Plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. There are several methods to separate plasma proteins, including precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography. Albumin is the most abundant and helps maintain oncotic pressure. The liver synthesizes most plasma proteins in adults. Plasma proteins are important for coagulation, immunity, transport, pressure regulation, and other functions. Abnormal levels can indicate disease. Plasmapheresis demonstrates the importance of plasma proteins and is used therapeutically to treat certain conditions.
Introduction of blood include properties of blood, functions of blood, hematocrit value , serum, plasma, plasma proteins, composition of blood ,composition of plasma
Introduction of blood include properties of blood, functions of blood, hematocrit value , serum, plasma, plasma proteins, composition of blood ,composition of plasma
Chemistry, and biochemical role, rda, vitamin dJasmineJuliet
Vitamin D - Chemistry,n Metabloism, Biosynthesis in our skin, Recommended dietary Allowance, Dietary sources of vitamin D, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin D.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Iron biochemical role, rda and deficiency bic 105JasmineJuliet
Macromineral iron - Introduction, Biochemical role, Recommended dietary Allowance of iron, dietary sources of iron, Deficiency diseases of iron - Hemochromatosis, hemociderosis.
vitamin classification with fat soluble and water soluble vitamins ,vitamin A sources ,digestion, absorption along with biochemical functions, Recommended Dietary Intake, Deficiency, Hypervitaminosis
Chemistry, and biochemical role, rda, vitamin dJasmineJuliet
Vitamin D - Chemistry,n Metabloism, Biosynthesis in our skin, Recommended dietary Allowance, Dietary sources of vitamin D, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin D.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Iron biochemical role, rda and deficiency bic 105JasmineJuliet
Macromineral iron - Introduction, Biochemical role, Recommended dietary Allowance of iron, dietary sources of iron, Deficiency diseases of iron - Hemochromatosis, hemociderosis.
vitamin classification with fat soluble and water soluble vitamins ,vitamin A sources ,digestion, absorption along with biochemical functions, Recommended Dietary Intake, Deficiency, Hypervitaminosis
Plasma proteins
Types of plasma proteins
Compositions of plasma proteins
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Separation Methods of plasma
proteins
Properties of Plasma proteins
Function of plasma proteins
Clinical Note on plasma proteins
Plasma proteins, the components of plasma proteins, the protein fractions and condition causing the alteration in the each protein fraction. Clinical implications of the each fraction, the electrophorotic pattern of plasma protein. Acute phase proteins which include the positive and negative phase proteins.
Attention Deficit disorder with its etiology, types and pathophysiology clinical features, Diagnosis, Assessment, differential Diagnosis and treatment , Medical Treatment and prognosis
Training of neuro Patients during pandemic is essential .physiotherapy include Relaxation Techniques, Brain training and most important Home Programm,Balance Training aa=nd gait training ,Diet Plan
Transport through Cell Membrane including passive transport and Active transport ,special types of passive transport , Special types of active transport , Dynamic motors, lipid layer and Protein Layer
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. INTRODUCTION
Plasma proteins are:
1. Serum albumin
2. Serum globulin
3. Fibrinogen.
Serum contains only albumin and globulin.
The albumin and globulin are usually called serum albumin
and serum globulin.
3. INTRODUCTION
NORMAL VALUES
Normal values of the plasma proteins are:
Total proteins : 7.3 g/dL (6.4 to 8.3 g/dL)
Serum albumin : 4.7 g/dL
Serum globulin : 2.3 g/dL
Fibrinogen : 0.3 g/dL
ALBUMIN/GLOBULIN RATIO
Ratio between plasma level of albumin and globulin is called albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio.
It is an important indicator of some diseases involving liver or kidney.
Normal A/G ratio is 2 : 1.
4. SEPARATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS
Plasma proteins are separated by the following methods.
1. PRECIPITATION METHOD
Proteins in the serum are separated into albumin and globulin. This is done by precipitating
globulin with 22% sodium sulfate solution. Albumin remains in solution.
2. SALTING-OUT METHOD
Serum globulin is separated into two fractions called euglobulin and pseudoglobulin by salting
out with different solutions.
Euglobulin is salted out by full saturation with sodium chloride solution; half saturation with
magnesium sulfate solution and one third saturation with ammonium sulfate solution. It is insoluble
in water.
Pseudoglobulin is salted out by full saturation with magnesium sulfate and, half saturation with
ammonium sulfate.
It is soluble in water but it cannot be salted out by sodium chloride solution.
5. 3. ELECTROPHORETIC METHOD
In this, the plasma proteins are separated depending on their differences in
electrical charge and the rate of migration. It is done in a Tiselius apparatus by
using paper or cellulose or starch block. By this method, the proteins are separated
into albumin (55%), alpha globulin (13%), beta globulin (14%), gamma globulin
(11%) and fibrinogen (7%).
4. COHN’S FRACTIONAL PRECIPITATION METHOD
By this method, plasma proteins are separated into albumin and different fractions
of globulin, depending upon their solubility.
5. ULTRACENTRIFUGATION METHOD
In this method, albumin, globulin and fibrinogen are separated depending upon their
density. This method is also useful in determining the molecular weight of these
proteins.
6. 6.GEL FILTRATION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Gel filtration chromatography is a column chromatographic method by
which the proteins are separated on the basis of size. Protein
molecules are separated by passing through a bed of porous beads.
The diffusion of different proteins into the beads depends upon their
size.
7. IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC METHOD
By this method, the proteins are separated on the basis of
electrophoretic patterns formed by precipitation at the site of antigen
antibody reactions. This technique provides valuable quantitative
measurement of different proteins.
