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Planttissues by pooja 1

Plant tissues can be divided into two main types - meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are actively dividing and responsible for growth. They are found in apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Permanent tissues have stopped dividing and perform specific functions. These include dermal tissues like epidermis and periderm, ground tissues like parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues for transport, like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and nutrients upward and is composed of tracheids and vessel elements. Phloem transports organic nutrients in all directions and contains sieve tube elements.

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By: Pooja Khanpara APIP, Jamnagar
Tissues A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure.
Plant Tissues  Tissues in plants that divide throughout their life.  Plant tissues can be classified as:  Growing or Meristematic tissue  Permanent tissue Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue
Meristematic tissues  The growth of plants occurs in certain specific regions.  This is because the dividing tissue,  Known as meristematic tissue  Composed of actively dividing ceIIs, responsible for the production of ceIIs.  Capacity for division is restricted to certain parts of the plant body called meristems  Which are active throughout the life of the plant body.
Meristematic tissues
Kinds of meristems: • Apical meristems – found at the tip of stems & roots • Lateral meristems – a.k.a. cambia - found along the sides of roots & stems - increase width or diameter of stems & roots - types: 1. vascular cambium 2. cork cambium • Intercallary meristems – found at the bases of young leaves & internodes - responsible for further lengthening of stems & leaves Meristematic tissues
Permanent tissues  Tissues that attained their mature form and perform pacific functions.  They stop dividing Types: • Simple permanent tissues • Complex permanent tissues
Simple permanent tissues - consist only of one kind of cells A. Dermal / surface tissue - external tissues - forms protective covering of the plant body a. Epidermis b. Periderm Dermal / surface tissue
• Epidermis - the outermost layer of the primary plant body - covers the leaves, floral parts, fruits, seeds, tems and roots - generally only one layer thick with cuticle - composed mostly of unspecialized cells, either parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma - contains trichomes, stomata, buIIiform ceIIs (in grasses) Permanent tissues
Structure of epidermis
• Stomata - pores for gas exchange - present on one or both surfaces of Leaves. Stomata
Cuticle – Lines the outer waII of the epidermal ceIIs - made up of waxy material that protects plants from desiccation Cuticle Cuticle Layer of the leaf
Trichomes Trichomes – outgrowths of epidermal ceIIs
• Periderm (Bark) is the outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants such as trees. Periderm (Bark)
1. Parenchyma - are the general purpose ceIIs of plants - cells are rounded in shape & have uniformly thin walls found in all parts of the plants. - living at maturity, have large vacuoles - location Ieaf, stem (pith), roots, fruits Functions: *basic metabolic function (respiration, photosynthesis (chIorenchyma in Leaf) & protein synthesis) *storage (potatoes, fruits, & seeds) *wound healing and regeneration Ground tissues
Parenchyma
2. ChIorenchyma - A specialized parenchyma tissue found in the green parts of the shoot and performs photosynthesis. ChIorenchyma - differentiate from parenchyma cells & are alive at maturity Functions:  Support & elasticity (stem surfaces & along leaf veins)  Segeneration
3. ScIerenchyma  sclerenchyma cells which are non-living and lack protoplasts at maturity  Have thick, lignified secondary walls  Provide strength and support in parts that have ceased elongating or mature Types: 1. ScIereids or stone cells 2. Fibers ScIerenchyma
Vascular Tissues Specialized for long-distance transport of water and dissolved substances. Contain transfer ceIIs, fibers in addition to parenchyma and conducting ceIIs. Location, the veins in Ieaves Types: 1. Xylem 2. phloem Complex Permanent Tissues
Xylem GW xyIos w/c means “wood” transports water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to aII parts of a plant.  Direction of transport is upward. There ate two types • Primary xylem – differentiates from procambium in the apical meristem & occurs throughout the primary plant body. • Secondary xylem – differentiates from vascular cambium & is commonly called wood. Xylem
Xylem
• Xylary elements – the conducting cells in xylem - 2 kinds of xylary elements: – tracheids – the only water conducting cells in most woody, non flowering plants. – vessel elements – occur in several groups of plants, including angiosperm. - both are elongated, dead at maturity, lignified secondary cell walls. Xylem Tracheids Vessel elements
PhIoem - Greek word phloios meaning, “bark” - transports dissolved organic / food materials from the Ieaves to the different parts of the plant - glucose in phloem moves in aII directions Types 1. Primary phloem – differentiate from procambium and extends throughout the primary body of the plant. 2. Secondary phloem – differentiates from the vascular cambium and constitute the inner layer of the bark. PhIoem
Sieve tube elements  main conducting ceIIs of phloem  elongated and non-nucleated  uniformly thin walled with the end walls perforated to from the sieve plate.  Sieve tube element are attached end to end to form the sieve tube. PhIoem
PhIoem
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