Tissues are groups of cells that perform specific functions. There are two main types of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue, which contains undifferentiated cells, and permanent tissue, which contains non-dividing cells. Permanent tissue is further divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Animal tissues include epithelial tissue, which covers surfaces, and connective tissue, which connects and supports. Epithelial tissue is classified into squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and glandular tissue. Connective tissue includes fluid tissues like blood and lymph, skeletal

1. CH 6
TISSUES
MADE BY
VANSHAJ SHEKDAR

2. CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
ORGAN
SYSTEM

3. WHAT ARE TISSUES?
• TISSUE ARE A GROUP OF CELLS
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF TISSUES
TISSUES
PLANT
TISSUE
ANIMAL
TISSUE

4. PLANT TISSUE

6. MERISTAMATIC TISSUE
• The meristematic tissue is a type of tissue found in plants.
• It consists of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) capable
of cell division.
• Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and
organs that occur in plants.
• Depending on the occurrence of the meristematic tissue on the
plant body, we can classify the meristems into three types. They
are:

7. Meristamatic
tissue
Apical
Meristems
Intercalary
Meristems
Lateral
Meristems

8. • Apical Meristems – These meristems are located on
the tip of the root, stem etc. They help in the growth of
the root system as well as the shoot system. The
various cell divisions along with the cellular
enlargement help in the growth of the stem above the
ground and the growth of the root below the ground.
• Intercalary Meristems – The intercalary meristems
are located at the internodes or the base of the leaves.
The intercalary meristems help in increasing
the length of the internode. This is usually seen in
monocotyledonous plants.
• Lateral Meristems – The lateral meristems are
present on the lateral side of the stem and root of a
plant. These meristems help in increasing the
thickness of the plants. The vascular cambium and the
cork cambium are good examples of a lateral
meristematic tissue.

9. PERMANENT TISSUE
• In simple words, the permanent tissues in a plant are those tissues that contain
nondividing cells. The cells are also modified to perform specific functions in the
plants. The cells of the permanent tissue are derived from the meristematic
tissue.
• The permanent tissue cells are also fully differentiated. The cells are large and a
definite shape and size. You can see intercellular spaces being present in
between the cells. Large vacuoles are also present inside these cells.
The metabolism that occurs in the cells of the permanent tissue is fairly at a lower
rate.
• The permanent tissue in plants mainly helps in providing support, protection as
well as in photosynthesis and conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients.
Permanent tissue cells may be living or dead.

10. TYPES OF PERMANENT TISSUE
PERMANENT
TISSUE
SIMPLE COMPLEX

11. SIMPLE
PERMANENT
PARENCHYMA COLLENCHYMA SCLERENCHYMA
COMPLEX
PERMANENT
XYLEM PHLOEM

12. SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
• These tissues are simple.
• They are made up of only one type of cell.
• Here, all the cells that make up the tissue are similar and have
the same structure, with the same type parts.
• Simple permanent tissues are again classified into three main
types.
• They are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

13. PARENCHYMA
• Parenchyma – The cells of this tissue are living, with thin cell walls.
• Cells can be oval or round in shape.
• They have a large central vacuole and a dense cytoplasm.
• The parenchyma tissue is located in the soft parts of the plant such
as cortex and pith.
• It mainly acts as a packing tissue, providing mechanical support.
• It also helps in the storage of food.
• Based on the specific functions, parenchyma can be further
classified into Aerenchyma and Chlorenchyma.
• *for differentiation of aerenchyma & chlorenchyma refer slide
no. 63

14. PARENCHYMA
Aerenchyma Chlorenchyma

15. COLLENCHYMA
• Collenchyma – These cells are living cells and have an
elongated shape.
• The corners of the cell wall are thickened.
• There is very little intercellular space present.
• The collenchyma tissue can be located in the leaf stalks, below
the epidermis etc.
• Its main function is to provide flexibility to the plants as well as
mechanical support.
• Cell wall is made up of pectin and cellulose.

16. SCLERENCHYMA
• Sclerenchyma – The cells of the sclerenchyma tissue are
dead.
• The cell wall is very thick due to the deposition of lignin.
• The cells of this tissue can be in different shapes and sizes.
• They are generally located in the leaf veins, hard coverings of
the seeds and can also be found surrounding the vascular
bundle.
• The main function of the sclerenchymatic tissue is to provide
rigidity and mechanical support to the plant body.
• They also make the plant stiff and hard.

17. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
COMPLEX
PERMANENT
TISSUE
XYLEM PHLOEM
The complex permanent tissues are made up of more than one type
of cell. They coordinate together to perform the same specialized
functions in the plant body.

