The structure of the earth and plate tectonics
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The Earth is composed of four main layers - the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The crust is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate interactions at boundaries cause volcanic and seismic activity, with volcanoes and earthquakes concentrated near plate margins.
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The document discusses the structure and layers of the Earth. It is composed of four main layers from outermost to innermost:
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2) The hot, dense mantle that behaves like a solid but can flow very slowly over geologic timescales. Its convection currents influence plate tectonics at the surface.
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3) Igneous rock can be intrusive or extrusive depending on whether the magma cools below or above the surface.
Faults
Faults are fractures in rock where there has been relative movement between the two sides. The fault plane is the surface where displacement occurs. The hanging wall is the rock above the fault plane, and the foot wall is below. Slip can be strike slip along the fault strike, dip slip along the dip, or oblique. Faults are classified based on movement, direction of slip, and geometry. Common types are normal faults where the hanging wall moves down, reverse faults where it moves up, and strike-slip faults where movement is horizontal. Faults can impact engineering by weakening foundations and providing pathways for water.
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The document discusses the structure and layers of the Earth. It is composed of four main layers from outermost to innermost:
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2) Evidence for plate tectonics including seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
3) The three types of plate boundaries and associated geological features like ocean trenches and volcanic activity.
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1) There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
2) All new rock starts as igneous rock, formed from cooled lava or magma.
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Faults are fractures in rock where there has been relative movement between the two sides. The fault plane is the surface where displacement occurs. The hanging wall is the rock above the fault plane, and the foot wall is below. Slip can be strike slip along the fault strike, dip slip along the dip, or oblique. Faults are classified based on movement, direction of slip, and geometry. Common types are normal faults where the hanging wall moves down, reverse faults where it moves up, and strike-slip faults where movement is horizontal. Faults can impact engineering by weakening foundations and providing pathways for water.
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2) There are two hypotheses for the origin of hotspots - one involving mantle plumes rising from the core-mantle boundary, the other involving passive rising of melt from shallow depths.
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1) Hotspots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by anomalously hot mantle material rising independently of tectonic plate boundaries. Well-known examples include Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone.
2) There are two hypotheses for the origin of hotspots - one involving mantle plumes rising from the core-mantle boundary, the other involving passive rising of melt from shallow depths.
3) Hotspot tracks provide evidence for the plate tectonics model, as volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands can be explained by plates migrating over fixed mantle plumes.
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The Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and one subducts under the other, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Volcanoes and earthquakes occur predominantly at plate boundaries as a result of the movement and interaction of the plates.
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Therefore, the Earth is an Oblate Spheroid.
Geodesy – the science that studies and measures the exact size and dimensions of the Earth.
Radiation heat transfer and clothing comfort
Radiation is a mode of heat transfer that does not require a medium. Thermal radiation is emitted from all objects based on their temperature and is characterized by properties like emissivity. Radiation plays a key role in heating the Earth's surface from the Sun. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with its temperature, as described by Stefan-Boltzmann law. Radiation interacts with textiles through absorption, emission, transmission, and scattering depending on fiber properties. Research aims to model radiation transfer through textiles and its role in thermal insulation and heat stress protection.
Landforms on the earth
The physical environment chapter discusses the components that make up Earth's physical environment: land, air, water, and the living environment. It describes key landforms like mountains and rivers, as well as geological processes that create and modify landforms such as plate tectonics, folding, volcanism, and erosion. Weathering and erosion by forces such as water, wind, and plant growth gradually break rocks into sediment and transport material from one place to another over long periods of time, shaping the surface of the planet. Human activities and settlement patterns are also influenced by landforms and geological characteristics of different regions.
Forms of Energy, Waves, Heat Transfer, Particles, Electromagnetic Spectrum, P...
