Pneumothorax
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This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing lung collapse. It defines pneumothorax as air in the pleural space that can occur spontaneously or from trauma. The types are described as spontaneous, open, or tension pneumothorax. Clinical manifestations include shortness of breath, chest pain, and decreased breath sounds on the affected side. Diagnosis involves history, exam, chest x-ray and blood gas analysis. Management depends on the type but may include observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery to repair the lung. Nursing care focuses on dressing wounds, positioning, monitoring chest tube drainage, and watching for complications like respiratory failure.
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Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can be spontaneous, due to trauma, or iatrogenic. It is classified as primary spontaneous which occurs without lung disease usually in young males, secondary spontaneous which occurs with underlying lung pathology, or traumatic. Types include closed which seals off, open with a bronchopleural fistula, and tension which increases pressure. Clinical features include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made with chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothoraces may resolve on their own while secondary pneumothoraces and those with symptoms require tube thoracostomy drainage. Recurrent cases require pleurodesis or surgery.
10.Pneumothorax
- The document discusses pneumothorax, describing its classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options.
- Key points include that tension pneumothorax can cause rapid deterioration and requires immediate treatment, while spontaneous pneumothorax is classified as primary or secondary depending on underlying lung health.
- Treatment involves observation for small primary pneumothoraces or procedures like aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery depending on the size and symptoms.
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that is usually caused by an underlying condition like heart failure, tuberculosis, or cancer. It can cause shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and thoracentesis to analyze fluid. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause as well as draining fluid to relieve symptoms. Nursing care involves monitoring breathing and oxygen levels, treating fever or infection, managing pain and anxiety, and preventing complications.
CHEST INJURY- BLUNT- Trauma Surgery
Chest trauma, especially blunt chest trauma, can cause many serious injuries from rib fractures to life-threatening conditions like tension pneumothorax. It is the second leading cause of trauma deaths. Immediate life-threatening injuries include tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, flail chest, and cardiac tamponade which must be quickly diagnosed and treated to prevent death. Other potential injuries include pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax, and aortic disruption which require close monitoring and treatment.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Pneumothorax & Haemothorax
A pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, causing partial or full lung collapse. It can be caused by trauma, mechanical ventilation, or ruptured blebs. There are three main types: closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. A tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency where air builds rapidly in the pleural space, compressing the heart and blood vessels. Needle decompression is needed to release trapped air. Hemothorax is the presence of blood in the pleural space, often accompanying an open pneumothorax or lung injury. Diagnosis involves history, exams, imaging, and blood gas tests. Treatment depends on severity but may include aspiration or
(Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is the presence of air or gas in the pleural space between the lung and chest wall. It occurs when there is a communication between an alveolus or air space and the pleural space, allowing air to enter the pleural space. Pneumothoraces are classified as spontaneous (primary or secondary), traumatic, or iatrogenic. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include observation, oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, chest tube drainage, chemical pleurodesis, or surgery. Complications can include infection, bleeding, or mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema.
Dyspnea
Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is a common symptom that can be caused by many cardiac and pulmonary conditions. A thorough diagnostic evaluation of dyspnea involves taking a detailed patient history, conducting a physical exam, and obtaining initial tests like an electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and blood tests to evaluate for conditions involving the heart, lungs, blood, and other potential causes and to guide further testing if needed. Grading scales are used to characterize the severity of a patient's dyspnea. The pathophysiology of dyspnea involves an imbalance between the perceived need to breathe and the ability to breathe.
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Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can be spontaneous, due to trauma, or iatrogenic. It is classified as primary spontaneous which occurs without lung disease usually in young males, secondary spontaneous which occurs with underlying lung pathology, or traumatic. Types include closed which seals off, open with a bronchopleural fistula, and tension which increases pressure. Clinical features include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made with chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothoraces may resolve on their own while secondary pneumothoraces and those with symptoms require tube thoracostomy drainage. Recurrent cases require pleurodesis or surgery.
10.Pneumothorax
- The document discusses pneumothorax, describing its classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options.
- Key points include that tension pneumothorax can cause rapid deterioration and requires immediate treatment, while spontaneous pneumothorax is classified as primary or secondary depending on underlying lung health.
- Treatment involves observation for small primary pneumothoraces or procedures like aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery depending on the size and symptoms.
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that is usually caused by an underlying condition like heart failure, tuberculosis, or cancer. It can cause shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and thoracentesis to analyze fluid. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause as well as draining fluid to relieve symptoms. Nursing care involves monitoring breathing and oxygen levels, treating fever or infection, managing pain and anxiety, and preventing complications.
