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Human Evolution
This document provides an overview of primate and hominid evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments such as the evolution of binocular vision and grasping limbs in early primates. Important hominid species discussed include Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Homo floresiensis, and Homo sapiens. Adaptations to bipedalism and expanding brain size in hominids are highlighted.
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Human Evolution
- 1. By Farshid Mokhberi Shahid BeheshtiUniversity Of Medical Sciences and Health Service
- 2. Overview Evolution of Primates Evolutionof Hominids Focus on Homo Human Variation Humans as a selective agent
- 3. Early Primates Prosimians (~58mya) Monkeys(35mya) Apes (23mya) Hominids (~6mya)
- 4. First Arboreal Mammals Thefirst arboreal mammals probably resembled shrews: long snouts. Good sense of smell. Probably nocturnal. Very active. CLAWS
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- 8. Primate Characteristics What isthe major selective pressure associated with life in the trees? How are primates adapted to this life?
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- 11. Mobile Limbs Most primateshave flat nails as well as sensitive pads on the undersides of fingers and toes. Many also have both an opposable big toe and thumb. Mobile limbs and clawless opposable digits allow primates to freely grasp and release tree limbs.
- 12. Other important features Uprightposture. Small litter size. Expanded forebrain, larger brain capacity.
- 14. Two main groupsof primates: 1. Prosimians – lemurs, lorises, pottos & tarsiers 2. Anthropoids – monkeys, apes and man
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- 16. ANTHROPOIDS 2. Anthropoids =monkeys + apes + man2. Anthropoids = monkeys + apes + man a.a. Monkeys:Monkeys: • Old world monkeysOld world monkeys • New world monkeysNew world monkeys New World Monkey: Flat face Wide nostrils Prehensile tail Old World Monkey: Long snout Close nostrils Non-prehensile tail
- 17. Taxonomy Anthropoids= Hominoids + monkeys Hominoids=Asian and African Apes + Hominids Hominids= Humans
- 18. Proconsul- Ancestor toHominoids?
- 19. A skull of Proconsul africanusfrom the Kenya National Museum.
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- 24. To be Human standard primate characteristics upright, bipedal posture much expanded brain well defined sexual dimorphism hidden estrus altered female sexual response extended childhood language society culture
- 26. Map of Australopithecus sitesin Africa, with a focus on the East African rift valley and limestone caves of South Africa.
- 27. ““LucyLucy”” Australopithecus afarensisAustralopithecusafarensis An Example of Mosaic Evolution
- 29. A. afarensis A. africanus A.boisei A. robustus
- 32. Australopithecus africanus 2.8 millionyears ago Cranial capacity 460 cc
- 33. Homo habilis Artist’s representation of aHomo habilis band as it might have existed two million years ago. Brain~600cc “Handy Man” Olduwan tools Speech?
- 36. Homo erectus “Upright Man” Largerbrain than H. habilis Migrated Acheulean tools More advanced culture?
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- 40. Neanderthals Neanderthal (H. neanderthalensis)skeletons were first discovered in Germany’s Neander Valley. Skeletons date back 200,000 years.
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- 44. Homo floresiensis –Nature, Oct. 28, 2004
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- 47. Homo sapiens Archaic –100,000 to 35,000 years BP Sometimes called Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Modern – 35,000 years BP to present Anatomically modern Sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens
- 48. Cro-Magnons Oldest fossils tobe designated H. sapiens. Modern humans who entered Asia and Europe from Africa 100,000 years ago. Aurignacian tools. Accomplished hunters. Language.
- 49. Cro-Magnon Man Cro-MagnonCro-Magnon humanshumans 1,600 cc cranial1,600 cc cranial capacitycapacity NotNot a differenta different species, just oldspecies, just old Homo sapiensHomo sapiens from Europefrom Europe Artist’s reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon man
- 50. Archaic H. sapiensCulture ArtArt Female figurinesFemale figurines 27,000 to 22,00027,000 to 22,000 years agoyears ago Called “venuses,”Called “venuses,”
- 51. Archaic H. sapiensCulture
- 52. Human Variation Responses tothe environment: • Bergmann’s Rule • Allen’s Rule
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