The Bronze Age occurred between 3500 BC and 1200 BC. During this period, metallurgy advanced to the point where bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, could be produced from ores. Bronze tools and weapons were more durable than stone. The Bronze Age began in Anatolia and spread to other parts of the world at different times. Societies during the Bronze Age were often divided into small warring tribes rather than large empires.

1. BRONZEAGE
History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

2. BRONZE AGEThe Bronze Age refers to a period of time in prehistoric societies where metallurgy had advanced to the point of
making bronze - an alloy of tin and copper - from natural ores, but not yet to the point of the systematic
production of iron (the Iron Age). The Bronze Age is more advanced than the Stone Age, in which artifacts and
tools are largely made from carved stone. The Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age make up the traditional
three-age system for classifying prehistoric cultures. In some areas of the Earth, like Africa, certain groups went
straight from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. Rare groups, such as isolated Amazonian tribes in Brazil, have not yet
progressed past the Stone Age.
The Bronze Age primarily took place between 3500 BC and 1200 BC, and is traditionally divided into the Early
Bronze Age (c.3500-2000 BC), Middle Bronze Age (c.2000-1600 BC), and Late Bronze Age (c.1600-1200 BC),
with progressively more sophisticated metallurgy which culminates in the discovery of ironworking.
The Bronze Age began 5,500 years ago in the present-day areas of Turkey, Iran, and Iraq, which was also the
cradle of human civilization. By this time permanent settlements were already a few thousands years old, but it
took time for these early people to discover the potential of metallic ores. The birthplace of metallurgy is
usually taken to be Anatolia, Turkey. The Indian Bronze Age began in 3300 BC with the Indus Valley
civilization. In China and southeast Asia, the Bronze Age began around 2100 BC. Throughout Europe the Bronze
Age began between 2100 BC and 2000 BC or so, with sophisticated Bronze Age civilizations rising throughout the
2nd millennium BC.
The Bronze Age was important to mankind because it allowed us to create more durable tools and artefacts for
productive use. Bronze is preferable to stone for a wide variety of applications - whether you're making a knife, an
axe, armour, pottery, or artwork, Bronze is harder and longer-lived. A more durable capital base enhances the
potential for sustained economic activity, but also warfare.
During the Bronze Age, much of humanity was segmented into thousands of warring tribes. Small nations did
exist, but it would be many centuries before countries resembling any of those today - such as the Roman Empire -
came into existence.
History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

3. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

4. MOHENJODARO
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION, SINDH, PAKISTAN.
2600 TO 1900 BC
KEY - PLAN
•HISTORIC HIGHLIGHTS
•PLANNING FEATURES
•URBAN DESIGN
•REASONS FOR DECLINE
• FOCUS AREA
•KEY REFERENCES
Mohenjo Daro, or "Mound of the Dead" is an ancient Indus Valley Civilization city that
flourished between 2600 and 1900 BCE. It was one of the first world and ancient Indian
cities. The site was discovered in the 1920s and lies in Pakistan's Sindh province.
In the 1980s extensive architectural
documentation, combined with detailed surface
surveys, surface scraping and probing was done
by German and Italian survey teams led by Dr.
Michael Jansen (RWTH) and Dr.
Maurizio Tosi (IsMEO).
History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

5. MOHENJODARO
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION, SINDH, PAKISTAN.
2600 TO 1900 BC
KEY - PLAN
•HISTORIC HIGHLIGHTS
•PLANNING FEATURES
•URBAN DESIGN
•REASONS FOR DECLINE
• FOCUS AREA
•KEY REFERENCES
The site is located in the semi-arid region of
Sindh province, Pakistan, and situated on a
Pleistocene ridge that sits like an island in the
flood plain of the Indus River.
The site appears to have been located in a central
position between the two vast river valleys,
the Indus on the west and the Ghaggar-
Hakra on the east that would have flowed to
the east of the Rohri hills.
In its heyday however, Mohenjo-daro would have
dominated the riverine trade networks
moving from the coast to the northern Indus
plain, as well as trade routes leading to the passes
in the Bolan Valley to the west.
History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