Forms of Energy, Waves, Heat Transfer, Particles, Electromagnetic Spectrum, P...www.sciencepowerpoint.com
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3,500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 20 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus: Matter, Dark Matter, Elements and Compounds, States of Matter, Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasma, Law Conservation of Matter, Physical Change, Chemical Change, Gas Laws, Charles Law, Avogadro's Law, Ideal Gas Law, Pascal's Law, Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy, Seven Forms of Energy, Nuclear Energy, Electromagnet Spectrum, Waves / Wavelengths, Light (Visible Light), Refraction, Diffraction, Lens, Convex / Concave, Radiation, Electricity, Lightning, Static Electricity, Magnetism, Coulomb's Law, Conductors, Insulators, Semi-conductors, AC and DC current, Amps, Watts, Resistance, Magnetism, Faraday's Law, Compass, Relativity, Einstein, and E=MC2, Energy, First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics-Third Law of Thermodynamics, Industrial Processes, Environmental Studies, The 4 R's, Sustainability, Human Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, Green Design, Renewable Forms of Energy (The 11th Hour)
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
Temperature,Heat, and Energy Transfer
1) Temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of air molecules, with higher temperatures indicating faster moving molecules. Different temperature scales are discussed, including Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.
2) Heat is the transfer of energy that changes an object's temperature, with specific heat referring to the amount of heat needed to change an object's temperature. Water has a specific heat of 1.0.
3) Latent heat is the energy required for phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas, such as melting or evaporation. Latent heat drives thunderstorms and hurricanes.
Chapter 3: the composition and structure of the earth
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's structure and composition. It describes Earth's distinct atmospheric layers and how pressure decreases with altitude. It also outlines Earth's internal layering, including the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is divided into continental and oceanic types based on differences in density and thickness. The mantle conveys heat via convection currents. The liquid outer core generates Earth's magnetic field through the geodynamo process.
Makeup of the earth, lesson 2
This document discusses how landforms are changed through weathering and erosion. It describes how weathering is the breaking down and changing of rocks through processes like water freezing in cracks which causes the rocks to break apart over time. Erosion is then defined as the movement of weathered rocks and soils by agents like wind, water, and glaciers which can further shape the land over long periods.
Thermal Energy & Heat Transfer
Thermal energy, also called heat energy, is the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius and indicates how hot an object is, while heat is measured in Joules and refers to the quantity of thermal energy transferred. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat energy required to raise its temperature by one degree and one kilogram, and can be used to calculate the energy needed to change an object's temperature. Heat naturally transfers from hotter to cooler objects until they reach thermal equilibrium.
Temperature and heat
This document discusses temperature, heat, and heat transfer. It defines temperature as the physical quantity that measures the degree of hotness of a body, with the SI unit being Kelvin. Heat is defined as the energy that naturally flows from a hot body to a cold body, with the SI unit being Joules. There are three methods of heat transfer: conduction through direct contact, convection through the movement of liquids and gases, and radiation through electromagnetic waves. The document provides examples of each and discusses using the heat capacity formula of Q=mcΔΘ to solve problems involving changing temperatures and heat quantities.
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Unit 9 Internal dynamics of the earth
The Earth's crust is divided into 12 major tectonic plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the underlying mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics explains global patterns of volcanic and earthquake activity which predominantly occur at plate boundaries as the plates interact, collide and subduct.
Plate tectonics
The Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that are in constant motion due to convection currents in the upper mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart and new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and can cause mountain building, and transform where plates slide past each other. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, and the modern theory of plate tectonics explains how plate motions and interactions have shaped Earth's surface over geological time through subduction, volcanism, earthquakes and mountain formation.
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This slide show describes the theory of plate tectonics and explains how the interaction of tectonic plates changes the surface of our earth.
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The Earth's crust is divided into 12 major tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the underlying mantle. Plates interact along boundaries where they collide, pull apart, or slide past one another, causing volcanism and earthquakes. The three main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and one subducts under the other, and transform boundaries where plates slide horizontally past each other. Plate tectonics theory explains the distribution of geological features such as volcanoes and earthquakes around the world.
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The Earth is composed of layers including the crust divided into tectonic plates that move over time. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate interactions cause volcanic activity and earthquakes, most commonly at plate margins.
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The document discusses the structure of the Earth and plate tectonics. It describes how the Earth is composed of three main layers - the core, mantle and crust. The crust is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over time. Plates interact at boundaries, which can cause volcanism and earthquakes. Volcanoes and quakes are concentrated at plate margins due to processes like subduction and rifting. The movement of plates also creates different types of crust and landforms globally.
Layers-of-the-Earth-and-Plate-Tectonics.ppt
1) The Earth is made up of three main layers - the core, mantle, and crust. The crust is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move around the globe.
2) There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. Each type forms different geological features.
