This PowerPoint, designed by East Stroudsburg University student Kristen O'Connor, is a PowerPoint designed for middle school science students on cell organelles.
This PowerPoint, designed by East Stroudsburg University student Kristen O'Connor, is a PowerPoint designed for middle school science students on cell organelles.
Most relevant information about the cell, its discovery, types and various kinds of organelles and their function. it also focus on how molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
2018/2019
This presentation covers basics of cell structure and functions of different cell organelles in detail with interactive illustrations. I hope this presentation will be beneficial for instructor's as well as students.
Most relevant information about the cell, its discovery, types and various kinds of organelles and their function. it also focus on how molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
2018/2019
This presentation covers basics of cell structure and functions of different cell organelles in detail with interactive illustrations. I hope this presentation will be beneficial for instructor's as well as students.
All living things are made of organized parts, obtain energy from their surroundings, perform chemical reactions, respond to their environment, grow and develop, change with time, and reproduce
All organisms are made of cells
All cells are produced from other cells (all cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division)
The cell is the most basic unit of life
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Baroque art - SlideShare
Occupation: Visual Artist, Art Instructor
Works For: Art Studio
Oil on canvas. 18” x 16”. 37. France • France’s “sun king,” Louis XIV, preferred Classicism, and he created academies and teachers to perpetuate this Baroque style • The French Baroque is a more reserved style, toward Raphael The artists: • Nicholas Poussin - main exponent of Classical style in France.
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Baroque PowerPoint Template
Free baroque PowerPoint template is a simple free rose template background with a basic frame for PowerPoint presentations. This background template is a free rose template design for presentations that you can download for baroque presentations in PowerPoint. The renaissance PowerPoint background can also be used in rococo presentations, or classical presentatio
cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature. These cells cooperate with other specialized cells and become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as humans and other animals. Although cells are much larger than atoms, they are still very small. The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as 0.2 μm in diameter (1μm = about 0.000039 inch), with a total mass of 10−14 gram—equal to that of 8,000,000,000 hydrogen atoms. Cells of humans typically have a mass 400,000 times larger than the mass of a single mycoplasma bacterium, but even human cells are only about 20 μm across. It would require a sheet of about 10,000 human cells to cover the head of a pin, and each human organism is composed of more than 30,000,000,000,000 cells.
similarities and differences between cells
similarities and differences between cells
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This article discusses the cell both as an individual unit and as a contributing part of a larger organism. As an individual unit, the cell is capable of metabolizing its own nutrients, synthesizing many types of molecules, providing its own energy, and replicating itself in order to produce succeeding generations. It can be viewed as an enclosed vessel, within which innumerable chemical reactions take place simultaneously. These reactions are under very precise control so that they contribute to the life and procreation of the cell. In a multicellular organism, cells become specialized to perform different functions through the process of differentiation. In order to do this, each cell keeps in constant communication with its neighbours. As it receives nutrients from and expels wastes into its surroundings, it adheres to and cooperates with other cells. Cooperative assemblies of similar cells form tissues, and a cooperation between tissues in turn forms organs, which carry out the functions necessary to sustain the life of an organism.
Consider how a single-celled organism contains the necessary structures to eat, grow, and reproduce
Consider how a single-celled organism contains the necessary structures to eat, grow, and reproduce
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Special emphasis is given in this article to animal cells, with some discussion of the energy-synthesizing processes and extracellular components peculiar to plants. (For detailed discussion of the biochemistry of plant cells, see photosynthesis. For a full treatment of the genetic events in the cell nucleus, see heredity.)
Bruce M. Alberts
The nature and function of cells
cells
cells
A cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane, which forms a selective barrier that allows nutrients to enter and waste products to l
description about cell biology, different types of cell organelles. single bound cell organellle and doubel membrane bound cell organelles, briefy explain different organelles inside the cell
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome, which is the complete set of genetic material present in its DNA. This includes all the genes, non-coding regions, and regulatory sequences. Genomics involves sequencing and analyzing the DNA to identify genes, variations (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs), and other structural features of the genome.
How Genomics & Data analysis are intertwined each other (1).pdfNusrat Gulbarga
Genomics and data analysis are closely linked because genomics generates vast amounts of data, which requires sophisticated computational and analytical tools to process and interpret. Genomics involves sequencing, assembling, and annotating the genome, which produces large datasets that require bioinformatics and computational analysis. Data analysis techniques such as machine learning, statistical analysis, and data visualization are critical for interpreting genomic data, identifying patterns, and making meaningful conclusions. In turn, genomic data analysis helps to advance our understanding of genetics, biology, and disease, leading to new discoveries and advances in medicine, agriculture, and other fields. Without data analysis, genomic research would be limited in its ability to extract insights from the vast amounts of genomic data that are generated. Genomics and data analysis are intertwined because genomics generates vast amounts of data that require advanced computational and statistical methods to interpret and analyze. Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genetic makeup, including DNA sequences, gene expression patterns, and epigenetic modifications. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, genomics has generated an enormous amount of data that requires sophisticated computational tools to analyze and interpret.