CHEST INJURY- BLUNT- Trauma Surgery
Chest trauma, especially blunt chest trauma, can cause many serious injuries from rib fractures to life-threatening conditions like tension pneumothorax. It is the second leading cause of trauma deaths. Immediate life-threatening injuries include tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, flail chest, and cardiac tamponade which must be quickly diagnosed and treated to prevent death. Other potential injuries include pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax, and aortic disruption which require close monitoring and treatment.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Pneumothorax & Haemothorax
A pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, causing partial or full lung collapse. It can be caused by trauma, mechanical ventilation, or ruptured blebs. There are three main types: closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. A tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency where air builds rapidly in the pleural space, compressing the heart and blood vessels. Needle decompression is needed to release trapped air. Hemothorax is the presence of blood in the pleural space, often accompanying an open pneumothorax or lung injury. Diagnosis involves history, exams, imaging, and blood gas tests. Treatment depends on severity but may include aspiration or
(Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is the presence of air or gas in the pleural space between the lung and chest wall. It occurs when there is a communication between an alveolus or air space and the pleural space, allowing air to enter the pleural space. Pneumothoraces are classified as spontaneous (primary or secondary), traumatic, or iatrogenic. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include observation, oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, chest tube drainage, chemical pleurodesis, or surgery. Complications can include infection, bleeding, or mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema.
Dyspnea
Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is a common symptom that can be caused by many cardiac and pulmonary conditions. A thorough diagnostic evaluation of dyspnea involves taking a detailed patient history, conducting a physical exam, and obtaining initial tests like an electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and blood tests to evaluate for conditions involving the heart, lungs, blood, and other potential causes and to guide further testing if needed. Grading scales are used to characterize the severity of a patient's dyspnea. The pathophysiology of dyspnea involves an imbalance between the perceived need to breathe and the ability to breathe.
Empyema
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lungs caused by the absence of air in parts of the lung. It develops when alveoli become airless and collapse. Common causes include obstruction of the airways, diminished lung expansion, retained secretions, altered breathing patterns during anesthesia or sedation, and compression of the lungs. Symptoms may include cough, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on removing obstructions and secretions through techniques like suctioning, chest physiotherapy, and bronchodilators to reinflate the lungs. More severe cases may require procedures like bronchoscopy or mechanical ventilation.
Dyspnea
This document defines and discusses dyspnea (shortness of breath) and cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin). It outlines the mechanisms, causes, and characteristics of dyspnea associated with respiratory, cardiac, and other medical conditions. Key signs and symptoms that may suggest pulmonary or cardiac origins of dyspnea are provided. The document also defines and describes peripheral and central cyanosis, listing various conditions that can cause each type.
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It is classified as spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic. A tension pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space during inspiration but cannot escape during expiration, causing rising pressure and potential cardiovascular compromise. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothorax may resolve on its own, while secondary pneumothorax requires tube drainage. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency treated with needle decompression followed by tube insertion.
Disorders of pleura
The pleura is a membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It normally contains a thin film of fluid to allow the lungs to move during breathing. Disorders occur when excess fluid or air collects in the pleural space. Common causes of pleural effusions include heart failure, pneumonia, cancer, and tuberculosis. The fluid is analyzed to determine the specific cause and guide treatment such as diuretics, chest tubes, or antibiotics. Pneumothorax is the collection of air in the pleural space, and can be spontaneous, traumatic, or tension-related requiring urgent treatment.
Pleural effusion
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Pleural diseases
DETAILS OF DISEASES OF PLEURA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. PROCEDURES OF PUTTING A CHEST DRAIN AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMOTHORAX
Respiratory failure
This document provides an overview of respiratory failure, including its definition, types, causes, patient presentation, investigations, management, and complications. There are four types of respiratory failure: type I involves hypoxemic failure due to issues with oxygenation; type II involves hypercapneic failure due to ventilation issues; type III occurs perioperatively due to lung collapse; and type IV is due to respiratory muscle hypoperfusion in shock. The management of respiratory failure involves treating the underlying cause, providing oxygen support, and potentially mechanical ventilation. Outcomes depend on the severity of acidosis and underlying illnesses.
Pneumothorax ppt 368 final....