18. XYLEM
• Xylem – The xylem tissue is responsible for the conduction of
water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and stem.
• It also provides support to the plants.
• It has four elements.
• They are tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem
fibres.

20. PHLOEM
• Phloem – This complex permanent tissue helps in the
translocation of food that is prepared by photosynthesis in the
leaves to various parts of the plant. Phloem consists of four
elements.
• They are sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and
phloem parenchyma.

22. ANIMAL TISSUE

24. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• Epithelial tissues are animal tissues.
• The cells that are present in these tissues show all the characteristics of animal
cells.
• The cells are eukaryotic with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Animal cells do not have a cell wall and this is what gives them flexibility.
• The cells of the tissue can take up different shapes to become specialized and
perform specific functions.
• And so, epithelial tissues have cells that have different shapes, sizes, and
arrangements.
• Accordingly, they are classified into different types. Epithelial cells can be seen in
different parts of the body.
• They cover the body’s surface and also line the internal body organs and body
cavities.
• Their functions include protection of the underlying tissues, absorption of
substances, regulation of chemicals between the tissues and body cavity etc. And
they are able to perform such varied functions since they do not have a definite
shape.

25. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE

27. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• Squamous Epithelium – These are thin, flat cells that are
closely packed. The squamous epithelial cells line the cavities
of the mouth, esophagus, alveoli, and blood vessels.
• This tissue gives protection against mechanical injury and also
blocks the entry of germs.
• If the squamous epithelium is arranged in many layers, it is a
compound squamous tissue called the stratified squamous
epithelium.
• We find these kinds of tissues in the skin and also the lining of
the esophagus.

29. CUBOIDAL EPITHILIUM
• Cuboidal Epithelium – These cells are cuboidal in shape.
They are found in the salivary glands, kidney tubules, sweat
glands, etc.
• Their main function includes absorption, secretion,
and excretion.
• If the cuboidal epithelium is arranged in many layers it forms
the stratified cuboidal epithelium.
• It is found on the inner side of the pancreatic ducts and salivary
glands. They mainly help in protection.

31. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• Columnar Epithelium –The columnar epithelium has cells that
are pillar-like and column-like. We can find them in the lining of
the stomach and intestine.
• Its functions include absorption and secretion.

33. CILIATED EPITHELIUM
• Ciliated Epithelium – When the columnar epithelial tissues
have cilia, then they are ciliated epithelium.
• They are present in the lining of the trachea, kidney tubules,
etc.
• The rhythmic movement of the cilia helps in the movement of
material in one direction.

35. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
• Glandular Epithelium – These are modified columnar epithelial
tissues.
• They are large cells that present in the tear glands, sweat
glands etc. Their main function is secretion.

37. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Connective tissues connect and help hold our body together.
• They provide internal support as well as give and maintain form
to the body.
• They protect the body.
• The connective tissue can be found everywhere in the body.
• The connective tissue mainly consists of blood, bones, and
areolar tissue

38. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FLUID
BLOOD & LYMPH
SKELETAL
BONE & CARTILAGE
PROPER
AREOLAR, ADIPOSE,
LIGAMENT & TENDON

39. FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BLOOD
• It is a connective tissue that carries erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
platelets, and energy and oxygen in the body.
• Furthermore, they perform the function of transportation of minerals,
nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes in the body.
• Moreover, it flows into the cardiovascular system of the body.
• The cells found in blood plasma are called corpuscles.
• These are of two types:-
1) RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES
2) WHITE BLOOD CORPUSCLES
*for definition and differentiation refer slide no. 60

40. FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LYMPH
• In simple words, lymph is called the tissue fluid.
• It is a colourless fluid containing lymphocytes.
• Another name for lymph is interstitial fluid.
• It also carries nutrients like hormones etc.

41. SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Bones
• Bones are also a form of connective tissue that forms the
structure of the body. Also, they are widely spaced cells and
their matrix is concentric in onion-like layers.
• Moreover, they provide physical support and structure to the
body.
• Furthermore, they provide movement, protects and encloses
soft organs, and release and store calcium.
• Most noteworthy, the bones together form the skeleton of the
body.

42. SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Cartilage
• They are also called gristle.
• Besides, they are the wide-spaced cell in the small cavities and
they have a rubbery matrix.
• In addition, it facilities joints movements, grips airway open,
resists compression at joints.
• Also, it shapes the outer ear, facilitates the movement of vocal
cords, an indication of a fetal skeleton, and growth zone of
children’s bones.
• Most noteworthy, we can locate them in the external ear, larynx,
joint surfaces and growth zone of bones, rings around the
trachea, between ribs and sternum, intervertebral discs, etc.