7. PROPERTIES OF PLASMA PROTEINS
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
Albumin : 69,000; Globulin : 1,56,000; Fibrinogen : 4,00,000
ONCOTIC PRESSURE
Plasma proteins are responsible for the oncotic or osmotic pressure in the blood.
Osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the plasma is called colloidal osmotic (oncotic)
pressure .
Normally, it is about 25 mm Hg.
Albumin plays a major role in exerting oncotic pressure.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity of the plasma proteins is 1.026.
BUFFER ACTION
Acceptance of hydrogen ions is called buffer action. The plasma proteins have 1/6 of total
buffering action of the blood.
8. ORIGIN OF PLASMA PROTEINS
IN EMBRYO
In embryonic stage, the plasma proteins are synthesized by the
mesenchyme cells. The albumin is synthesized first and other
proteins are synthesized later.
IN ADULTS
In adults, the plasma proteins are synthesized mainly from
reticuloendothelial cells of liver.
The plasma proteins are synthesized also from spleen, bone marrow,
disintegrating blood cells and general tissue cells.
Gamma globulin is synthesized from B lymphocytes.
9. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS
1. ROLE IN COAGULATION OF BLOOD
Fibrinogen is essential for the coagulation of blood
2. ROLE IN DEFENSE MECHANISM OF BODY
Gamma globulins play an important role in the defense mechanism of the body by acting as
antibodies (immune substances).
These proteins are also called immunoglobulins
3. ROLE IN TRANSPORT MECHANISM
Albumin, alpha globulin and beta globulin are responsible for the transport of the hormones,
enzymes, etc.
The alpha and beta globulins play an important role in the transport of metals in the blood.
10. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS
4. ROLE IN MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN BLOOD
Because of their large size, the plasma proteins cannot pass through the capillary membrane
easily and remain in the blood.
In the blood, these proteins exert the colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure.
Osmotic pressure exerted by the plasma proteins is about 25 mm Hg.
Since the concentration of albumin is more than the other plasma proteins, it exerts
maximum pressure.
Importance of Osmotic Pressure –Starling’s Hypothesis
Osmotic pressure exerted by the plasma proteins play an important role in the exchange of
various substance between blood and the cells through capillary membrane.
According to Starling’s hypothesis, the net filtration through capillary membrane is
proportional to the hydrostatic pressure difference across the membrane minus the oncotic
pressure difference
11. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS
5. ROLE IN REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
Plasma proteins are responsible for 15% of the buffering capacity of blood.
6. ROLE IN VISCOSITY OF BLOOD
Albumin provides maximum viscosity than the other plasma proteins
7. ROLE IN ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
Globulin and fibrinogen accelerate the tendency of rouleaux formation by the red blood cells.
Rouleaux formation is responsible for ESR, which is an important diagnostic and prognostic tool
8. ROLE IN SUSPENSION STABILITY OF RED BLOOD CELLS
During circulation, the red blood cells remain suspended uniformly in the blood. This property of
the red blood cells is called the suspension stability.
Globulin and fibrinogen help in the suspension stability of the red blood cells.
12. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS
9. ROLE IN PRODUCTION OF TREPHONE SUBSTANCES
Trephone substances are necessary for nourishment of tissue cells in culture.
These substances are produced by leukocytes from the plasma proteins.
10. ROLE AS RESERVE PROTEINS
During fasting, inadequate food intake or inadequate protein intake, the plasma proteins are
utilized by the body tissues as the last source of energy.
Plasma proteins are split into amino acids by the tissue macrophages.
Amino acids are taken back by blood and distributed throughout the body to form cellular
protein molecules.
Because of this, the plasma proteins are called the reserve proteins.
13. PLASMAPHERESIS
Plasmapheresis is an experimental procedure done in animals to demonstrate the importance of plasma
proteins.
Earlier, this was called Whipple’s experiment because it was established by George Hoyt Whipple.
PROCEDURE
Plasmapheresis is demonstrated in dogs. Blood is removed completely from the body of the dog.
Red blood cells are separated from plasma and are washed in saline and reinfused into the body of the
same dog along with a physiological solution called Locke’s solution.
Due to sudden lack of proteins, the animal undergoes a state of shock.
If the animal is fed with diet containing sufficiently high quantity of proteins, the normal level of plasma
proteins is restored within seven days and the animal survives.
The new plasma proteins are synthesized by the liver of the dog.
14. PLASMAPHERESIS
If the experiment is done in animals after removal of liver, even if the diet contains adequate
quantity of proteins, the plasma proteins are not produced.
The shock persists in the animal and leads to death.
Thus, the experiment ‘plasmapheresis’ is used to demonstrate:
1. Importance of plasma proteins for survival
2. Synthesis of plasma proteins by the liver.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PLASMAPHERESIS – THERAPEUTIC PLASMA EXCHANGE
Plasmapheresis is used as a blood purification procedure for an effective temporary
treatment of many auto because immune diseases. It is also called therapeutic plasma
exchange.
15. USES OF PLASMAPHERESIS
Myasthenia gravis – autoimmune disease causing muscle weakness
Thrombocytopenic purpura – bleeding disorder
Paraproteinemic peripheral neuropathy – dysfunction of peripheral nervous system due to an
abnormal immunoglobulin called paraprotein.
Chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy – neurological disorder characterized by progressive
weakness and impaired sensory function in the legs and arms due to the damage of
myelin sheath in peripheral nerves.
Guillain-Barré syndrome – autoimmune disease causing weakness, abnormal sensations
(like tingling) in the limbs and paralysis.
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome – autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction.
16. VARIATIONS IN PLASMA PROTEIN
LEVEL
In several conditions, the quantity of albumin
and globulin change in opposite direction.
Elevation of all fractions of plasma proteins is
called hyperproteinemia and decrease in all
fractions of plasma proteins is called
hypoproteinemia.