This document defines pneumothorax and discusses its types, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse. There are several types including spontaneous, traumatic, and iatrogenic. Signs and symptoms depend on the size and extent of the pneumothorax. Diagnosis involves physical exam and imaging tests. Treatment goals are to remove air promptly using techniques such as oxygen supplementation, aspiration, chest tube drainage, or surgery. The nurse's role includes assisting with chest tube insertion and monitoring for complications.
Mediastinitis
Mediastinitis refers to infection or inflammation in the mediastinum, the area within the chest between the lungs. It can develop due to perforation of the esophagus or trachea, direct extension of infection from the neck or thorax, or following cardiac surgery involving median sternotomy. Clinical features include severe chest pain, fever, and signs of mediastinal structure compression. Diagnosis involves imaging and microbiological tests. Aggressive surgical drainage, debridement, and prolonged antibiotics are usually needed for treatment.
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale, or right heart failure, is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle due to conditions that restrict pulmonary blood flow such as chronic lung diseases. It develops when pulmonary hypertension leads to enlargement and failure of the right ventricle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and assessing pulmonary pressures. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, giving diuretics and vasodilators, and may involve oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in severe cases.
Empyema- Pus in Pleura
Pyothorax, or empyema thoracis, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity that is usually caused by bacterial pneumonia. It progresses through three stages - exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, CT scan, and thoracentesis of pleural fluid. Treatment requires antibiotics, drainage of pus from the pleural space, and sometimes surgical procedures like VATS to debride the pleural space and allow for lung re-expansion. Complications can include bronchopleural fistula, spread of infection, and sepsis.
Atelectasis ppt Nikhil
This document provides information about atelectasis, including:
- Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions.
- Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery.
- Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, including its history, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis using imaging modalities like chest x-rays and CT scans, and various treatment options. Pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural space, usually caused by a tear or rupture in the lung tissue. Treatment depends on factors like the size and severity of the pneumothorax, its cause, and whether it is a first occurrence or recurrent. Options include observation, aspiration of air, insertion of a chest tube to drain air, chemical pleurodesis to fuse the lungs to the chest wall to prevent recurrence, and surgery in more severe or complicated cases.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis
A condition characterized by chronic permanent dilation & destruction of bronchi due to destructive changes in the elastic and muscular layers of bronchial walls.
The common thread in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis consists of difficulty clearing secretions & recurrent infections with a “vicious circle” of infection and inflammation resulting in airway injury and remodelling.
PLEASE REFER TO REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS FOR CLARITY.
Surgical Treatment of Pleural Diseases
This document summarizes surgical treatments for several pleural diseases:
1) Pneumothorax is treated with observation for small cases or tube thoracostomy for large/symptomatic cases. Surgery like VATS is used for recurrent cases.
2) Empyema is diagnosed by pleural fluid analysis and treated initially with tube thoracostomy and fibrinolytics. Thoracoscopy or decortication surgery is used for later stages with loculations.
3) Mesothelioma is associated with asbestos exposure and difficult to diagnose, often requiring biopsy. Treatment options provide limited success.
Empyema
This document defines empyema as the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It is most commonly caused by pneumonia or other lung infections. Key symptoms include fever, chest pain, and cough. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and thoracentesis. Treatment involves antibiotics, chest tube placement to drain pus, and sometimes fibrinolytics or surgery. Goals are to treat the infection, drain the pleural space, and allow lung re-expansion to prevent chronic issues. Physiotherapy after treatment is important for full recovery.
Bronchiectasis.
This document discusses bronchiectasis, including its definition, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and complications. Some key points:
- Bronchiectasis is irreversible dilation of the airways caused by infection or other insults that damages the airways and impairs mucus clearance.
- It has various etiologies including infection, immunodeficiency, genetic disorders, and aspiration. Recurrent infections lead to a vicious cycle of inflammation and further airway damage.
- Symptoms include chronic productive cough and sputum. Investigations include chest CT, which shows characteristic findings like airway dilation.
- Management focuses on airway clearance, antibiotics for infections, and
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs caused by fluid leaking from blood vessels into the lung tissue and air spaces. It can be caused by issues that increase pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs like heart failure, or by problems that damage the blood vessel walls. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and anxiety. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but aims to reduce fluid buildup and support breathing. Differentiating cardiogenic from non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema involves considering medical history, symptoms, physical exam findings, and chest imaging results.
4. Pneumothorax, COPD, CVDs.pdf cardiovascular system
This document provides information on respiratory disorders including pneumothorax, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic bronchitis. It defines pneumothorax as an accumulation of air in the pleural cavity causing partial or complete lung collapse. Tension pneumothorax occurs when air builds up pressure on the heart and veins. The document describes the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pneumothorax and COPD which involves chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Physiotherapy management in Pneumothorax
pnemothorax and its management mainly physiotherapy point of view.