43. PROPER
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
AEROLAR
(LOOSE)
ADIPOSE
TISSUE
DENSE
IRREGULAR
TISSUE
DENSE
REGULAR
TISSUE

44. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Areolar (loose) Connective Tissue
• They are a loose array of random fibers that has a wide variety
of cell type.
• In addition, they nourish and pillows epithelia.
• Furthermore, it provides protection against infection, gives
passage to nerve and blood vessels through other tissues and
fixes organs together.
• Most noteworthy, they are located in the outer covering of the
blood vessels, esophagus, nerves, and other organs.

46. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Adipose Tissue
• They are fat-filled tissues that have adipocytes and revealing
the extracellular environment.
• Furthermore, they store energy, conserve body heat, fills space
in the body pads and guards many organs, and shape up the
body.
• Besides, we can find them around kidneys, eyes, heart,
beneath the skin, and in the abdominal membrane of the breast.

47. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Dense Irregular Tissue
• These tissues are densely spaced and the arrangement of
fibers and fibroblast is random in them.
• Also, they are pretty strong and provides protection to organs
from injury. In addition, it provides a protective capsule around
many organs.
• Most noteworthy, we can find them in the dermis of the skin,
capsules around spleen and liver, the fibrous sheath around
bones, and other organs.

48. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Dense Regular Tissue
• They are parallel collagen fibers and fibroblast cells that are
also densely spaced.
• Besides, they bind the bones together and attaches the muscle
to the bone. Furthermore, they transfer force from the muscle to
the bone.
• Moreover, we can find these connective tissues in the tendons
and ligaments.

49. MUSCULAR TISSUE
This is a tissue that helps in the movement of the
various body parts.
They are generally attached to the bones, and
thus help in movement. There are three types of
muscular tissue. They are:

50. MUSCULAR
TISSUE
SMOOTH SKELETAL CARDIAC

51. SMOOTH MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Smooth Muscle – These muscle cells do not have striations or
stripes. Hence they are called smooth muscle cells.
• They are also called as involuntary muscles.
• The cells have a single nucleus and the cells are spindle-
shaped.
• They are found in the walls of the hollow organs like the
stomach, uterus etc.
• Their main function is to move the material through the body.
The involuntary muscles are controlled by the brain.

52. SKELETAL MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Skeletal Muscle – The skeletal muscles have stripes or
striations.
• Hence they are also called as the striated muscles.
• These muscles are voluntary muscles that are controlled by us.
• They mainly help in the locomotion and are attached to the
skeleton.
• The cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.
• The skeletal muscles can be found in the muscles of the limbs,
face, neck etc.

53. CARDIAC MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Cardiac Muscle – This is a muscle that is found only in the
heart.
• The rhythmic contractions of this muscle help in the pumping
of blood through the blood vessels to various parts of the body.
• The brain controls this muscle and is an involuntary muscle.
• The cells of this muscle tissue are branched and cylindrical with
a single nucleus and striations present.

54. NERVOUS TISSUE
• The nervous tissue is a highly specialized tissue that is present
in the animals.
• They help in transmitting messages from the brain to various
parts of the body and vice versa.
• The nervous tissue is made of come specialized cells called
neurons or nerve cells.
• They can receive and transmit electrical impulses from different
areas of the body to specific locations.
• The nervous tissue cells are present in the brain, spinal cord,
and the nerves.

55. • The neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system.
• It consists of mainly three parts, the cell body or the cyton, the
axon and the dendrites.
• The dendrites of one neuron are attached to the dendrites of the
other neuron and thus help in the transmission of impulses or
messages.

56. DIFFERENTIATIONS

63. Chlorenchyma Aerenchyma
1. Parenchyma which contains chlorophyll is
called chlorenchyma
2. Chlorenchyma is found in green plants
3. They perform photosynthesis
Parenchyma which has large air cavities is called
aerenchyma
Aerenchyma is found in aquatic plants
They give buoyancy to the plants to help them
float

66. SOME EXTERNAL LINKS
• TISSUE https://youtu.be/fNQ92ZGWpOA
• MERISTAMATIC TISSUE https://youtu.be/lLnjo4Pf2JM
• PERMANENT TISSUE https://youtu.be/xSYLJIR6cGY
• EPIDERMIS TISSUE https://youtu.be/fktUtmhUJ5M
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE https://youtu.be/P3714_a3l0w
• MUSCULAR TISSUE https://youtu.be/sfNBe9jCsT4
• RECAPUTALISATION https://youtu.be/9hDLnGtfc7M

67. THANK YOU