the roofs of large buildings.
Shell structures can cover over a large areas by using less material .
Grid shells can cover any desired ground-floor layout. They can reach to
the ground, their edges following every contour. They can be made in
different shapes to cover large areas.
They can be joined to existing buildings of other construction types in
order to expand these. Grid shells can be built and utilised under all
climatic conditions. They can be used to cover large or small spaces to be
roofed or as transportable structure for emergency shelter or as an
expensive giant envelope.
Characteristics of grid shells:
Grid shells are light weight structures. Their load bearing behaviour is
characterised by a high degree of inner elasticity and relatively large
deformations under external loads.
Grid shells are curved synclastically. Anticlastic curvatures can occur in
the corners and in narrow sections. The turning ares between synclastic
and anticlastic curvature are weak regions in the grid. The load bearing
capacity increases as the curvature increases. When in use, the grid shell
is subjected to compression forces by its dead weight and other loads.
Elements of gridshell:
the main components of gridshell are
 The Grid
 The edge
 The support
grid
edge
support

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THE GRID
grids can be single layered,
double or multi layered. Two or several grids can also be in combination.
joint is a connection
between two component rods forming a continuous grid rod. The joint
must bear compression and tension.
gridshell structure can take
synclastic forms , it can also be combined to give new forms.
THE EDGE
the edge may rest directly on
the ground
edge on comression-stressed
rigid arches.
edge on rigid beam

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THE SUPPORTS
supported on columns and arches
supported on individual support
supported on beams , columns
and individual foundation on other side.
MATERIALS USED IN GRID SHELLS:
The materials used in the grid rods are as follows:
 Wood
 Metal
 Bamboo and plastic and
prefabricated elements are also used to make the grids

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D I F F E R E N T F O R M S O F S H E L L S T R U C T U R E S
SHELL STRUCTURES IN NATURE.
FORMS OF SHELL STRUCTURE
SINGLY CURVED AND DOBLY CURVED
FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE
VAULTED SHELL STRUCTURES

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CASE STUDY : “VAULTED WILLOW” AT BORDEN PARK ,
EDMONTON , CANADA.
Vaulted Willow is an architectural marvel that explores light weight,ultra
thin, self-supported shells. Designed by Marc Fornes and Theverymany.
The pavillion is the result of reciprocal relationship that encompasses
experiments in non-linear architectural typology.
The scheme is composed of a striated skin that is an assemblage of
intricate structural shingles. (721 aluminum stripes) of three different
thicknessses. These are digitally fabricated that overlap through their
extended tabs, doubling their material thickness. They are fastened into
place by 14,043 connector , the entirety of the structure is secured through
60 epoxy concrete anchors, fixing 24 base plates to a concrete pad of
240mcubic feet.
The structure draws it colours from the surrounding of the Borden park, in
which the tones and hues are derived from the immediate environment.
connections of
the stripes.
place to hide
and play.

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S P A C E F R A M E S T U C T U R E S
A space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure
constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames
can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss,
a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle;
flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and
compression loads along the length of each strut. The ability to modify the
utilization of space by providing freedom of movement makes it popular.
The structure is three dimensional which is made from steel. But it is not
only limited to that there are several types of it. This structure might be
lightweight, but these structures can carry a much heavier load with a
huge spanning capacity. The system can be arranged in a flat or curved
shape that enhances the design flexibility of a structure and ensures load
transfer. Right from the design to the erection phase to ensure the creation
of structures this system offers high resistibility.
Space Frames can span large spatial area without intermediate columns
by interlocking struts in a geometric pattern which is extremely useful in
projects like Coal, Cement & Sugar Storage Domes, Sports Stadiums,
Airports, and Shopping Malls etc. It can also form architectural marvels in
long Skywalks, Pedestrian Bridges and can add aesthetic, rigidity and long
life to smaller span structures like Metro Railway Stations, Swimming Pool
covers, Toll Gates, Border Security Gates, Petrol / Gas Stations.
Space Frame Applications
The integrated terminal buildings are designed with a number of structural
innovations. The key feature of airport structure is their long span roof
covering with massive column spacing.
– Commercial and industrial structures
– Auditoriums
– Sky lights
– Canopies
– Toll booths

