This document discusses plant cells and tissues. It begins by defining plant cells and their key characteristics, such as containing chloroplasts, a cell wall made of cellulose, and a large central vacuole. The document then explains the structures and functions of various plant cell organelles, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, plastids, and ribosomes. It concludes by describing the three types of plant tissues - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissue - and the functions of xylem and phloem tissues in transporting water and nutrients.

1. Previous lecture
༝ A- what is Cell?
༝ B-How many types do we have?
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2. Plant cell structure and Tissue
Wrya Agha

3. Objectives
A-What is plant Cell?
B-Characteristics of plant cell?
C-what are plant organelles?
D-Functions of organelles
E-plant Tissues
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4. What is Plant Cell
Plant cells are eukaryotic cells of the types present in green
plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
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5. 1-They are Green in color.
2-Cell wall contains cellulose.
3-Many types of plant cells contain a large
central vacuole, a water-filled volume enclosed by
a membrane known as the tonoplast.
4-Specialized cell-to-cell communication pathways
known as plasmodesmata.
5-Plant cells contain Plastids, the most notable
being chloroplasts, which contain the green-colored
pigment chlorophyll.

6. “Plant Organelles
Cell wall
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The plant cell wall is composed of cellulose. Cellulose is a
structural carbohydrate and is considered a complex sugar
because it is used in both protection and structure. The plant
cell wall consists of three layers. Each layer has its own
unique structure.

7. The cell membrane is the semi-permeable covering that surrounds
all cells. To say something is semi-permeable means that it allows
certain substances to pass through them, while prohibiting the
passage of others.
Function:
1-Passive osmosis and diffusion
2- Endocytosis: Endocytosis is the process in which cells absorb
molecules by engulfing them.
3-protection.
Cell Membrane
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8. Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm functions to support and suspend
organelles and cellular molecules. Many cellular
processes also occur in the cytoplasm like
1-Protein synthesis
2-moving Hormones
3- meiosis and mitosis
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9. Nucleus
It stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA,
and it coordinates the cell's activities, which
include intermediary metabolism, growth,
protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell
division). Only the cells of advanced
organisms, known as eukaryotes, have a
nucleus
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10. Mitochondria
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Mitochondria(or mitochondrion, if there is only one)
are small, organ-like structures inside of cells (known
as organelles), and they are the power house of the
cell. They take raw material and transform it into a form
of energy that the plant can easily use.

11. Vacuole
Quick look: A vacuole is a membrane-enclosed fluid filled sac found in
the cells of plants including fungi. Vacuoles can be large organelles
occupying between 30% and 90% of a cell by volume. Vacuoles
appear to have three main functions, they:
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1-contribute to the rigidity of the plant using water to
develop hydrostatic pressure
2-store nutrient and non-nutrient chemicals
3-break down complex molecules.

12. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in both
eukaryotic animal and plant cells. It often appears as
two interconnected sub-compartments, namely rough
ER and smooth ER. Both types consist of membrane
enclosed, interconnected flattened tubes.
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13. Golgi Body
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The Golgi apparatus is central to the growth and division of the plant cell
through its roles in protein glycosylation, protein sorting, and cell wall
synthesis. The structure of the plant Golgi reflects the relative importance
of these roles.

14. PlastidsThose plastids that contain chlorophyll can carry out
photosynthesis and are called chloroplasts. Plastids can also
store products like starch and can synthesize fatty acids and
terpenes, which can be used for producing energy and as raw
material for the synthesis of other molecules.

15. Ribosomes
Ribosomes are complex cellular structures found in all
cells and are responsible for making proteins.
Plant Structure Video

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Multi cellular organisms are made of millions of cells. cells are structural
and functional unit of life. They show division of labor and each cell
perform a particular function efficiently. Such cells are grouped together
and are called as tissues.

18. Plant Tissue Classification
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The cells of this tissue have the ability to divide and redivide to form
new cells. The newly formed cells are similar to the parent cells but as
they grow their characteristic change and they differentiate.
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
1. APICAL MERISTEM
LOCATION- This type of meristem is found at growing tips of stem and root.
FUNCTION-This tissue help in increase in length of the plant.
2.LATERAL MERISTEM
LOCATION- This type of meristem is found on sides of stem and root.
FUNCTION- This tissue help in increase the diameter and girth of plant.
3. INTERCALARY MERISTEM
LOCATION- This type of tissue is found at the base of leaves or internodes.
FUNCTION-This tissue help in increase the length of organs like leaves and
internodes.

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Permanent Tissue
༝ These are the tissues that come from meristematic tissue and are
matured. The meristematic cells form permanent tissue once they
loose the ability to divide.

21. Simple Permanent Tissue
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22. Complex Permanent Tissue
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This type of tissue is made up of more than one type of cells that have a common
origin and work together to do a common function. Its function is to transport water,
minerals and food to all parts of the plant. Complex permanent tissue is of two types:
1-Xylem
2-Phloem

23. Xylem
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The xylem moves water and solutes, from the roots to the leaves in a
process known as transpiration. The phloem moves glucose and amino acids
from the leaves all around the plant, in a process known as translocation

24. Phloem
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Phloem, also called bast, tissues in plants that conduct foods made in the
leaves to all other parts of the plant. Phloem is composed of various specialized
cells called sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibers.
Plant Tissue Video

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