Dr. Amrit parihar
IKDRC ITS college of physiotherapy, Ahmedabad
amritparihar94@yahoo.com
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Empyema
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lungs caused by the absence of air in parts of the lung. It develops when alveoli become airless and collapse. Common causes include obstruction of the airways, diminished lung expansion, retained secretions, altered breathing patterns during anesthesia or sedation, and compression of the lungs. Symptoms may include cough, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on removing obstructions and secretions through techniques like suctioning, chest physiotherapy, and bronchodilators to reinflate the lungs. More severe cases may require procedures like bronchoscopy or mechanical ventilation.
Dyspnea
This document defines and discusses dyspnea (shortness of breath) and cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin). It outlines the mechanisms, causes, and characteristics of dyspnea associated with respiratory, cardiac, and other medical conditions. Key signs and symptoms that may suggest pulmonary or cardiac origins of dyspnea are provided. The document also defines and describes peripheral and central cyanosis, listing various conditions that can cause each type.
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It is classified as spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic. A tension pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space during inspiration but cannot escape during expiration, causing rising pressure and potential cardiovascular compromise. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothorax may resolve on its own, while secondary pneumothorax requires tube drainage. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency treated with needle decompression followed by tube insertion.
Disorders of pleura
The pleura is a membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It normally contains a thin film of fluid to allow the lungs to move during breathing. Disorders occur when excess fluid or air collects in the pleural space. Common causes of pleural effusions include heart failure, pneumonia, cancer, and tuberculosis. The fluid is analyzed to determine the specific cause and guide treatment such as diuretics, chest tubes, or antibiotics. Pneumothorax is the collection of air in the pleural space, and can be spontaneous, traumatic, or tension-related requiring urgent treatment.
Pleural effusion
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Pleural diseases
DETAILS OF DISEASES OF PLEURA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. PROCEDURES OF PUTTING A CHEST DRAIN AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMOTHORAX
Respiratory failure
This document provides an overview of respiratory failure, including its definition, types, causes, patient presentation, investigations, management, and complications. There are four types of respiratory failure: type I involves hypoxemic failure due to issues with oxygenation; type II involves hypercapneic failure due to ventilation issues; type III occurs perioperatively due to lung collapse; and type IV is due to respiratory muscle hypoperfusion in shock. The management of respiratory failure involves treating the underlying cause, providing oxygen support, and potentially mechanical ventilation. Outcomes depend on the severity of acidosis and underlying illnesses.
Pneumothorax ppt 368 final....
This document defines pneumothorax and discusses its types, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse. There are several types including spontaneous, traumatic, and iatrogenic. Signs and symptoms depend on the size and extent of the pneumothorax. Diagnosis involves physical exam and imaging tests. Treatment goals are to remove air promptly using techniques such as oxygen supplementation, aspiration, chest tube drainage, or surgery. The nurse's role includes assisting with chest tube insertion and monitoring for complications.
Mediastinitis
Mediastinitis refers to infection or inflammation in the mediastinum, the area within the chest between the lungs. It can develop due to perforation of the esophagus or trachea, direct extension of infection from the neck or thorax, or following cardiac surgery involving median sternotomy. Clinical features include severe chest pain, fever, and signs of mediastinal structure compression. Diagnosis involves imaging and microbiological tests. Aggressive surgical drainage, debridement, and prolonged antibiotics are usually needed for treatment.
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale, or right heart failure, is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle due to conditions that restrict pulmonary blood flow such as chronic lung diseases. It develops when pulmonary hypertension leads to enlargement and failure of the right ventricle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and assessing pulmonary pressures. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, giving diuretics and vasodilators, and may involve oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in severe cases.
Empyema- Pus in Pleura
Pyothorax, or empyema thoracis, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity that is usually caused by bacterial pneumonia. It progresses through three stages - exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, CT scan, and thoracentesis of pleural fluid. Treatment requires antibiotics, drainage of pus from the pleural space, and sometimes surgical procedures like VATS to debride the pleural space and allow for lung re-expansion. Complications can include bronchopleural fistula, spread of infection, and sepsis.
Atelectasis ppt Nikhil
This document provides information about atelectasis, including:
- Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions.
- Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery.
- Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, including its history, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis using imaging modalities like chest x-rays and CT scans, and various treatment options. Pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural space, usually caused by a tear or rupture in the lung tissue. Treatment depends on factors like the size and severity of the pneumothorax, its cause, and whether it is a first occurrence or recurrent. Options include observation, aspiration of air, insertion of a chest tube to drain air, chemical pleurodesis to fuse the lungs to the chest wall to prevent recurrence, and surgery in more severe or complicated cases.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis
A condition characterized by chronic permanent dilation & destruction of bronchi due to destructive changes in the elastic and muscular layers of bronchial walls.
The common thread in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis consists of difficulty clearing secretions & recurrent infections with a “vicious circle” of infection and inflammation resulting in airway injury and remodelling.
PLEASE REFER TO REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS FOR CLARITY.
Surgical Treatment of Pleural Diseases
This document summarizes surgical treatments for several pleural diseases:
1) Pneumothorax is treated with observation for small cases or tube thoracostomy for large/symptomatic cases. Surgery like VATS is used for recurrent cases.
2) Empyema is diagnosed by pleural fluid analysis and treated initially with tube thoracostomy and fibrinolytics. Thoracoscopy or decortication surgery is used for later stages with loculations.
3) Mesothelioma is associated with asbestos exposure and difficult to diagnose, often requiring biopsy. Treatment options provide limited success.
Empyema
This document defines empyema as the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It is most commonly caused by pneumonia or other lung infections. Key symptoms include fever, chest pain, and cough. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and thoracentesis. Treatment involves antibiotics, chest tube placement to drain pus, and sometimes fibrinolytics or surgery. Goals are to treat the infection, drain the pleural space, and allow lung re-expansion to prevent chronic issues. Physiotherapy after treatment is important for full recovery.
Bronchiectasis.
This document discusses bronchiectasis, including its definition, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and complications. Some key points:
- Bronchiectasis is irreversible dilation of the airways caused by infection or other insults that damages the airways and impairs mucus clearance.
- It has various etiologies including infection, immunodeficiency, genetic disorders, and aspiration. Recurrent infections lead to a vicious cycle of inflammation and further airway damage.
- Symptoms include chronic productive cough and sputum. Investigations include chest CT, which shows characteristic findings like airway dilation.
- Management focuses on airway clearance, antibiotics for infections, and
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs caused by fluid leaking from blood vessels into the lung tissue and air spaces. It can be caused by issues that increase pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs like heart failure, or by problems that damage the blood vessel walls. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and anxiety. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but aims to reduce fluid buildup and support breathing. Differentiating cardiogenic from non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema involves considering medical history, symptoms, physical exam findings, and chest imaging results.
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amritparihar94@yahoo.com
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This document discusses different types of pneumothorax including closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. Closed pneumothorax results from blunt chest trauma causing a rib fracture and air entering the pleural space, which then seals off. Open pneumothorax involves a penetrating chest injury creating a passage for air entry. Tension pneumothorax occurs when a one-way valve forms, allowing air to enter on inspiration but not exit, gradually increasing pressure. Management involves needle decompression for tension pneumothorax or chest tube placement connected to suction for other types to drain air and re-expand the lung.
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This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural space. It can be spontaneous, due to underlying lung disease or trauma, or iatrogenic due to medical procedures. The types are described as closed, open, or tension pneumothorax. Clinical features include chest pain and breathlessness. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment depends on the type and severity, ranging from needle aspiration for minor cases to chest tube drainage or surgery for more severe or recurrent cases.
pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural space. It can be spontaneous, due to trauma, or iatrogenic. Spontaneous pneumothorax is classified as primary or secondary. Primary occurs without lung disease in young males and secondary occurs with underlying lung conditions. Types include closed, open, and tension. Clinical features, investigations like CXR and CT, and treatment approaches are described depending on the type and severity of pneumothorax. Needle aspiration, tube thoracostomy, surgery, and pleurodesis are common management steps.
Walif Chbeir: Medical Imaging of PneumoThorax (PNO)–1
This document provides an overview of pneumothorax (PNO), including its definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and complications. It discusses different types of PNO such as primary spontaneous PNO, secondary spontaneous PNO, traumatic PNO, tension PNO and PNO in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). PNO is caused by air in the pleural space and can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening depending on the type and size. Imaging plays a key role in diagnosis. Complications include recurrence and tension PNO which can impair breathing and circulation.
Nursing Bulletin Notes On Pneumothorax
1) Pneumothorax is a condition where air enters the pleural space between the lung and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. It can be spontaneous, due to a rupture in the lung, or occur after chest trauma.
2) Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Signs include decreased or absent breath sounds on the affected side. A chest tube may be placed to drain air or fluid from the pleural space and allow lung re-expansion.
3) Nursing care for a patient with a chest tube involves monitoring the drainage system, turning the patient, and ensuring the tube does not become kinked or dislodged. Complications include infection, hemorrh
Pneomothorax & hemothorax by Farshid Mokhberi
This document discusses pneumothorax and hemothorax. It defines pneumothorax as a collection of air in the pleural space, which can be spontaneous or traumatic. Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition where air builds up pressure in the pleural space. Hemothorax is defined as a collection of blood in the pleural space. The document covers causes, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, and treatment approaches for pneumothorax and hemothorax.
Pneumothorax +corpulmonale
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can occur spontaneously or due to injury. It is classified as primary, occurring without lung disease, or secondary, occurring in patients with lung diseases like COPD. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Examination may find decreased or absent breath sounds on the affected side. Chest x-ray shows the lung edge and any mediastinal shift. Small, asymptomatic primary pneumothoraces may resolve on their own, while chest tubes and observation are usually needed for secondary cases. Recurrent cases often require pleurodesis surgery to prevent future occurrences.
L14 15.pneumothorax +corpulmonale
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can occur spontaneously or due to injury. It is classified as primary, occurring without lung disease usually in young, tall smokers, or secondary, affecting those with lung diseases like COPD. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Examination may find reduced or absent breath sounds on the affected side. Chest x-ray shows the lung edge and any mediastinal shift. Small, asymptomatic primary pneumothoraces may resolve without treatment while larger ones often require chest tube drainage. Surgery is recommended after recurrent episodes to prevent future occurrences.
L14 15.pneumothorax +corpulmonale
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can occur spontaneously or due to injury. It is classified as primary, occurring without lung disease, or secondary, occurring in patients with lung diseases like COPD. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray showing lung edge and lack of markings between lung and chest wall. Small primary pneumothorax may resolve on its own but others require chest tube placement and hospital monitoring. Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax requires pleurodesis surgery after second occurrence to prevent future episodes.
Pneumothorax sagar gandhi
Dr. Sagar Gandhi discusses pneumothorax in this document. Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can be primary or secondary and spontaneous or traumatic. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment depends on size and includes observation, oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, catheter drainage, or chest tube placement. The goal is to promote lung re-expansion and prevent recurrence.
10.Pneumothorax(
The document discusses pneumothorax, describing its history, classification, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Pneumothorax is classified as primary, secondary, traumatic, or iatrogenic. It results from a communication between the lung and pleural space, eliminating the normal negative pressure. Clinical signs depend on factors like underlying lung disease and pneumothorax size. Chest x-ray is used to diagnose, while CT scanning can estimate size. Treatment depends on classification, severity, and recurrence risk.
Oxygen Deprivation
Lung compression or chest trauma can cause several complications including pneumothorax, hemothorax, and flail chest. Pneumothorax involves air in the pleural space collapsing part or all of the lung. Hemothorax is a collection of blood in the pleural cavity. Flail chest occurs when multiple ribs are broken, detaching a segment of the chest wall. Nursing management focuses on stabilizing the patient, draining fluid or air from the chest, controlling pain, and supporting ventilation as needed.
17.9.pptx
This document discusses principles of managing chest trauma, including sucking chest wounds, chest tube insertion and management, chest bleeding, pneumothorax, hemothorax, flail chest, aortic disruption, cardiac injury, diaphragmatic rupture, esophageal injury, pulmonary contusion, and indications for emergency thoracotomy. Key points include how to manage a sucking chest wound with an occlusive dressing and chest tube, signs of tension pneumothorax, indications for chest tube placement, and situations where emergency thoracotomy may be necessary to control hemorrhage.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural space outside the lung. It describes different types of pneumothorax including primary spontaneous, secondary spontaneous, closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis using chest x-ray, treatment options including chest tube insertion, and postoperative management of chest drains are covered. Surgical intervention is indicated for recurrent pneumothorax or when chest drainage fails.
3 pneumothorax
The document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a brief history and definitions. It then covers the classification, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis using imaging like chest X-rays and CT scans, and various treatment options including observation, aspiration, chest tube drainage and systems. Pneumothorax can be primary spontaneous, secondary, or iatrogenic and is typically diagnosed and monitored using chest imaging. Treatment depends on factors like size, symptoms and underlying lung condition, ranging from observation to tube drainage.