Data analysis plays a crucial role in genomics because it helps to identify genetic variations and their functional significance, understand gene expression patterns, and predict the effects of genetic modifications. Sophisticated statistical methods and machine learning algorithms are used to analyze genomic data and identify patterns, associations, and correlations. Data analysis also plays a critical role in personalized medicine, where genomic data is used to identify individualized treatments for patients based on their genetic makeup. Overall, genomics and data analysis are intertwined because they complement each other and are both essential for understanding the complexities of the genetic code and its effects on health and disease. Genomics and data analysis are intertwined because genomics is the study of the entire genetic material of an organism, and data analysis is necessary to interpret and make sense of the vast amount of genomic data generated. Genomics involves sequencing, assembling, and analyzing DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. The resulting data are massive, complex, and require advanced computational tools and techniques to be analyzed effectively. Data analysis helps to identify genes, regulatory elements, and mutations that are responsible for specific traits or diseases. It also helps to compare genomic sequences across different species and populations. Without data analysis, it would be impossible to extract useful information from the vast amount of genomic data produced by sequencing technologies.
Newtons law of motion ~ II sem ~ m sc bioinformaticsNusrat Gulbarga
In the first law, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it. In the second law, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. In the third law, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.
Cheminformatics (sometimes referred to as chemical informatics or chemoinformatics) focuses on storing, indexing, searching, retrieving, and applying information about chemical compounds. ... Virtual libraries can contain information on likely synthesis methods and predicted stability of the reaction products.
Genomes, omics and its importance, general features III semesterNusrat Gulbarga
'Omic' technologies are primarily aimed at the universal detection of genes (genomics), mRNA (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics) and metabolites (metabolomics) in a specific biological sample. ... Mass spectrometry is the most common method used for the detection of analytes in proteomic and metabolomic research.
Architecture of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and tissuesNusrat Gulbarga
The cells of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess two basic features: a plasma membrane, also called a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. However, the cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes. For example, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins. Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, with many functions. The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is produced or modified by an organism or system. Proteomics has enabled the identification of ever increasing numbers of protein.
Cheese is a dairy product, derived from milk and produced in wide ranges of flavors, textures and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep.
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.
Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire
computer system
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells compose.
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA.
In biology, cell signaling or cell-cell communication, governs the basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. A signal is an entity that codes or conveys information. Biological processes are complex molecular interactions that involve a lot of signals.
Necrosis is the death of body tissue. It occurs when too little blood flows to the tissue. This can be from injury, radiation, or chemicals. Necrosis cannot be reversed. When large areas of tissue die due to a lack of blood supply, the condition is called gangrene
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. In particular, it describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and how it affects matter.
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes.
Database administration refers to the whole set of activities performed by a database administrator to ensure that a database is always available as needed. Other closely related tasks and roles are database security, database monitoring and troubleshooting, and planning for future growth
These organs synthesize and secrete specific biochemical messengers, known as hormones, into the blood in a synchronized collaboration with the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system to regulate metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction (Figure 15-1).
Apoptosis is an orderly process in which the cell's contents are packaged into small packets of membrane for “garbage collection” by immune cells. Apoptosis removes cells during development, eliminates potentially cancerous and virus-infected cells, and maintains balance in the body.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
4. What is Cell?
Cell is the basic Structural and
functional unit of living organisms.
In other words, cells make up living
things and carry out activities that
keep a living thing alive.
6. 1835
Felix Dujardin
Discovered fluid
content of cell
1838
Matthias Schleiden
Proposed all plants are
made up of cells
1839
J. E. Purkinje
Named fluid content of
cell as protoplasm
7. 1839
Theodor Schwann
Proposed all animals
are made up of cells
1845
Carl Heinrich Braun
Proposed cell is the
basic unit of life
1855
Rudolf Virchow
Proposed all cells arise
from pre-existing cells
8. Cell
Theory
Cell theory is a collection of
ideas and conclusions from
many different scientists over
time that describes cells and
how cells operate.
1
2
3
All known l iving things are
made up of one or more cells.
All l iving cells arise from
pre- existing cells by division.
The cell is the basic unit of
structure and function in all
l iving organisms.
11. Size of
Cells
Cells vary in size.
