The document provides details about several notable structures from Roman civilization. It describes the Pantheon as a large circular temple in Rome with a portico and the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. It then discusses the Colosseum as an elliptical amphitheater that could hold 50,000-80,000 people for events. Finally, it mentions that Roman villas were country houses for the upper class with atriums or peristyles, and often included areas for living, working, and storage.

1. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
ROMAN Civilization

2. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

3. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
PANTHEON

4. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
• is a building in Rome, Italy, commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign
of Augustus as a temple to all the gods of ancient Rome, and rebuilt by the
emperor Hadrian about 126 AD.
• The building is circular with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns (eight in the first
rank and two groups of four behind) under a pediment. A rectangular vestibule links the porch
to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to
the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's
largest unreinforced concrete dome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior
circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft).
• The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotunda.

5. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

6. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

7. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

8. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

9. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
Specifications
Length 84 metres
(276 ft)
Width 58 metres
(190 ft)
Height (max) 58 metres
(190 ft)

10. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
The building was originally approached by a flight of steps, although later construction raised the
level of the ground leading to the portico, eliminating the steps.
The 4,535 metric tons ) weight of the Roman concrete dome is concentrated on a ring of voussoirs 9.1
metres (30 ft) in diameter that form the oculus, while the downward thrust of the dome is carried by
eight barrel vaults in the 6.4 metres (21 ft) thick drum wall into eight piers. The thickness of the dome
varies from 6.4 metres (21 ft) at the base of the dome to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) around the oculus.
The stresses in the dome were found to be substantially reduced by the use of successively less dense
aggregate stones, such as small pots or pieces of pumice, in higher layers of the dome.

11. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
COLOSSEUM

12. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
The Colosseum is an
elliptical amphitheatre in the centre
of the city of Rome, Italy. Built
of concrete and stone,it was the
largest amphitheatre of the Roman
Empire, and is considered one of the
greatest works of Roman
architecture and engineering. It is
the largest amphitheatre in the world
The Colosseum's original Latin name
was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often
anglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The
building was constructed by emperors
of the Flavian dynasty,

13. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

14. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and
80,000 spectators, and was used for gladiatorial contests
and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts,
executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas
based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used
for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused
for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a
religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.
Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the
Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its
basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman
theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters
(615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528
Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 6 acres (24,000 m2). The
height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet).
The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835
Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and
55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high,
above which rose tiers of seating.

15. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

16. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic
metres (3,531,467 cubic feet) of travertine stone which were
set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps
The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Tuscan, Ionic,
and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with
Corinthian pilasters
Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around
the top of the attic. They originally supported a
retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun
and rain off spectators
The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that
the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects
adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern
stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre
was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which
were used by ordinary spectators. Each entrance and exit was
numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance
was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the
other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite.
All four axial entrances were richly decorated with
painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive.

17. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters
(272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).
It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand
(the Latin word for sand is harena or arena),
covering an elaborate underground structure
called the hypogeum (literally meaning
"underground").
It consisted of a two-level subterranean
network of tunnels and cages beneath the
arena where gladiators and animals were
held before contests began. Eighty vertical
shafts provided instant access to the arena
for caged animals and scenery pieces
concealed underneath; larger hinged
platforms, called hegmata, provided access
for elephants and the like.
gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of
other events.

18. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

19. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
ROMANVILLA

20. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
A Roman villa was originally a Roman country house built for the
upper class during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire.
ARCHITECTURE
By the first century BC, the "classic" villa took many architectural forms,
with many examples employing atrium or peristyle, for enclosed spaces
open to light and air.
Upper class, wealthy Roman citizens in the countryside around Rome and
throughout the Empire lived in villa-complexes, the accommodation for
rural farms. The villa-complex consisted of three parts.
The villa urbana where the owner and his family lived. This would be
similar to the wealthy-person's in the city and would have painted walls.
The villa rustica where the chef and slaves of the villa worked and lived.
This was also the living quarters for the farm's animals. There would
usually be other rooms here that might be used as store rooms, a hospital
and even a prison.
The villa fructuaria would be the storage rooms. These would be where
the products of the farm were stored ready for transport to buyers.
Storage rooms here would have been used for oil, wine, grain, grapes and
any other produce of the villa. Other rooms in the villa might include an
office, a temple for worship, several bedrooms, a dining room and a
kitchen.

21. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
SOCIAL HISTORY
CLIMATIC SOLUTION
TO ACCOMMODATE TRADE
MATERIALS FROM FAR OFF
PLACES
FOR LUXURY
SELF SUFFICIENT ROMAN-IDEAL

22. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
PERISTYLE- FRONT VERANDAH
VESTIBULE- CONNECTION BETWEEN
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL AREA
THERMAE- BATH
CULINE- COOKING

23. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

24. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
•Villa Armira near Ivaylovgrad, Bulgaria
•"House of Antiope" at the Museum of Mosaics in Devnya,
Bulgaria
•Fishbourne Roman Palace and Bignor Roman Villa in
West Sussex, England
•Lullingstone Roman Villa in Kent, England
•Villa Romana del Casale in Piazza Armerina, Sicily, Italy
•Chedworth Roman Villa in Gloucestershire
•Littlecote Roman Villa in Wiltshire
•Villa Rumana in Żejtun, Malta
•Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii
•House of Menander, Pompeii
•List of Roman villas in Belgium
•La Olmeda Roman Villa in Palencia, Spain
•Roman Villa Borg, Germany

25. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
ROMANFORUM

26. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
The Roman Forum (Latin: Forum Romanum, Italian: Foro Romano) is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by
the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the ancient
city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as the Forum Magnum, or simply the Forum.
It was for centuries the center of Roman public life: the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for
public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches; and the nucleus of commercial affairs. Here statues and
monuments commemorated the city's great men. The teeming heart of ancient Rome, it has been called the most
celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history

27. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

28. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine