The document discusses glaciers, their formation, types, mechanisms of movement, and erosion. It explains the factors influencing glaciation, including Milankovitch cycles, and distinguishes between alpine and continental glaciers. Key concepts include glacial movement, transportation, and deposition features such as moraines.

1. GLACIATION
(Intro to Geology)
by:
Mr. Marjonlien A. Mahusay

2. YOUNGEST PERSON TO REACH NORTH
POLE




Jaimie Donovan
Born on October 17,
2003
From Galway, Ireland
8-years old Irish
GIRL

3. GLACIERS
 are
massive, long
lasting, moving
mass of compacted
snow and ice that
forms on land,
moves down slope
or spreads outward
under its own
weight.

4. ORIGIN OF GLACIERS
 Why glaciers are
formed?
 Dependent on the
amount of
precipitation
 The larger the glacier
the higher the snow
accumulation over
time

5. DID YOU KNOW???
…that the arctic region takes millennia to
accumulate the huge amount of snow and ice
needed to form a glacier…

6. DID YOU KNOW???
….modern glacier
contain snow that
fell over 100,000
years ago.
Kilimanjaro National Park, Kilimanjaro Region,
Tanzania.

7. FORMATION OF GLACIER ICE

8. ...if you chunk a glacial ice melted in your
glass of water, you would have dirt, gravel
and even organic matter or living stuff in
your water
...all the pressurized air bubbles would rush
out that they might explode your glass

9. CAUSES OF GLACIATIONS
What causes glaciations?
Milutin Milankovitch
• Siberian astronomer
and mathematician
• Theory on Climate
Change
• Widely accepted
Theory on Climate
Change

10. CAUSES OF GLACIATIONS
 Cyclical
changes on earth’s orbit and tilt
1.
Eccentricity of earth’s orbit
2.
Tilt of the earth’s axis
3.
Wobbling of the earth's axis

11. ECCENTRICITY OF THE EARTH’S ORBIT
 nearly circular or
highly elliptical
 0.0167 earth’s
eccentricity
 Occurs 100,000
years
Less eccentricity promotes
glaciation

12. TILT OF THE EARTH’S AXIS
 Tilt is also known
as obliquity
 Varies between
22.1ͦ⁰-24.5⁰
 Every 41,000 years
Lesser tilt promotes
glaciation

13. WOBBLING OF THE EARTH’S AXIS
 Known as
precession
 Completed its
rotation for every
23,0000 years
 Contributes only a
small fluctuation of
the climate

14. WOBBLING OF THE EARTH’S AXIS

15. CLIMATE CHANGE IS NOT NEW!!!
From “Glaciers” by John Gordon
Colin Baxter Publications, 2001

16. INTERGLACIAL
PERIODS
Glacial periods
From “Glaciers” by John Gordon
Colin Baxter Publications, 2001

17. ASSIGNMENT…
RESEARCH ON THE
DIFFERENT
LANDFORMS/FEATURES
PRODUCE BY GLACIERS

19. TWO PRIMARY TYPES OF GLACIER
1. Alpine/valley
glacier
 Form in a
mountainous
terrain
 Could be long
or short, narrow
or wide

20. TWO PRIMARY TYPES OF GLACIER
2. Continental Glacier
 Expansive,
continuous mass of
ice considerably
bigger than an
alpine glacier

21. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Cirque
- Bowl shape
hollow

22. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Snowfield
-the place
where snow
accumulate to
form a cirque
glacier
Alpine Snow Field, near Livigno, Italy

23. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Piedmont
glacier
-Multiple valley
glaciers come
together as one
at a large
stretch of flat
line

24. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Tidewater glacier
-produce when
glacier meets the
sea
Calving- when a
piece of the glacier
breaks off forming a
large massive
floating ice

25. SUBTYPES OF CONTINENTAL GLACIER
Ice sheet
Extends over 50,000
km2
 Antarctic and
Greenland have this
frozen monster
??? Antarctic region
is home to 92% of all
glacial ice worldwide

26. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Ice cap
Similar to an ice sheet though smaller
Forming roughly circular, dome-like structure

27. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Ice field
Smaller version of ice cap
Fails to cover the land

29. TWO PRIMARY TYPES OF GLACIER
1. Alpine/valley
glacier
 Form in a
mountainous
terrain
 Could be long
or short, narrow
or wide

30. TWO PRIMARY TYPES OF GLACIER
2. Continental Glacier
 Expansive,
continuous mass of
ice considerably
bigger than an
alpine glacier

31. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Cirque
- Bowl shape
hollow

32. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Snowfield
-the place
where snow
accumulate to
form a cirque
glacier
Alpine Snow Field, near Livigno, Italy

33. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Piedmont
glacier
-Multiple valley
glaciers come
together as one
at a large
stretch of flat
line

34. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Tidewater glacier
-produce when
glacier meets the
sea
Calving- when a
piece of the glacier
breaks off forming a
large massive
floating ice

35. SUBTYPES OF CONTINENTAL GLACIER
Ice sheet
Extends over 50,000
km2
 Antarctic and
Greenland have this
frozen monster
??? Antarctic
region is home to
92% of all glacial
ice worldwide

36. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Ice cap
Similar to an ice sheet though smaller
Forming roughly circular, dome-like
structure

37. SUBTYPES OF ALPINE GLACIER
Ice field
Smaller version of ice cap
Fails to cover the land

38. GLACIAL MOVEMENT
Gravity primary force
Entire ice sheet moves 5 to 50 m/yr
Fastest movement within the center
Friction Slows down the sides

39. GLACIAL MOVEMENT
Mechanisms involves
1.Basal slipping
 Entire mass of glacier slides over the
bedrock
 Occurs when glaciers rest on the slope
 Pressure causes a small amount of water
at the bottom of the glacier to melt
creating a thin layer of water

40. GLACIAL MOVEMENT
Mechanisms involves
2. Plastic Flow
Also known as creeping or internal
deformation
Occurs when glacier becomes so heavy
that it flattens it molecules out in order to
deal with the weight

41. GLACIAL MOVEMENT

42. GLACIAL EROSION
Mechanism involved…
1.Plucking
 Glacier flows over a fractured bedrock
surface
 it loosens and lift blocks of rocks and
incorporate them into ice
2. Abrasion
Happens when ice and its load of rock
fragment slides over bedrock

43. GLACIAL EROSION

44. GLACIAL TRANSPORTATION
…during transportation
glaciers carry a huge amount of
materials
Rocks being transported are called
moraines
Moraines could be:
Lateral moraine
 medial moraine

45. Lateral moraine
Ridge-like that forms from sediments in or
on the adjacent to the sides of a mountain
glacier

46. Medial Moraine
 Form in or on the middle of a glacier

47. GLACIAL DEPOSITION
Materials will be deposited due to:
Increase in pressure
Rise in temperature
Main depositional features of glacier
1.Terminal moraine
2.Recessional moraine
3.Ground moraine

48. Main depositional features of glacier
1.Terminal moraine
 Glaciers is at its greatest advance
2.Recessional moraine
3.Ground moraine
 Consist of irregular blanket of till
deposited under a glacier

49. MAIN DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES OF
GLACIER

53. GLACIAL STRUCTURE