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Earth internal structure
The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth's interior layers. It describes how seismic waves and samples from deep drilling provide evidence that the Earth has distinct layers, including a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust varies in thickness and composition between continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume and is divided into an upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle and outer core are liquid, while the inner core is solid.
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Introduction to Earth's crust structure and awareness of what lies beneath the surface.
Earth formed from meteors and asteroids, under gravitational compression and became density stratified.
Internal structure evidenced by rock samples and seismic wave analysis, detailing P and S-wave characteristics.
Earth consists of layered interior: Crust, Mantle (upper and lower), Core (inner and outer).
Crust as Earth's outer layer, characterized by continental and oceanic types, varying in density and thickness.
Mantle as the largest layer with silicate minerals, divided into upper, lower, lithosphere, and asthenosphere.
Description of convection within the mantle, causing plates to move and fill gaps.
Earth's core as a hot metal ball, with outer core being liquid and generating magnetic fields, inner core solid.
Generated by the outer core's movement, protecting Earth from solar radiation.
Moho as the boundary between crust and mantle, located at varying depths.
Closing remarks of the presentation.
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Earth internal structure
- 1. STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITIONOF THE EARTH’S CRUST
- 2. DO WE KNOW WHATTHINGS LIES BENEATH THE EARTH SURFACE? This is our Earth!
- 3. ORIGIN OF THEEARTH Meteors and Asteroids bombarded the Earth. Gravitational compression. Density Stratified planet.
- 4. EVIDENCE OF INTERNALSTRUCTURE Direct & Indirect Direct evidence: From rock samples. Scientists drill up to 12 km into the earth. Forces blast rock from as deep as 100 km. Indirect evidence: From seismic waves
- 5. Scientists recordSeismic waves Travel times and direction to give indication of internal structure of Earth. Two kind of seismic waves P(Primary) wave: -push and pull movement. -travel through both solid and liquid material. -Travel fastest (~ 6 km/sec). -travel through crust (6km/sec) and mantle (8km/sec). S(secondary or shear)waves: -move side-to-side. -only travel through solid materials. -slower(~4km/sec)
- 6. • The velocityof P-wave depends on how easily the material can be compressed , rigidity and density of the material. • S-waves travel through material by shearing it or changing its shape in the direction perpendicular to the direction of travel.
- 7. Earth interior layers The earth has layered interior Crust Mantle Upper lower Core Inner Outer
- 8. THE CRUST Thisis where we live! A layer of rock that forms the Earth’s outer skin including the rock under the ocean It is very thin in comparison to the other three layers. Crust Continental Oceanic
- 9. Continental Crust vsOceanic Crust Continental Crust -underlines the continent rock density : 2.7 gm/cmᶟ Avg. rock thickness: 35-40km rock type: Granite -At least 3.8 billion years old Oceanic Crust -underlines the ocean rock density: 3.7gm/cmᶟ Avg. rock thickness: 7-10 km rock type : Basalt -200 million years old Continental oceanic
- 10.
- 11. THE MANTLE(35–2,890km) 1 •The Mantle is the largest layer of the Earth. 2 • Solid rock layer between the crust and the core.Middle part of the Earth interior. 3 • Found silicate,iron,oxygen,magnesium 4 • 2885 km thick,the mante is 82% of Earth volume. 5 • Average temperature is 3000°c
- 12. Mantle Upper Lower Uppermantle is the upper part of the mantle. Lower Mantle is the lower part the Mantle.
- 13. THE LITHOSPHERE(0~100KM) Thecrust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. just above the asthenosphere.
- 14. THE ASTHENOSPHERE(~100 TO 660KM) A Thin zone that lies below the lithosphere. Its materials behave like flowing plastic. Region of upper mantle.
- 15. Mesosphere (660 to2900 km) Rock in the lower mantle gradually strengthens with depth, but it is still capable of flow. mesosphere
- 16. MANTLE CONVECTION CELL Convection- heat transfer by movement of heated fluids. In the mantle hot material rises towards the lithosphere .The hot material reaches the base of the lithosphere where it cools and sinks back down through the mantle. The cool material is replaced by more hot material, and so on forming a large “convection cell”
- 17. MANTLE CONVECTION CELL As plates move apart new warm material is erupted to fill the gap.
- 18. THE CORE Innerpart of the Earth’s interior. The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. core Inner Outer
- 19. OUTER CORE(2900 to5170 km) Outer core is liquid and composed of the melted metals of molten iron- nickel. Convective flow of this fluid generates much of the Earth’s magnetic field. Temperature is around 2000°c Thickness 1400 miles
- 20. INNER CORE(5170 to6386 km) Inner core is solid iron-nickel alloy. It is hotter than the outer core. High temperatures and pressures. Not able to move about like a liquid. Temperatures are estimated between 4500-5500°c Thickness 1221 km.
- 21. EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD The Earth’s magnetic field is generated by the slowly moving liquid part of the iron core. Earth has a North and South magnetic pole. It traps many charged particles from the sun which protects us from harmful solar radiation.
- 22. MOHO The sharpand well defined junction between the mantle and the crust. Found roughly 32 km below the continents and about 10 km below the ocean. moho
- 23.