The document discusses the composition and types of tissues in living organisms, highlighting the division of labor in multicellular organisms. It distinguishes between plant and animal tissues, explaining their functions, structures, and the roles of different cell types in each. Additionally, it covers specific tissue types such as meristematic, connective, and muscle tissues, along with their functions and characteristics.

1. Chapter-6 -Tissues

2. 1. All Living organisms in this world comprise of cells.
2.In unicellular organisms, the only single cell is capable of
performing several functions such as Respiration, Digestion of
the cell.
3.In multicellular organisms, there is a division of labor.
There are different types as well as groups of cells that
perform different functions.

3. Examples of tissues
• In animals, MUSCLE CELLS are responsible for
causing movement.
• NERVE CELLS are responsible for carrying messages and signals
from one part of the body to another
• BLOOD is responsible for transportation of food and oxygen to
different parts of the body.
responsible for
• In plants, there are VASCULAR TISSUES that are
carrying food and water.

4. The Formation of Tissues
 Cells that need to perform a single task often group together.
 This grouping of cells together to perform a function
efficiently is called a Tissue.
 The cells of a tissue have the same structure and they
perform the same function.
Cell → Tissue → O r g a n → Organ system → Organism

6. Plant Tissues Animal Tissues
Plants do not move so their tissues are
predominantly the ones that provide
support to them so that they can stand
erect.
Animals need more energy as compared to
plants because they are not stationary.
Their tissues are the ones that can support
movement.
These tissues are mostly made up of
dead cells because dead cells can also
provide mechanical strength to the
plants and do not require much
maintenance.
The tissues in case of animals are made up of
living cells so that they can move and perform
several functions.
Only certain parts of the plant can grow. The
tissues present in such regions of and divide
themselves and form new tissues.
Cells in animals grow uniform early and not
only in certain regions of the body.
The structure of plant tissues is not very
specialized as compared to animals
The organs and organ systems in animals are
highly developed.

8. Types of
Meristems based
on their location
Meristematic tissues

16. The outer most layer of cells in the plant body is called epidermis. The
epidermis is usually made of a single layer of cells. It is a protective tissue and
hence forms a continuous layer without intercellular spaces.
Functions:
Epidermal cells often secrete a waxy water resistant layer on their outer
surface, which aids in protection against loss of water, mechanical injury
and invasion by parasites.
 Cutin: a waterproof chemical substance,
mainly foundin epidermis of desert
plants.
 Suberin: a chemical substance present on the
walls of bark of the trees that makes it
impervious to microbes, gases and water.

17. Epidermis and stomata

18. There are many small pores called
stomata on the epidermis of the leaf,
through which transpiration and gaseous
exchange take place. They are enclosed
by two kidney shaped cells called Guard
cells which help in opening and closing of
stomata.
As plants grow older, the outer protective
tissue undergoes some changes. A strip of
secondary meristem replaces the
epidermis, thus forming a thick, multiple
layer of cork cells. These cells are dead,
compactly arranged and are called the
barkof the tree.

19. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
i. Parenchyma tissues have intercellular spaces.
ii. Collenchymatous tissues are irregularly thickened at corners.
iii. Apical and intercalary meristems are permanent tissues.
iv. Meristematic tissues, in its early stage, lack vacuoles.
(a)(i) and (ii)
(b) (c) (iii) and (iv)
(b) Only (iii)
(d) Only (ii)

20. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
i. Parenchyma tissues have intercellular spaces.
ii.Collenchymatous tissues are irregularly thickened at corners.
iii. Apical and intercalary meristems are permanent tissues.
iv.Meristematic tissues, in its early stage, lack vacuoles.
(a)(i) and (ii)
(b)(c) (iii) and (iv)
(b) Only (iii)
(d) Only (ii)

21. Chloroplasts may occur in
(i) collenchyma and sclerenchyma
(ii) parenchyma and collenchyma
(iii) chlorenchyma and sieve tubes
(iv) xylem parenchyma and sclerenchyma
The plant tissue which provides mechanical strength and consists of living cells, is
(i) parenchyma
(ii) aerenchyma
(iii) collenchyma
(iv) sclerenchyma
Lignified or thickened cell wall is a characteristic feature of
(i) collenchyma
(ii) xylem
(iii) parenchyma
(iv) phloem.

22. Chloroplasts may occur in
(i) collenchyma and sclerenchyma
(ii) parenchyma and collenchyma
(iii) chlorenchyma and sieve tubes
(iv) xylem parenchyma and sclerenchyma
The plant tissue which provides mechanical strength and consists of living cells, is
(i) parenchyma
(ii) aerenchyma
(iii) collenchyma
(iv) sclerenchyma
Lignified or thickened cell wall is a characteristic feature of
(i) collenchyma
(ii) xylem
(iii) parenchyma
(iv) phloem.