Most cells are very small
(microscopic), some may
be very large
(macroscopic).
The unit used to measure
size of a cell is micrometer.
• Smallest cell
• Mycoplasma
• Size: 0.1 µm
• Largest cell
• Ostrich egg
• Size: 18 cm
1 µm = 1 / 1000 millimeter
12. Size of Cells in Humans
Smallest cell
Sperm cell
Size: 5 µm
Largest cell
Ovum cell
Size: 120 µm
Longest cell
Nerve cell
Size: 1 m
13. Shape of
Cells
Cells vary in shape.
Variation depends mainly
upon the function of
cells.
Some cells like Euglena and
Amoeba can change their
shape, but most cells have
a fixed shape.
Human RBCs are circular
biconcave for easy
passage through human
capillaries.
Nerve cells are
branched to conduct
impulses from one
point to another.
Human WBCs can
change their shape to
engulf the
microorganisms that
enter the body.
14. Structure Of
Cell
The detailed structure of a cell has
been studied under compound
microscope and electron
microscope.
Certain structures can be seen
only under an electron
microscope.
The structure of a cell as seen
under an electron microscope is
called ultrastructure.
Compound
microscope
Magnification 2000X
Electron
microscope
Magnification 500000X
20. Structure Of Cell
If we study a cell under
microscope, we would come across
three features in almost every cell:
plasma membrane, nucleus and
cytoplasm.
All activities inside the cell
and interactions of the cell
with its environment are
possible due to these
features.
1. Plasma Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
A. Cytosol
B. Cell Organelles
a) Endoplasmic reticulum
b) Golgi body
c) Lysosomes
d) Vacuoles
e) Mitochondria
f) Plastids
g) Centrosome
h) Cytoskeleton
21. Plasma Membrane
Carbohydrates
Proteins Lipids
• Extremely delicate, thin , elastic, living
and semi-permeable membrane
• Made up of two layers of lipid molecules
in which protein molecules are floating
• Thickness varies from 75-110 A˚
• Can be observed under an electron
microscope only
Functions:
• Maintains shape & size of the cell
• Protects internal contents of the cell
• Regulates entry and exit of substances
in and out of the cell
• Maintains homeostasis
22. Cell wall
Cellulose
Plasma membrane Hemicellulose
• Non-living and outermost covering of a
cell (plants & bacteria)
• Can be tough, rigid and sometimes flexible
• Made up of cellulose, hemicellulose
and pectin
• May be thin or thick, multilayered
structure
• Thickness varies from 50-1000 A˚
Pectin
Functions:
• Provides definite shape, strength &
rigidity
• Prevents drying up(desiccation) of cells
• Helps in controlling cell expansion
• Protects cell from external pathogens
23. • Dense spherical body located
near the centre of the cell
• Diameter varies from 10-25 µm
• Present in all the cells except red
blood cells and sieve tube cells
• Well developed in plant and animal
cells
• Undeveloped in bacteria and blue-
green algae (cyanobacteria)
• Most of the cells are uninucleated
(having only one nucleus)
• Few types of cells have more
than one nucleus (skeletal
muscle cells)
Nucleus
Nucleus
24. Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nucleoplasm
Nuclear
envelope
Nuclear
pores
• Nucleus has a double layered covering
called nuclear membrane
• Nuclear membrane has pores of diameter
about 80-100 nm
• Colourless dense sap present inside
the nucleus known as nucleoplasm
• Nucleoplasm contains round shaped
nucleolus and network of chromatin
fibres
• Fibres are composed of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
protein histone
• These fibres condense to form
chromosomes
during cell division
25. • Chromosomes contain stretches of
DNA called genes
• Genes transfer the hereditary
information
from one generation to the next
Nucleus
Chromatin fibre
Chromosome
Chromatin
Histone
DNAGene
Functions:
• Control all the cell activities like
metabolism, protein synthesis,
growth and cell division
• Nucleolus synthesizes ribonucleic acid
(RNA) to constitute ribosomes
• Store hereditary information in genes
26. • Jelly-like material formed by 80 % of
water
• Present between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus
• Contains a clear liquid portion called
cytosol and various particles
• Particles are proteins,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids,
lipids and inorganic ions
• Also contains many organelles with
distinct structure and function
• Some of these organelles are visible
only under an electron microscope
• Granular and dense in animal cells and
thin in plant cells
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Cytoplasm
27. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough ER
Ribosomes
• Network of tubular and vesicular structures
which are interconnected with one another
• Some parts are connected to the nuclear
membrane, while others are connected to
the cell membrane