Chest trauma
Chest trauma is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It can be classified as either blunt trauma or penetrating trauma. Blunt chest trauma is more common and results from forces like compression or impacts. Common injuries include rib fractures, sternal fractures, pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and flail chest. Diagnostic tests include chest x-rays and CT scans. Treatment depends on the severity and type of injury but generally involves pain management, breathing treatments, and surgery to repair damage and drain fluids if needed.
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4. Pneumothorax, COPD, CVDs.pdf cardiovascular system
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Management of traumatic pneumothorax and haemothorax
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Medical Imaging of Pneumothorax (PNO)-Walif Chbeir
Medical Imaging of Pneumothorax (PNO)-Walif Chbeir
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Retinal detachment
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Refractive errors occur when the eye has problems with refraction or length that cause light to bend improperly and images to focus in front of or behind the retina. The main types of refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism. Refractive errors are diagnosed through refraction testing using different lenses. Treatment options include non-surgical methods like eyeglasses and contact lenses or surgical procedures like radial keratotomy, photorefractive keratotomy, LASIK, and corneal rings to reshape the cornea.
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Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by abnormally high intraocular pressure that can damage the optic nerve and result in vision loss. The document defines glaucoma and identifies primary open-angle glaucoma and primary angle-closure glaucoma as the two most common types. Risk factors include aging, genetics, eye injuries or surgeries, and certain medical conditions. Treatment involves medications or surgery to reduce pressure in the eye in order to prevent further vision loss from optic nerve damage.
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Tuberculosis is an infectious disease primarily affecting the lung parenchyma caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Risk factors include age, immune status, living conditions, and country of origin. It spreads through airborne droplets from coughing, sneezing, etc. Symptoms may include cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum smear, tuberculin skin test, and culture. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotic medications over several months. Patient education focuses on medication compliance, prevention of spread, signs of treatment failure, and lifestyle modifications.
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Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot forms, typically in the leg veins, breaks off and travels to the lungs where it lodges in the pulmonary arteries. Risk factors include prolonged bed rest, cancer, smoking and certain genetic conditions. Symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing, cough and rapid heart rate. Diagnosis involves tests like CT scans, lung scans, blood tests and ultrasound. Treatment focuses on thinning the blood with anticoagulant drugs like heparin and warfarin to prevent further clots, as well as oxygen and monitoring vital signs.
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Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air to and from the lungs. It is commonly caused by viral infections like colds or flu, but can also be bacterial. Symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Diagnosis is made through physical exam and listening to the lungs. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, using medications like antibiotics (for bacterial cases), bronchodilators, cough suppressants, and ensuring proper hydration. Patients are educated on medication use, seeking medical care if symptoms worsen, using humidifiers, and doing deep breathing exercises.
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The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, regulates many other endocrine glands through the production of hormones. It has two lobes - the anterior lobe produces hormones that stimulate other glands, while the posterior lobe stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Disorders of the pituitary gland can cause either too much or too little hormone production and common symptoms include obesity, infertility, fatigue and headaches. Treatment involves hormone replacement or surgery to address tumors.
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Bronchial asthama
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
ntroduction
Definition
Etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Types of asthma
Clinical manifestation Restlessness Wheezing or crackles Absent or diminished lung sounds Hyper resonance Use of accessory muscles for breathing Tachypnea with hyperventilation
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Bronchoprovocation Testing: Testing that is done to identify inhaled allergens; mucous membranes are directly exposed to suspected allergen in increasing amounts. Skin Testing: Done to identify specific allergens. Exercise Challenges: Exercise is used to identify the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Radio allergosorbent Test: Blood test used to identify a specific allergen. Chest Radiograph: May show hyper expansion of the airways.
Managemnet
Goal- Promote bronchodilationn Reduce inflammation Remove secretions Prevent ongoing symptoms Prevent asthma attack Maintain normal lung function Avoid triggers
Pharmacological therapy 1. Long term control medication- Inhaled corticosteroid Leukotriene modifiers Long acting beta agonist Methylxanthines Combine inhaler
2 Quick relief medication Short acting beta agonist Anticholinergic Oral or I/V corticosteroid
3 Bronchial thermoplasty- Form severe asthma that does not respond to medication
Non- pharmacological
Oxygen therapy Postural drainage & chest physiotherapy Coughing & deep breathing exercise Avoidance of allergen relaxation technique acupuncture
Prevention
Patients with recurrent asthma should undergo tests to identify the substances that precipitate the symptoms. Possible causes are dust, dust mites, roaches, certain types of cloth, pets, horses, detergents, soaps, certain foods, molds, and pol- lens. If the attacks are seasonal, pollens can be strongly sus- pected. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible.