23. Both collenchyma and sclerenchyma give mechanical strength to
plants; but the former differs from the latter, in
(i) retaining the protoplasm at maturity
(ii) having uniformly thickened wall
(iii) having dead cells
(iv) both (a) and (d).
Chlorenchyma and aerenchyma are modified/specialised
(i) phloem
(ii) parenchyma
(iii) collenchyma
(iv) sclerenchyma.

24. Both collenchyma and sclerenchyma give mechanical strength to
plants; but the former differs from the latter, in
(i) retaining the protoplasm at maturity
(ii) having uniformly thickened wall
(iii) having dead cells
(iv) both (a) and (d).
Chlorenchyma and aerenchyma are modified/specialised
(i) phloem
(ii) parenchyma
(iii) collenchyma
(iv) sclerenchyma.

25. Complex Permanent Tissues

28. The cells of cork are dead and have a chemical in their
walls that makes them impervious to gases and water.
The chemical is
(a) lignin (b) suberin (c) cutin (d) wax
Identify the tissue responsible for the increase
of the girth of a plant from the options given
below:
a) Xylem
b) Intercalary meristem
c) Phloem
d)Cambium
The conducting cells of xylem are
(i) tracheids and xylem fibres
(ii) vessels and xylem fibres.
(iii) tracheids and vessels
(iv) vessels and sieve tubes

29. The cells of cork are dead and have a chemical
in their walls that makes them impervious to
gases and water. The chemical is
(a) lignin (b) suberin (c) cutin (d) wax
Identify the tissue responsible for the increase
of the girth of a plant from the options given
below:
a) Xylem c) Phloem
b) Intercalary meristem d)Cambium
The conducting cells of xylem are
(i) tracheids and xylem fibres
(ii) vessels and xylem fibres.
(iii) tracheids and vessels
(iv) vessels and sieve tubes

32. • Protective tissue or covering that is separated from underlying
tissue by fibrous basement membrane.
• Can be simple (made of one layer of cells) or stratified(made of many layers
of cells)
• They are tightly packed to form continuous sheet with almost no
intercellular spaces
Location:
Skin, Lining of mouth, blood vessels, alveoli, kidney tubules It protect the body
from injury, infections, etc.
**permeability of epithelial cells is very important for exchange of
substances

35. Ciliated epithelium
Performs the function of moving particles or fluid over the
epithelial surface in such structures as the trachea, bronchial
tubes, and nasal cavities. It often occurs in the vicinity of mucus-
secreting goblet cells

36. Connective Tissue
 The connective tissue is specialized to connect and anchor various body organs. As
such, it connects one bone with another and a bone with a muscle.
 Three components are present in all the connective tissues. These are intercellular
matrix, connective tissue cells and fibers.
 The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular
matrix. The matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid.
 The nature of matrix decides the function of connective tissue.
General functions: Connective tissue also provides the structural framework and
mechanical support to different tissues. The main functions of connective tissue are
binding, supporting and packing together different organs of the body.

37.  Loose connective tissue- has fewer fibres and more matrix
a) areolar
b) Adipose
 Dense connective tissue- has abundant fibres and smaller amount of matrix
a) Ligaments
b) tendons
 Skeletal tissue- has solid matrix and living cells coccur in fluid filled spaces called
lacunae.
a) bone
b) cartilage
 Vascular/Fluid connective tissue – has fluid matrix. Istead of fibres the matrix contains
fibrinogen that produce fibres as during coagulation.
a) blood
b) lymph
Types of connective tissues

40. •Areolar (loose) connective tissue: It is a loose and cellular
connective tissue. Areolar connective tissue is found between the
skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone
marrow.
•It fills the spaces between different tissues and organs, hence
called packing tissue.
•Ligaments: These are elastic structures made up of yellow
elastic fibrous tissues which connects bone to bone. It has
considerable strength. Ligaments contain very little matrix. Sprain
is caused by excessive pulling (stretching) of ligaments.
•Tendons: Tendons are cord like, strong inelastic structures that
join skeletal muscles to bones. They are composed of white collagen
fibrous tissue. It has great strength but its flexibility is limited

41. Adipose tissue: It consists of large number of oval and rounded adipose
cells (adipocytes) filled with fat globules.
The adipose tissue is abundant below the skin, between the internal organs (e.g.,
around the kidney) in yellow bonemarrow.
Functions of Adipose tissue:
• It serves as a fat reservoir.
• Adipose tissue acts as food reservoir by storing fat.
• It acts as an insulator and regulates body temperature.
Functions of Bones :
• It provides shape to the body.
• It provides skeletal support to body.
• It protects vital body organs such as brain, lungs etc.
Functions of Cartilage :
• Cartilage provides support and flexibility to the body parts.
• It smoothens body surfaces at joints

