I have given a brief description for all cell organelles. For further details pls contact my email: yaswalal@gmail.com

2. • All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the basic structural and functional
unit of life.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells

4. Cells are the building blocks of all living organisms.
Individual cells are classified as living things, and there
are millions of organisms that are unicellular across
the planet.
As they are living units, cells consequently need
energy, and therefore respire to survive. Parts of the
cell, called organelles, work like organs of a body.
Energy for the cell to process can be provided by the
cell, such as through photosynthesis in plants, or
absorbed into the cell through cell membranes and
then processed within it by the mitochondrion. Single
cells operate like this, and there are billions of
unicellular organisms that survive independently or
within multicellular organisms. These single cell
organisms are generally prokaryotic cells, which are
much smaller and have fewer organelles, most
importantly lacking a nucleus. Multicellular organisms
are primarily made up of eukaryotic cells which are
more complex and can therefore specialize so the
organism can become more complex. They do this by
grouping together to form tissues, which then group
to form organs within the organism.

5. • Protoplasm
The term "protoplasm," from proto, first, and plasma, formed substance, was
coined by the botanist Hugo von Mohl, in 1846, for the "tough, slimy,
granular, semi-fluid“
It was used 1839 by Czech physiologist Johannes Evangelista Purkinje
(1787-1869) to denote the gelatinous fluid found in living cell.
Compose of inorganic and organic compounds like carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids and nucleic acids

6. • Plasma membrane / plasmolemma
• Bi-lipid layer
• Semi permeable
• Serves as boundary between the outside
environment and the inside environment
• Outer membrane of cell that controls movement
in and out of the cell

7. -S.J.Singer and Garth Nicolson in 1972

8. The cell wall is a tough, flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some
types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with
structural support and protection, in addition to acting as a filtering mechanism. A major
function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when
water enters the cell. Cell walls are found in plants, bacteria, fungi,algae, and
some archaea. Animals and protozoa do not have cell walls.

9. Amorphous, gel sol nature of substance.
Allows movement of various substances inside the cytoplasm due to cytoplasmic streaming.
In eukaryotic cell, cytoplasm is embedded with many organelles.
Transparent ground substance.
The cytoplasm has three major elements; the cytosol, organelles and inclusions.
It is about 80% water and usually colorless.

10. The 2 main functions of Nucleus:
•Helps in reproduction.
•Regulates the chemical activities of cell.

11. Nuclear Membrane:
oDouble membranous cover .
oEncloses nucleoplasm (chromatin &
Nucleolus).
oBears many fine pores called nuclear pore.
Nuclear Pore:
oOccupies 10% of total area of nucleus.
oPermit the entry and exit of various
substances from cytoplasm to nucleoplasm
and vice versa.
Chromatin:
oEntangled network of thread – DNA &
Protein.
oIn dividing cells, chromatin fibre is coiled
and condensed to form chromosomes-
(DNA + Protein) = Histone.

12. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type
of organelle in the cells of eukaryotic
organisms that forms an interconnected
network of flattened, membrane-enclosed
sacs or tubes known as cisternae. The
membranes of the ER are continuous with
the outer membrane of the nuclear
envelope. Endoplasmic reticulum occurs in
most types of eukaryotic cells, including the
most primitive Giardia, but is absent
from red blood cells and spermatozoa.
There are two types of endoplasmic
reticulum, rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (SER). The outer (cytosolic) face
of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is
studded with ribosomes that are the sites
of protein synthesis.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially prominent in cells such as hepatocytes where active
protein synthesis occurs. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and functions
in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification and is especially abundant in
mammalian liver and gonad cells. The lacey membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first
seen in 1945 by Keith R. Porter, Albert Claude, Brody Meskers and Ernest F. Fullam.

13. Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum
• Branching canal
• No ribosomes
• Transport for large
molecules
• Stores calcium ions in
muscle cells
• Found in both animal and
plant cells
• Consists of tubules that
are located near the cell
periphery.

14. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Contains attached
ribosomes
• Transport ribosomes
• Synthesis, storage and
transfer of proteins
• Manufacture of lysosomal
enzymes
• Provides skeletal support
to cell

15. Derived from greek word ‘lysis’ means ‘to
loosen’ and ‘soma’ means ‘body’.
This was discovered by Christian de Duve.
They are also called Digestive bags or
Suicidal bags.
They are single membrane bounded
vesicles formed from Golgi bodies.
Contains more than 40 enzymes .
Clears out foreign bodies/food particles
by digesting it.
Digests damaged/worn out organelles of
their own.
Described as ‘stomach of the cell’.
The size of lysosomes varies from 0.1–
1.2 μm.
They are the recycling units of cell.

16.  The word comes from the greek word
‘mitos’ means ‘thread’ and ‘chondrion’
means ‘granule’.
Mitochondria range from 0.5 to
1.0 micrometer in diameter.
They are called the ‘Power House of
Cell’.
They generate ATP-Adenosine
Triphosphate.
It is the organelle of respiration.
Double membrane bounded
membrane.
The number of mitochondria in a cell
varies widely by the organism and tissue
type.

17. •They are the site for the manufacture and storage of important chemical
compounds used by cell.
•Present in plant cells and absent in animal cells except Euglena.
•Plastids with pigments – Chromoplasts
1. Chloroplasts-Green
2. Chromoplasts-Orange/Yellow
•Plastids without pigments- Leucoplasts –storage of reserved food.

18. Discovered by Camillo Golgi.
After maturity, the organelles divides and forms either vacuole or lysosomes.
Function: Packaging, modification and dispatching of various substances.
It forms lysosomes and vacuoles.
In plant cells, they are called dictyosomes.
The Cisternae stack has four functional regions: the cis-golgi, media-golgi, endo-golgi and trans-golgi
network.

19. Single membranous sacs meant for storage of solids and liquids.
Vacuoles are smaller and few in animal cells and it is large and more in plant cells.
Occupies 50%-90% of cell volume.
Storage of various substances
Provides turgidity and rigidity to cells.
They are of 2 types:-
1. Food vacuoles-digesting food.
2. Contractile vacuoles-storage and release of equess.