6. MOHENJODARO
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION, SINDH, PAKISTAN.
2600 TO 1900 BC
KEY - PLAN
•HISTORIC HIGHLIGHTS
•PLANNING FEATURES
•URBAN DESIGN
•REASONS FOR DECLINE
• FOCUS AREA
•KEY REFERENCES
The "Lower Town" is made up of numerous lower mounds
that lie to the east and may represent multiple walled
neighborhoods.
Each sector has numerous large brick houses that could have
been the mansions of powerful merchants or landowners. No
temples have been identified, though there is one building with a
double staircase that may have had a ritual function.
Other habitation areas are partly buried by the silts of the
encroaching Indus River and some Indus brick structures are
seen eroding into the Indus River itself. No cemetery area has
been located at the site, though there have been reports of
occasional chance burials discovered in the course of site
conservation.
The buildings of Mohenjo-daro are made primarily of
fired brick, though some structures do include mud
brick and timbers.
Excavations of the "citadel" mound uncovered a large
colonnaded building with a specially designed water
tank usually referred to as the "Great Bath". Just to
the south west of the Great Bath is the so-called
"Granary," a massive building with solid brick
foundations with sockets for a wooden super structure
and doorways.
History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

7. MOHENJODARO
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION, SINDH, PAKISTAN.
2600 TO 1900 BC
KEY - PLAN
•HISTORIC HIGHLIGHTS
•PLANNING FEATURES
•URBAN DESIGN
•REASONS FOR DECLINE
• FOCUS AREA
•KEY REFERENCES
Various factors contributed to the decline of Mohenjo-Daro.
On the one hand, changes in the river flow patterns and
correspondent widespread flooding would have disrupted the
agricultural base, but did not destroy the city directly.
Although there appears to have been a significant break
between the end of the Indus occupation and the Early Historic
occupation, it is unlikely that the site was ever totally
abandoned due to its high position on the plain and the
protection it afforded against floods.
History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

8. MOHENJODARO
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION, SINDH, PAKISTAN.
2600 TO 1900 BC
KEY - PLAN
•HISTORIC HIGHLIGHTS
•PLANNING FEATURES
•URBAN DESIGN
•REASONS FOR DECLINE
• FOCUS AREA
•KEY REFERENCES
Although the Indus people did not bury their wealth
with the dead, they did occasionally hide valuable
ornaments in pots and bury these under the floors
of a house. In the course of the early excavations, a
few rare discoveries were made of gold and silver
ornaments and silver vessels that provide evidence
for a class of wealthy merchants or landowners.
Unlike Mesopotamia or Egypt, the Indus elites did
not erect stone sculptures to glorify their power,
and depictions of warfare or conquered enemies are
strikingly absent in representational art. Most of the
art and symbolic objects were relatively small and
in many cases even made in miniature.
History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

9. MOHENJODARO
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION, SINDH, PAKISTAN.
2600 TO 1900 BC
•HISTORIC HIGHLIGHTS
•PLANNING FEATURES
•URBAN DESIGN
•REASONS FOR DECLINE
• FOCUS AREA
•KEY REFERENCES
Alcock, L. 1986 A Pottery Sequence From Mohenjo Daro: R. E. M. Wheeler 's 1950 "Citadel
Mound" Excavations. In Excavations at Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan: The Pottery, edited
by G. F. Dales and J. M. Kenoyer, pp. 493-551. Philadelphia, University Museum Press.
Ardeleanu-Jansen, A. 1984 Stone Sculptures from Mohenjo-Daro. In Interim Reports Vol.
1: Reports on Field Work Carried out at Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan 1982-83 by IsMEO-
Aachen University Mission., edited by M. Jansen and G. Urban, pp. 139-157. Aachen,
IsMEO/RWTH.
Ardeleanu-Jansen, A. 1987 The Theriomorphic Stone Sculpture from Mohenjo-Daro
Reconsidered. In Interim Reports Vol. 2: Reports on Field Work Carried out at
Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan 1983-84 by IsMEO-Aachen University Mission, edited by M.
Jansen and G. Urban, pp. 59-68. Aachen, IsMEO/RWTH.
Ardeleanu-Jansen, A. 1988 The Terracotta Figurines from Mohenjo-Daro: Considerations on
Tradition, Craft and Ideology in the Harappa Culture. Lahore Museum Bulletin 1(2): 9-28.
Ardeleanu-Jansen, A. 1989 A Short Note on a Steatite Sculpture Fragment from
Mohenjodaro. In South Asian Archaeology 1985, edited by K. Frifelt and P. S¿rensen, pp.
196-210. London, Curzon Press.
Ardeleanu-Jansen, A. 1992 New Evidence on the Distribution of Artifacts: An Approach
Towards a Qualitative -Quantitative Assessment of the Terracotta Figurines of Mohenjo-Daro.
In South Asian Archaeology 1989, edited by C. Jarrige, pp. 5-14. Madison, WI, Prehistory
Press.
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20. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
CITY OF MARI

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