42. A person met with an accident in which two long bones of his
hand were dislocated. Which among the following may be the
possible reason for this?
(a)Tendon breaks
(b)Break of skeletal muscles tissue
(c)Ligament breaks
(d)Areoelar tissue breaks

43. A person met with an accident in which two long bones of his
hand were dislocated. Which among the following may be the
possible reason for this?
(a)Tendon breaks
(b)Break of skeletal muscles tissue
(c)Ligament breaks
(d)Areoelar tissue breaks

44. The mineral elements found in our bone making it hard, are
(i) sodium and calcium
(ii) calcium and phosphorus
(iii) phosphorus and sodium
(iv) sodium and potassium
Areolar tissue is a type of (i) tissue and is found in
(ii)
(i) (i) connective (ii) bone marrow
(ii) (i) muscular (ii) heart
(iii) (i) connective (ii) around nerves
(iv) both (a) and (c).

45. The mineral elements found in our bone making it hard, are
(i) sodium and calcium
(ii) calcium and phosphorus
(iii) phosphorus and sodium
(iv) sodium and potassium
Areolar tissue is a type of (i) tissue and is found in
(ii)
(i) (i) connective (ii) bone marrow
(ii) (i) muscular (ii) heart
(iii) (i) connective (ii) around nerves
(iv) both (a) and (c).

46. Blood
Blood is fluid connective tissue. In this tissue cells move in a fluid or liquid matrix or
medium called blood plasma.
The blood plasma does not contain protein fibres but contain cells called blood corpuscles
or blood cells. These blood corpuscles and cells are:
Red blood corpuscles (RBC) or erythrocytes White
blood corpuscles (WBC) or leucocytes Platelets
RBCs and WBCs are living, while plasma and platelets are non-living.

49. Cartilage is not found in
(i) nose
(ii) ear
(iii) kidney
(iv) larynx
Fats are stored in human body as
(i) cuboidal epithelium
(ii) adipose tissue
(iii) bones
(iv) cartilage
Bone matrix is rich in
(i) fluoride and calcium
(ii) calcium and phosphorus
(iii) calcium and potassium
(iv) phosphorus and potassium

50. Cartilage is not found in
(i) nose
(ii) ear
(iii) kidney
(iv) larynx
Fats are stored in human body as
(i) cuboidal epithelium
(ii) adipose tissue
(iii) bones
(iv) cartilage
Bone matrix is rich in
(i) fluoride and calcium
(ii) calcium and phosphorus
(iii) calcium and potassium
(iv) phosphorus and potassium

52. TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

53. 1. Whiledoingworkandrunning,youmoveyourorganslikehands,legs,etc.Whichamongthe
folowingiscorrect?
(a)Smoothmusclescontractandpulltheligamenttomovethebones
(b)Smoothmusclescontractandpullthetendonstomovethebones
(c)Skeletalmusclescontractandpulltheligamenttomovethebones
(d)Skeletalmusclescontractandpullthetendontomovethebones

54. 1. Whiledoingworkandrunning,youmoveyourorganslikehands,legs,etc.Whichamongthe
folowingiscorrect?
(a)Smoothmusclescontractandpulltheligamenttomovethebones
(b)Smoothmusclescontractandpullthetendonstomovethebones
(c)Skeletalmusclescontractandpulltheligamenttomovethebones
(d)Skeletalmusclescontractandpullthetendontomovethebones

55. While doing work and running, you move your organs like hands, legs, etc. Which among
the following is correct?
(i) Smooth muscles contract and pull the ligament to move the bones
(ii) Smooth muscles contract and pull the tendons to move the bones
(iii) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the ligament to move the bones
(iv) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the tendon to move the bones
Which muscles act involuntarily?
(i) Striated muscles
(ii) Smooth muscles
(iii) Cardiac muscles
(iv) Skeletal muscles
(i) (i) and (ii)
(ii) (ii) and (iii)
(iii) (iii) and (iv)
(iv) (i) and (iv)

56. While doing work and running, you move your organs like hands, legs, etc. Which among
the following is correct?
(i) Smooth muscles contract and pull the ligament to move the bones
(ii) Smooth muscles contract and pull the tendons to move the bones
(iii) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the ligament to move the bones
(iv) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the tendon to move the bones
Which muscles act involuntarily?
(i) Striated muscles
(ii) Smooth muscles
(iii) Cardiac muscles
(iv) Skeletal muscles
(i) (i) and (ii)
(ii) (ii) and (iii)
(iii) (iii) and (iv)
(iv) (i) and (iv)

58. THANK YOU !!!