• Two types: smooth(lacks ribosomes) and
rough(studded with ribosomes)
Functions:
• Gives internal support to the cytoplasm
• RER synthesize secretory proteins and
membrane proteins
• SER synthesize lipids for cell membrane
• In liver cells SER detoxify drugs & poisons
• In muscle cells SER store calcium ions
Smooth ER
28. Trans face
• Discovered by Camillo Golgi
• Formed by stacks of 5-8 membranous sacs
• Sacs are usually flattened and are called
the cisternae
• Has two ends: cis face situated near the
endoplasmic reticulum and trans face
situated near the cell membrane
Functions:
• Modifies, sorts and packs materials
synthesized in the cell
• Delivers synthesized materials to various
targets inside the cell and outside the cell
• Produces vacuoles and secretory vesicles
• Forms plasma membrane and lysosomes
Cis face
Cisternae
Lumen
Incoming
transport
vesicle
Outgoing
transport
vesicle
Newly
forming
vesicle
Golgi body
29. • Small, spherical, single membrane sac
• Found throughout the cytoplasm
• Filled with hydrolytic enzymes
• Occur in most animal cells and in few
type of plant cells
• Help in digesting of large molecules
• Protect cell by destroying foreign invaders
like bacteria and viruses
• Degradation of worn out organelles
• In dead cells perform autolysis
Lysosomes
MembraneHydrolytic enzymes
Functions:
30. • Single membrane sac filled with liquid
or sap (water, sugar and ions)
• In animal cells, vacuoles are temporary,
small in size and few in number
• In plant cells, vacuoles are large and more
in number
• May be contractile or non-contractile
Functions:
• Store various substances including waste
products
• Maintain osmotic pressure of the cell
• Store food particles in amoeba cells
• Provide turgidity and rigidity to plant cells
Vacuoles
Vacuole
Tonoplast
31. • Small, rod shaped organelles bounded by
two membranes - inner and outer
• Outer membrane is smooth and encloses
the contents of mitochondria
• Inner membrane is folded in the form of
shelf like inward projections called cristae
• Inner cavity is filled with matrix which
contains many enzymes
• Contain their own DNA which are
responsible
for many enzymatic actions
Functions:
• Synthesize energy rich compound ATP
• ATP molecules provide energy for the vital
activities of living cells
Mitochondria
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Ribosomes
Matrix
DNA
Cristae
32. Plastids
Plastids are double membrane-bound
organelles found inside plants and
some algae.
They are responsible for activities
related to making and storing food.
They often contain different types of
pigments that can change the colour
of the cell.
33. Chromoplasts
Chromoplasts are plastids that
produce and store pigments
They are responsible for different
colours found in leaves, fruits,
flowers and vegetables.
Carrot
Pigment: Carotene
Mango
Pigment: Xanthophyll
Tomato
Pigment: Lycopene
34. Leucoplasts
Leucoplasts are colourless
plastids that store foods.
Potato tubers
Food: Starch
Maize grains
Food: Protein
They are found in storage organs
such as fruits, tubers and seeds.
Castor seeds
Food: Oil
35. • Double membrane-bound organelles found
mainly in plant cells
• Usually spherical or discoidal in shape
• Shows two distinct regions-grana and stroma
• Grana are stacks of thylakoids (membrane-
bound, flattened discs)
• Thylakoids contain chlorophyll molecules
which are responsible for photosynthesis
• Stroma is a colourless dense fluid
Functions:
• Convert light energy into chemical energy in the
form of food
• Provide green colour to leaves, stems and
vegetables
Chloroplasts
Stroma
Granum
Inner
membrane
Outer
membrane
Thylakoid
36. • Centrosome is the membrane bound
organelle present near the nucleus
• Consists of two structures called centrioles
• Centrioles are hollow, cylindrical structures
made of microtubules
• Centrioles are arranged at right angles to
each other
Functions:
• Form spindle fibres which help in the movement
of chromosomes during cell division
• Help in the formation of cilia and flagella
Centrosome
Centrosome
matrix
Centrioles
Microtubules
37. • Formed by microtubules and
microfilaments
• Microtubules are hollow tubules
made up of protein called tubulin
• Microfilaments are rod shaped thin
filaments
made up of protein called actin
Functions:
• Determine the shape of the cell
• Give structural strength to the cell
• Responsible for cellular movements
Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane
Microtubules
Microfilaments
38. 1. Generally small in s i ze
2. Cell wall i s absent
3. Plastids are absent
4. Vacuoles are smaller in s i ze
and less in number
5. Centrioles are present
1. Generally large in s i ze
2. Cell wall i s present
3. Plastids are present
4. Vacuoles are larger in s i ze
and more in number
5. Centrioles are absent
Animal cell Plant cell