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– Exhibition halls
– Sports stadiums
One of the largest flat space frame structures built in the united states is
the Panby Pavillion at the university of California at Los Angels. The
structure provides a 300-400 ft. clear span. Columns are placed around at
10 mts. On centers.
Characteristics of space structures:
The rectangular or skew roofs thus obtained exhibit a minor amount of
load carrying capacity through twisting action because of the small twisting
resistance of the trusses.
The members of triangulated space frames are light, since they are
subjected to either tension or compression. On the other hand the roof
structure is not necessarily economical because jointing in space is
complicated and because the frame still requires roof covering.
Materials used in SPACE FRAMES:
 STEEL
Steel is most frequently used in space frame construction and is
an ideal material for such frames. Steel space frames may be
constructed out of cold-rolled sections, angles or tubes riveted,
bolted or welded together or to suitably shaped gussette plates or
connectors. Tubes are much suitable since they may be more
easily jointed at any angle, and due to their better performance in
compression they will produce lighter structures, particularly over
large spans.
 ALUMINUM
The direct stressing of members and the inherent resistance to
torsion in space structures make them suited to constructions in
aluminum. Rods or tubes having round or rectangular cross
sections are commonly used, often together with specially
extruded sections. Connectors of various types are used.
 PLASTICS
The stressed skin space grids and domes make possible the use
of materials like plastics and aluminum which have very low
young’s modulus. Plastics are usually used for covering the space
frames.
 CONCRETE
The development of precasting and prestressing techniques has
made possible the use of concrete members of comparatively light
weight and small cross- sectional areas in the construction of
space frames.

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ELEMENTS OF SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
The grids and connectors form an important classification of
skeletal systems.
Different types of grids are
1. Single layer grid system
2. Double layer grid system
3. Triple layer grid system
4.
Connectors
1. Welded cast steel connectors
2. Welded node connectors
3. Screw connected node connectors
4. Pressed metal connectors
5. Connectors using gussette plate
6. The mero system
7. Nodus system
8. Oktaplatte and okta-s system
TYPES OF SPACE STRUCTURES:
Some examples of space structures are
1. DOMES
2. FOLDED PLATES
3. BARREL VAULTS
4. OTHER STRUCTURES
1. DOMES:
The dome is the oldest structural form and has been used in architecture
from earliest times and is a typical example of three dimensional
structures. It encloses a maximum amount of space with a minimum
surface and can be very economical in terms of material. A dome curved
into two directions (anticlastic) provides one of the most efficient shapes
suitable for covering very large areas. With time and technology the dead
weight of dome started decreasing.
Types of braced domes:
Dome construction can be categorised as:
1. Frame or skeletal type (single layer dome)
2. Truss type dome (double layer dome)
3. Stressed skin type
4. Formed surface type
Single layer dome is further categorised according to variety of design.
1. Ribbed domes
2. Schwedler domes
3. Stiff jointed framed domes
4. Plate type domes
5. Network domes
6. Zimerann somes
7. Lamella domes
8. Geodesic domes
9. Grid domes.

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frame or skeleton type dome
truss type dome
strssed skin type
ribbed dome
stiff jointed dome
Schwedler dome

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GEODESIC DOMES:
The most commonly used domes are the geodesic domes. Geodesics are
further refinement of lamella domes. These domes are more amenable to
prefabrication since the variation in length of their component members is
quite small for large spans and complicated types of bracings. The
framework of these elements lying on the great dome arch of a true
sphere. The intersecting elements form a three way grid comprising of
equilateral spherical triangles.
In geodesic domes the members forming the framework are usually
straight, being the chords of geodesic arcs. For larger span domes the
primary bracing which is truly geodesic, is not sufficient, hence a
secondary bracing is employed. They are again divided modularly.
Advantages of Geodesic Domes:
 It is structurally simple once modular designs have been prepared
Assembling into a specific plan.
 It is industrially capable of mass production,. According to modular
sizes of members and fittings.
 It is inherently strong and can be adopted to very large diametrical
domes.
 Its components are light and easy t handle and transportand it is
simple to erect these domes.
Wooden geodesic dome
Variations of dome designs