3) Volcanoes and earthquakes tend to occur along plate boundaries as a result of the movement and interactions between plates. Major volcanic and seismic activity is concentrated in places like the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Tectonic plates
The document discusses plate tectonics and how it relates to various geological phenomena. The Earth's crust is divided into major tectonic plates that move and interact along three types of plate boundaries. Divergent boundaries form new crust through seafloor spreading. Convergent boundaries involve plates colliding through oceanic-continental or continent-continent collision, forming mountain ranges. Transform boundaries involve lateral movement of plates past each other. Volcanoes and earthquakes commonly occur at plate boundaries due to the plates interacting and releasing energy.
Tectonic plates
The document discusses plate tectonics and how it relates to various geological phenomena. The Earth's crust is divided into major tectonic plates that move and interact along three types of plate boundaries. Divergent boundaries form new crust through seafloor spreading. Convergent boundaries result in earthquakes and volcanoes through processes like subduction. Transform boundaries involve plates sliding past one another. Volcanoes and earthquakes tend to occur at plate boundaries due to the stresses caused by plate interactions.
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The movement of earth's plate is responsible for the formation of continents.How it works ? what are the principle's?
Economic geology - Introduction
The document summarizes the structure and dynamics of the Earth. It describes how the Earth is composed of layers with different densities, including the crust, mantle, and core. It explains that the lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move over the asthenosphere due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust forms, convergent where plates collide and one is subducted, and transform where plates slide past each other. Plate tectonics involves the creation of oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and recycling of crust through subduction.
Chapter 1 Plate Tectonics Power Point
The document discusses Earth's structure and plate tectonics. It describes how Earth formed layers with different densities, including the inner and outer core, mantle, crust, and lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates that move over time. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they push together, and transform where they scrape past each other. Plate tectonics explains how continents have changed positions over billions of years and continue to move today.
Earthquake program for older kids.
This is a powerpoint that I create for an Earthquake program I did a few years ago. It is a lot of information, but I took the time to stop after each idea and demonstrate with candy. For instance, after explaining how the plates move, everyone got a small candy bar, and used it to demonstrate how plates diverge, converge, and slide; and how land forms are created as a result of how they move.
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The document discusses plate tectonics and the structure of the Earth. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that slowly move due to convection currents in the mantle. There are seven major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. These plate movements shape the Earth's surface over millions of years through earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
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GOAL: To create a poster that explains the phenomena of blue sky using the concept of wavelength and frequency of visible light.
SITUATION: As the creative head in the science club of Macasandig National High School, you are tasked to create a poster showcasing the phenomena of blue sky on Science Club bulletin board.
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faults generate earthquakes.
S8ES-IIa- 14
Objectives:
1. Describe what fault is and how these faults related to earthquakes.
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Article Reading
Earthquake wreaks havoc in the Philippines more than 1,000 people are killed when a 7.7-magnitude earthquake strikes Luzon Island in the Philippines on this day in 1990. The massive tremor wreaked havoc across a sizeable portion of Luzon, the country’s largest island, with Baguio City suffering the most devastating effects.
The epicenter of the quake, which struck at 4:26 p.m., was north of Manila in the Nueva Ecija province. Reports indicate that the shaking went on for nearly a full minute. Collapsing buildings were the main cause of damage and death. Getting out of a multi-story building was a good safety precaution that afternoon, although many people were injured and a few even died in stampedes of others doing the same thing.
At Christian College, a six-story building completely collapsed, trapping approximately 250 students and teachers inside. Heroic rescue efforts saved many, but some victims who did not die in the collapse were found dead later from dehydration because they were not pulled out in time.
All types of buildings, including several resort hotels in Baguio, known as the
Philippines’ Summer Capital, suffered tremendous damage. Most of the city’s 100,000
residents slept outdoors that evening and during the following week, afraid to return to
their homes amid the frequent aftershocks. For days, workers pulled bodies from the
demolished buildings in Baguio. The best estimate is that 1,000 bodies were eventually
recovered. At least another 1,000 people suffered serious injuries. Rescue efforts were
hampered severely because the three main roads into the city were blocked by landslides. Hundreds of motorists were stranded on the roads as well.
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of
rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other.
This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time.
The ground in the area of fault tends to remain not moving
because of frictional force between the two opposing plates (boxes). As stronger forces (rubber band) shakes up the fault, the friction (tape) can no longer hold up the plates (box) thus resulting to a slip in the plates t
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and tectonic plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates move towards each other, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other. At convergent boundaries, mountain ranges form at continental-continental collisions while subduction zones and volcanoes form at oceanic-continental and oceanic-oceanic collisions. New seafloor is created at divergent boundaries through sea floor spreading as magma rises between separating plates. Transform boundaries create earthquakes as plates grind past each other.
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and tectonic plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates move towards each other, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other. At convergent boundaries, mountain ranges form at continental-continental collisions while subduction zones and volcanoes form at oceanic-continental and oceanic-oceanic collisions. New seafloor is created at divergent boundaries through sea floor spreading as magma rises between separating plates. Transform boundaries create earthquakes as plates grind past each other.
Unit2.theearth'srelief
The document describes the structure and composition of the Earth. It is divided into three main layers - the core, mantle, and crust. The crust is further divided into the continents and oceans. The continents make up 29% of the Earth's surface and are composed of solid rock, while the oceans cover 71% of the surface. Relief on Earth is shaped by both internal forces like tectonic plate movement and external forces such as water and wind erosion. Tectonic plates push and pull against each other, causing mountains to form, volcanoes to erupt, and earthquakes to occur at their boundaries.
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The structure of the earth and plate tectonics
- 1. The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics Third Grade Colegio Colombo Britanico 2012-2013
- 2. Structure of the Earth • The Earth is made up Mantle of 4 main layers: Outer core – Inner Core Inner core – Outer Core – Mantle – Crust Crust
- 3. The Crust This is where we live! The Earth’s crust is made of: Continental Crust Oceanic Crust thick (10-70km) - thin (~7 km) - buoyant (less dense than - dense (sinks under oceanic crust) continental crust) - mostly old - young
- 4. What is Plate Tectonics? If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
- 5. Plate Tectonics The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in various directions. This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other. Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or “tectonic” features. The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
- 7. What are tectonic plates made of? The Plates are made up of the crust and the upper part of the mantle also known as the lithosphere
- 8. Plate Movement • In the Lower mantle hot material rises towards the Upper mantle and Crust (like hot air rising out of an open oven - ever opened an oven door and felt the blast of hot air coming past your face?). The hot material gets to the Lower Mantel where it cools and sinks back down through the mantle. The cool material is replaced by more hot material, and so on forming a large “convection cell” (as pictured in the diagram). • This slow movement in the mantle causes the rigid tectonic plates to move (float) around the earth surface (at an equally slow rate).
- 9. What happens at Plate Tectonics boundaries “A” team? That is a good question students….
- 10. Well first let us tell you that there are three types of plate boundaries. Divergent Convergent Transform
- 11. Divergent Boundaries Spreading ridges As plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the gap
- 12. Iceland: An example of continental rifting Iceland has a divergent plate boundary running through its middle
- 13. Convergent Boundaries Convergent plates are where the plates move towards each other. There are three styles of convergent plate boundaries Continent-continent collision Continent-oceanic crust collision Ocean-ocean collision
- 14. Continent-Continent Collision Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
- 15. Himalayas
- 16. Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision Called SUBDUCTION The melt rises forming volcanos An example id The Andes
- 17. Ocean-Ocean Plate Collision When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction zone. The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench. The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found along trenches. E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep!
- 18. Transform Boundaries Where plates slide past each other
- 19. The World’s Plate Boundaries
- 20. Where do earthquakes form? We know there are three types of plate boundaries: Divergent, Convergent and Transform. Movement and slipping along each of these types of boundaries can form an earthquake.
- 21. As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the globe Figure showing the distribution of earthquakes around the globe At the boundaries between plates, friction causes them to stick together. When built up energy causes them to break, earthquakes occur.
- 22. Where do volcanos form? Volcanism is mostly focused at plate margins Volcanos are mainly form by Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots
- 23. Plate Tectonics Summary The Earth is made up of 3 main layers (core, mantle, crust) On the surface of the Earth are tectonic plates that slowly move around the globe Plates are made of crust and upper mantle (lithosphere) There are 2 types of plate There are 3 types of plate boundaries Volcanoes and Earthquakes are closely linked to the margins of the tectonic plates THE END….