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The Structure of the
Earth and Plate Tectonics
          Third Grade
    Colegio Colombo Britanico
           2012-2013
Structure of the Earth

• The Earth is made up     Mantle
  of 4 main layers:
                           Outer core
  – Inner Core
                           Inner core
  – Outer Core
  – Mantle
  – Crust
                   Crust
The Crust
  This is where we live!
  The Earth’s crust is
   made of:



Continental Crust            Oceanic Crust
 thick (10-70km)             - thin (~7 km)
- buoyant (less dense than   - dense (sinks under
oceanic crust)               continental crust)
- mostly old                 - young
What is Plate Tectonics?
If you look at a map of the world, you may notice
that some of the continents could fit together like
pieces of a puzzle.
Plate Tectonics

 The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates
  which are moved in various directions.
 This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart,
  or scrape against each other.
 Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set
  of Earth structures or “tectonic” features.
 The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of
  the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
World’s 12 Plates
What are tectonic plates made of?

The Plates
are made up
of the crust
and the
upper part
of the
mantle also
known as the
lithosphere
Plate Movement
•   In the Lower mantle hot material rises towards the Upper mantle and
    Crust (like hot air rising out of an open oven - ever opened an oven door
    and felt the blast of hot air coming past your face?). The hot material
    gets to the Lower Mantel where it cools and sinks back down through
    the mantle. The cool material is replaced by more hot material, and so on
    forming a large “convection cell” (as pictured in the diagram).
•   This slow movement in the mantle causes the rigid tectonic plates to
    move (float) around the earth surface (at an equally slow rate).
What happens at Plate Tectonics
    boundaries “A” team?

     That is a good question students….
Well first let us tell you that there
   are three types of plate boundaries.

Divergent



Convergent



Transform
Divergent Boundaries




 Spreading ridges
 As plates move apart new material is erupted
  to fill the gap
Iceland: An example of
         continental rifting
Iceland has a divergent plate boundary
       running through its middle
Convergent Boundaries

Convergent plates are where the
plates move towards each other.
There are three styles of convergent plate
boundaries
  Continent-continent collision
  Continent-oceanic crust collision
  Ocean-ocean collision
Continent-Continent Collision
 Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
Himalayas
Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision
           Called SUBDUCTION
       The melt rises forming volcanos
          An example id The Andes
Ocean-Ocean Plate Collision
 When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other
  which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction
  zone.
 The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep
  depression in the ocean floor called a trench.
 The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found along
  trenches.
 E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep!
Transform Boundaries
 Where plates slide past each other
The World’s Plate Boundaries
Where do earthquakes form?
We know there are three types of plate boundaries:
Divergent, Convergent and Transform. Movement
and slipping along each of these types of boundaries
can form an earthquake.
 As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not
  randomly distributed over the globe




                                           Figure showing
                                           the distribution of
                                           earthquakes
                                           around the globe




 At the boundaries between plates, friction
  causes them to stick together. When built up
  energy causes them to break, earthquakes
  occur.
Where do volcanos form?
         Volcanism is mostly focused at plate margins
 Volcanos are mainly form by Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots
Plate Tectonics Summary
 The Earth is made up of 3 main layers (core,
  mantle, crust)
 On the surface of the Earth are tectonic plates
  that slowly move around the globe
 Plates are made of crust and upper mantle
  (lithosphere)
 There are 2 types of plate
 There are 3 types of plate boundaries
 Volcanoes and Earthquakes are closely linked to
  the margins of the tectonic plates

                    THE END….

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The structure of the earth and plate tectonics

  • 1. The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics Third Grade Colegio Colombo Britanico 2012-2013
  • 2. Structure of the Earth • The Earth is made up Mantle of 4 main layers: Outer core – Inner Core Inner core – Outer Core – Mantle – Crust Crust
  • 3. The Crust  This is where we live!  The Earth’s crust is made of: Continental Crust Oceanic Crust thick (10-70km) - thin (~7 km) - buoyant (less dense than - dense (sinks under oceanic crust) continental crust) - mostly old - young
  • 4. What is Plate Tectonics? If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
  • 5. Plate Tectonics  The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in various directions.  This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other.  Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or “tectonic” features.  The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
  • 7. What are tectonic plates made of? The Plates are made up of the crust and the upper part of the mantle also known as the lithosphere
  • 8. Plate Movement • In the Lower mantle hot material rises towards the Upper mantle and Crust (like hot air rising out of an open oven - ever opened an oven door and felt the blast of hot air coming past your face?). The hot material gets to the Lower Mantel where it cools and sinks back down through the mantle. The cool material is replaced by more hot material, and so on forming a large “convection cell” (as pictured in the diagram). • This slow movement in the mantle causes the rigid tectonic plates to move (float) around the earth surface (at an equally slow rate).
  • 9. What happens at Plate Tectonics boundaries “A” team?  That is a good question students….
  • 10. Well first let us tell you that there are three types of plate boundaries. Divergent Convergent Transform
  • 11. Divergent Boundaries  Spreading ridges  As plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the gap
  • 12. Iceland: An example of continental rifting Iceland has a divergent plate boundary running through its middle
  • 13. Convergent Boundaries Convergent plates are where the plates move towards each other. There are three styles of convergent plate boundaries Continent-continent collision Continent-oceanic crust collision Ocean-ocean collision
  • 14. Continent-Continent Collision  Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
  • 16. Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision  Called SUBDUCTION  The melt rises forming volcanos  An example id The Andes
  • 17. Ocean-Ocean Plate Collision  When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction zone.  The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench.  The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found along trenches.  E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep!
  • 18. Transform Boundaries  Where plates slide past each other
  • 19. The World’s Plate Boundaries
  • 20. Where do earthquakes form? We know there are three types of plate boundaries: Divergent, Convergent and Transform. Movement and slipping along each of these types of boundaries can form an earthquake.
  • 21.  As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the globe Figure showing the distribution of earthquakes around the globe  At the boundaries between plates, friction causes them to stick together. When built up energy causes them to break, earthquakes occur.
  • 22. Where do volcanos form?  Volcanism is mostly focused at plate margins  Volcanos are mainly form by Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots
  • 23. Plate Tectonics Summary  The Earth is made up of 3 main layers (core, mantle, crust)  On the surface of the Earth are tectonic plates that slowly move around the globe  Plates are made of crust and upper mantle (lithosphere)  There are 2 types of plate  There are 3 types of plate boundaries  Volcanoes and Earthquakes are closely linked to the margins of the tectonic plates THE END….