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CASE STUDY : “ PALM COURT , MIAMI.” BY FULLER
The expansive open courtyard incorporates more than 50 palms
representing several native species from South Florida and Caribbean,
including Coccothrinax spinosa and Heterospathe elata. The groupings of
palms surround an iconic geodesic dome designed by renowned architect
and inventor, Buckminster Fuller.
Palm Court is the first phase of the ambitious expansion of the Miami
Design District – creating a ground-breaking retail destination amid a
community dedicated to art and design.
Palm Court is bisected by Paseo Ponti – a central, 30-foot-wide pedestrian
paseo that will culminate in grand plazas at either end. In the two plazas,
and throughout the re-designed district, public art pieces will be on display.
One of the most impressive is a recreation of Buckminster Fuller’s 24-foot
Fly’s Eye Dome.
The dome sits at the south end of the Paseo Ponti, set upon a plinth in the
middle of a reflecting pool. However, rather than simply celebrating the
dome as a piece of artwork, the design team chose to utilize it as a
functional space. It serves as a light source for the parking level below, a
grand entry point, and an eyeglass to amplify the visitor’s view of the court.
As visitors emerge from the parking level, they can stop and take in the
view of Palm Court through the dome’s many lenses.

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F O L D E D P L A T E S T R U C T U R E S :
Folded plate structures are assemblies of flat plates, or slabs, inclined in
different directions and joined along their longitudinal edges. In this way
the structural system is capable of carrying loads without the need for
additional supporting beams along mutual edges. This technique
originated in Germany in the 1920s and became popular in Russia and the
United States during the 1930s to construct roofs for industrial warehouses
and public buildings.
Modern folded plate structures are typically made of cast in situ or
precast reinforced concrete, or steel plate.
They can provide a multitude of shapes and overall forms:
 Prismatic: Rectangular plates.
 Pyramidal: Non-rectangular plates.
 Prismoidal: Triangular or trapezoidal plates.

Advantages of Folded Plate structures:
 They are simpler to manufacture than other shells such as
cylindrical shells, with relatively simple formwork required, and
usually use less material.
 However, folded plates require more materials than curved shells
since there is normally more bending involved.
 Folded plate structures have an intrinsic rigidity and high load-
carrying capacity which makes them economical over long spans
that need to be free of internal columns and other obstructions.
TYPES:
examples of folded plate structures.

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B A R R E L V A U L T S :
A simple extension of steel frame folded plate roof results in structure
called braced barrel vault.
This type of roof consists of more than two inclined trusses bolted to form
the shape of barrel.
TYPES OF BARREL VAULTS
A repeating diamond structure
called a lamella acts as both roof and wall
for the dog pound. The simple look of the
form from the exterior hides the exposed
structure seen within. The identical 2×8
joists were precut and curved by a jig,
and a simple pin connection was used
to hold the pieces in place.

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B A M B O O S T R U C T U R E S:
Bamboo can be used mainly in light weight structures. Since old days
Bamboo is one of the most important constructional materials of mankind.
In today’s world of plastic and steel, Bamboo continues to make its age old
contribution.
In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally
associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South
Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America.
Various structural shapes may be made by training the bamboo to assume
them as it grows. Squared sections of bamboo are created by
compressing the growing stalk within a square form. Arches may similarly
be created by forcing the bamboo's growth into the desired form, costing
much less than it would to obtain the same shape with regular wood
timber. More traditional forming methods, such as the application of heat
and pressure, may also be used to curve or flatten the cut stalks.[8]
Bamboo can be cut and laminated into sheets and planks. This process
involves cutting stalks into thin strips, planing them flat, and boiling and
drying the strips; they are then glued, pressed and finished.
Bamboo as a building material has high compressive strength and low
weight has been one of the most used building material as support for
concrete, especially in those locations where it is found in abundance.
Bamboo as a building material is used for the construction of scaffolding,
bridges and structures, houses.
Advantages of Bamboo as a Building Material
The various advantages of bamboo are as mentioned below:
1. Tensile strength: Bamboo has higher tensile strength than steel because
its fibers run axially.
2. Fire Resistance: Capability of bamboo to resist fire is very high and it can
withstand temperature up to 4000 C. This is due to the presence of high
value of silicate acid and water.
3. Elasticity: Bamboo is widely preferred in earthquake prone regions due to
its elastic features.
4. Weight of bamboo: Bamboos due to their low weight are easily displaced
or installed making it very easier for transportation and construction.
5. Unlike other building materials like cement and asbestos, bamboo poses
no danger to health.
6. They are cost effective and easy to use.
7. They are especially in great demand in earthquake prone areas.

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SPACES MADE IN BAMBOO

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USES AND APPLICATION OF TEMPORARY STRUCTURES:
Temporary building structures are multi-purpose, portable structures that
offer protection under all weather conditions.
 TEMPORARY BUILDING STRUCTURES AS GARAGES
 LARGE-SCALE GREENHOUSES FOR CULTIVATION
 DEFENCE AND AVIATION
 INDUSTRY
 SPORT
USED FOR SPORTS PAVILLION
FOR INDOOR SPORTS
 HORSE-RIDING
FOR ANIMAL SHELTERS
 PLACES FOR PEOPLE

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 AGRICULTURE
FOR AGRICULTURE
FOR EVENTS AND EXHIBITION

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TEMPORARY STRUCTURES IN INTERIOR SPACES

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CONCLUSION:
Light weight structures have wide and varied applications. Every structural
systems have different uses, limitations and drawbacks. As technology
advances, new materials are being manufactured and new concepts
emrge. Such revolutions are for the future when people no longer intent to
clinging on to the traditional way of living. Unlike more conventional
structures, light weight structures have a great deal of scope for the future.
Light weight structures are very futuristic and more innovative. They can
be mass produced , easily relocatable and constuctable.
Membrane structures, grid and space frame structures are very popular
with people due its versatality of the design and construction methods.
Geodesic domes cover a minimum surface area. Hence they consume
less material and help in conservation of energy.
With the growing demand to remain green and saving our environment
need to work more with Bamboo becomes the need of the hour. Bamboo
being a very flexible material lot of forms and designs can be developed
and it can be put into multiple use. It is freely available and cheaper than
timber.
Temporary structures can also become permanent installations sometimes
as per the function and activity. Many indoor spaces in interior are created
using temporary structures.
Finally, a lot can be explored and with the new technology and newer
materials lighter and lasting structures can be constructed to give an
experince of its kind to the coming generation.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
BOOKS REFERENCE:
1. STUDY OF LIGHT WEIGHT STRUCTURES BY PERCY
MOWDAWALA.
2. STRUCTURES IN ARCHITECTURE, the buildings of building
BY MARIO SALVADORI WITH ROBERT HELLER.
3. DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS IN ARCHITECTURE BY
V.V.PRAMAR
4. IMAGIMATION
INTERNET REFERENCE:
 www.inhabitat.com
 www.temporarystructures.wordpress.com
 www.cityofsydeny.csw.gov.au
 www.designbuildings.co.uk
 www.researchgate.net
 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Timber_shell_structu
re
 https://www.thedti.gov.za/business_regulation/acts/building_sta
ndards_act.pdf
 https://www.masterbuilder.co.in/analysis-space-frame-
structure/
 https://www.masterbuilder.co.in/morphology-tensile-structure-
systems/