Complications Complications of asthma may include status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and atelectasis. Airway obstruction, particularly during acute asthmatic episodes, often results in hypoxemia, requiring the administration of oxygen and the monitoring of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases. Fluids are administered, because people with asthma are frequently dehydrated from diaphoresis and in- sensible fluid loss with hyperventilation.
Nursing diagnosis
Impaired gas exchange r/t altered oxygen supply Ineffective airway clearance r/t bronchospasm & obstruction from narrow lumen Ineffective breathing pattern r/t bronchospasm Risk for increasing attack of r
espiratory distress r/t exposure to allergens
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Pneumonia is an inflammatory process of the lung caused by infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It can be acquired in communities or hospitals. Risk factors include smoking, alcohol abuse, and chronic diseases. Symptoms include fever, cough producing sputum, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and sputum/blood cultures. Treatment consists of antibiotics, oxygen therapy, breathing exercises, and ensuring proper nutrition and rest for recovery. Complications include pleural effusions, hypotension, and respiratory failure.
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Pneumothorax
- 2. introduction Accumulation of atmospheric air in the pleural space, which results in a rise in intratharacic pressure and reduced vital capacity. The loss of negative intrapleural pressure results in collapse of the lung.
- 3. Definition Air in the pleural space occurring spontaneously or from trauma. In patients with chest trauma, it is usually the result of a laceration to the lung parenchyma, tracheobronchial tree, or esophagus. The patient's clinical status depends on the rate of air leakage and size of wound.
- 4. Etiological factor When there is a large open hole in the chest wall Direct chest injury to the chest wall Spontaneous pneumothorax is usually due to rupture of a subpleural bleb. May occur secondary to chronic respiratory diseases or idiopathically. May occur in healthy people, particularly in thin, white males and those with family history of pneumothorax.
- 5. Types of pneumothorax Spontaneous pneumothorax sudden onset of air in the pleural space with deflation of the affected lung in the absence of trauma. Open pneumothorax (sucking wound of chest)implies an opening in the chest wall large enough to allow air to pass freely in and out of thoracic cavity with each attempted respiration. Tension pneumothorax buildup of air under pressure in the pleural space resulting in interference with filling of both the heart and lungs.
- 6. Clinical manifestation Tachycardia Tachypnea Dyspnea Hypotension Cyanosis Absent breath sounds on affected side Decreased chest expansion unilaterally Sharp chest pain Subcutaneous emphysema as evidenced by crepitus on palpation Sucking sound with open chest wound Tracheal deviation to the unaffected side with tension pneumothorax Clinical picture of open or tension pneumothorax is one of air hunger, agitation, hypotension, and cyanosis Mild to moderate dyspnea and chest discomfort may be present with spontaneous pneumothorax
- 7. Diagnostic evaluation Detailed history collection Physical examination Chest X-Ray ABG analysis
- 8. Management Spontaneous Pneumothorax Treatment is generally nonoperative if pneumothorax is not too extensive. Observe and allow for spontaneous resolution for less than 50% pneumothorax in otherwise healthy person. Needle aspiration or chest tube drainage may be necessary to achieve reexpansion of collapsed lung if greater than 50% pneumothorax. Surgical intervention by pleurodesis or thoracotomy with resection of apical blebs is advised for patients with recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax.
- 9. Tension Pneumothorax Immediate decompression to prevent cardiovascular collapse by thoracentesis or chest tube insertion to let air escape. Chest tube drainage with underwater-seal suction to allow for full lung expansion and healing
- 10. Open Pneumothorax Close the chest wound immediately to restore adequate ventilation and respiration. Patient is instructed to inhale and exhale gently against a closed glottis (Valsalva maneuver) as a pressure dressing (petroleum gauze secured with elastic adhesive) is applied. This maneuver helps to expand collapsed lung. Chest tube is inserted and water-seal drainage set up to permit evacuation of fluid/air and produce reexpansion of the lung. Surgical intervention may be necessary to repair trauma.
- 11. Chest tube drainage system
- 12. Nursing management Apply a nonporous dressing over an open chest wound. Administer oxygen as prescribed. Place the client in a Fowler’s position. Prepare for chest tube placement, which will remain in place until the lung has expanded fully. Monitor the chest tube drainage system. f. Monitor for subcutaneous emphysema.
- 13. Complications Acute respiratory failure. Cardiovascular collapse with tension pneumothorax