1. Tissues are groups of cells that perform specific functions. There are four main types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. In plants, there are meristematic tissues which actively divide and permanent tissues which do not divide. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex vascular tissues xylem and phloem. Tissues provide structure and fulfill functions like protection, support, storage, and transport within animals and plants.

1. Tissues

2. What are tissues?
• A group of cells which are similar in structure
and perform a specific function are termed as
tissues.
• eg. Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue, Blood etc
Types of Tissue
Animal TissuePlant Tissue

3. 1. Meristematic Tissue
• actively dividing cells
• cells have a large nucleus and no
vacuoles
• Location: found at the growing parts
of plant eg. root tip, shoot tip, nodes
• Function: elongation of shoot and
root, increase in the diameter of the
stem / bark
2. Permanent Tissue
• Simple
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Complex
Phloem
Xylem

5. PERMANENT TISSUE
• The cells of this tissue have lost their ability to multiply
and acquire a definite shape, size and function
• These tissues may be living or dead
• There are 3 types of permanent tissues based on the
function performed:
1.PROTECTIVE TISSUE
1.SUPPORTING TISSUE
1.CONDUCTING TISSUE

6. Protective Tissue
• Characteristic: Cells with thick
walls
• Location: Found on the
outermost layer of plant body
such as roots, stems and leaves
• Function: Prevents water loss
from the leaves
• Protects underlying tissues
• Example:
– Epidermis of leaves- secretes a
waxy water proof material
– Cork cells in the bark

7. Supporting Tissue
• Three important types are
– Parenchyma
– Collenchyma
– Sclerenchyma

8. PARENCHYMA

9. PARENCHYMA
● The cells are thin walled usually with a single large
vacuole
● The cells are living
● Location: Found in soft parts of the plant root and stem
● Function ranging from storage of food
● Some cells contain chloroplast

10. COLLENCHYMA
1.Cells are elongated and thick at corners
1.Found in leaf stalks and below the epidermis of stems
1.Function is to provide support and flexibility to parts of plant

12. SCLERENCHYMA
1.Cells are long, narrow and thick walled due to deposition
of lignin
1.The cells are dead
1.Found in stems, veins of leaves, hard covering of seeds &
nuts
1.Also found in the gritty part of the ripe fruits & contribute
hardness to the seed coat & nutshells.
1.Function is to provide strength to parts of plant

14. Conducting tissues

16. CONDUCTING TISSUE (VASCULAR TISSUE)
XYLEM PHLOEM
1. Function • Transport of water
from roots to all parts of
plant
• Transport of food leaves
to various parts of plant
2.
Composition
• Consist of:
a)Tracheids
b)Xylem vessels
c)Xylem parenchyma
• Consists of:
a)Sieve tubes
b)Companion cells
c)Phloem parenchyma
d)Phloem fibres
• Cells except for xylem
parenchyma are dead
• Cells are living except for
phloem fibres
•Xylem and phloem are found in the veins of leaf, stem and root
• They constitute complex tissue

17. Recap
Protective tissue
Supportive tissue

19. ANIMAL TISSUES
• There are four main
type of animal
tissues:
1.Epithelial tissue
2.Connective tissue
3.Muscle tissue
4.Nervous tissue
The microscopic study of cells and tissue type is called
Histology

20. Epithelial tissue
• Thin, closely packed, continuous sheet of cells
• Location: Outermost layer of skin, lines the
cavities and surfaces of internal organs
• Shape: flat, cuboidal or columnar
• Function: Protection (radiation, germs),
absorption (nutrient), secretion (sweat)

21. Epithelial tissues are of 6 categories depending
on their structure (extra information)

22. Connective tissue
The connective tissue is specialized to connect
and anchor various body organs.
• Structure: 3 characteristics
1.Abundant matrix
2.Fewer cellular elements
3.Fibres
• Location: between different tissues and organs
• Function: binding,supporting and packing
together different organs of the body

24. • It is the simplest and most widely distributed connective
tissue.
• Structure: It is a loose and cellular connective tissue. Its
matrix consists of two kinds of fibres
• Location: All over in the body, fills spaces between the
organs, around muscles, blood vessels and nerves.
• Functions :
1) Binds various tissues together
2) Makes skin elastic
3) Helps to withstand pulling strain
Areolar connective tissue (packing)

25. Adipose (fat) tissue
• Description: Specialised cells (adipocytes) that store fat
• Location: below the skin, around organs like kidneys,
heart, eye ball etc
• Function:
1. It serves as a fat reservoir.
2. It provides shape to the limbs
and body.
3. It acts an insulator and conserves
body temperature.

26. Fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue is characterized by ordered and
densely packed collection of fibres
Ligament
connect bone
to bone

27. Supportive connective tissue
The skeletal or supporting tissue includes Cartilage and bone
which forms the endoskeleton of the vertebrate body.
Bone
1. It is a porous and non- flexible
2. It has solid calcified matrix
3. It has good supply of blood
vessels and nerves
4. Forms supportive framework of
the body. (limbs, skull, ribcage)
5. It protects vital organs such as
brains, heart,lungs etc.
Cartilage
1. It is non-porous and flexible
2. It has thickened matrix
3. It has no blood vessels or
nerves
4. Located at the tip of nose,
external part of ear
between vertebrae & end of
long bones
5. It provides flexibility to the
body parts

28. CARTILAGE
BONE

29. Fluid connective tissue
Blood
1. Composed of plasma +
RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets
2. Flows through arteries,
veins and capillaries
3. Transports nutrients,
hormones and O2 to tissues
and organs
Lymph
1. It is a colourless fluid that
composes of plasma +WBC’s
2. It is present in lymph vessels all
over the body
3. It brings CO2 and nitrogenous
wastes from tissue fluid to blood.
Both blood and lymph protect the body against
infections (provide immunity). It forms the
defence system of the body.

30. MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Muscular tissue is a contractile tissue made up
of muscle cells
• Description: elongated cells called muscle
fibres
• Ability to contract and relax
• Function: movement and locomotion of body

31. Types of Muscle tissue

32. Striated muscles
• Also known as voluntary, striped or skeletal muscles
• Structure: elongated, cylindrical and unbranched
muscle fibres
• Multinucleated
• Alternate light and dark striations
• Location: muscles of arms, legs,
neck, face, diaphragm etc
• Function: Movement and locomotion
⮚ Muscles undergo rapid contractions which are
voluntary
⮚ These muscles get tired and need rest

33. Unstriated muscles
• Also known as involuntary, smooth or visceral muscles.
• Structure: long, narrow, spindle shaped and tapering
towards the end
• Uninucleated
• Smooth with NO striations
• Location: iris of the eye, lining of blood vessels,
intestine, urinary bladder, uterus
• Function: Involuntary movements (passage of food)
⮚ Muscles undergo slow contractions which are
involuntary
⮚ These muscles do not get tired

34. Cardiac muscles
• Also known as heart muscles.
• Structure: short, striated and branched muscle fibres
• Location: Only in walls of the heart
• Function: pumping of blood throughout the body
⮚ Muscles undergo continuous involuntary rhythmic
contractions and relaxations throughout life
⮚ These muscles do not get tired

35. Neural tissue
• Description: Consists of specialised elongated
cells called neurons or nerve cells
• Location: nervous system of the body (brain,
spinal cord and nerves)
• Function: conduction of nerve impulse and
response to stimuli

36. Structure of Neuron
• 3 distinct parts:
1. Cyton / perikaryon or cell
body
2. Dendron
3. Axon or nerve fibre
❑Cyton contains the nucleus,
granular cytoplasm

37. ❑ Dendrons are short
cytoplasmic extensions arising
from the cyton & further
branch into dendrites
❑ Axons are long, cylindrical
cytoplasmic extensions
which form fine branches
terminally
The Dendrites receive impulses
and the axon takes impulses
away from the cell body

38. SUMMARY

39. Quiz
1. A group of cells performing a particular
function is __________
• A) Organ
• B. Body
• C Tissue
• D organ system

40. 2. Group of dividing cells of a plant
a) Permanent tissue
b) Meristematic tissue
c) Vascular tissue
d) None

41. 3. Non dividing cells produced to meristem are
called
• A) Permanent tissue
• B Bark tissue
• C) Epidermis
• D Parenchyma

42. 4. There are two types of permanent tissue.
One is simple permanent tissue and another is:
• a. Double permanent tissue
• b. Special
• c. Complex
• d. None

43. 5. Food storing simple permanent tissue is:
• a. Parenchyma
• b. Collenchyma c
• . Scleroid
• d. None

44. 6. Chlorenchyma is a type of:
• a. Parenchyma
• b. Vascular bundle
• c. Xylem
• d. Phloem.

45. 7. Simple permanent tissue has only a single
kind of permanent cells while Complex
permanent tissue has:
a. At least four
b. b. At least two
c. c. All cells are different
d. d. Does not matter

46. 8. Tissues in tendrils of a climber plant and leaf
stalk of a plant are examples of which
tissue?
• a. Parenchyma
• b. Collenchyma
• c. Vascular
• d. Bark

47. 9. Lignified thick cell wall with no cytoplasmic
space in a cell is a charecteristic of :
a. Parenchyma
b. b. Collenchyma
c. c. Sclerenchyma
d. d. Epidermisis

48. 10. The pore through which transpiration in
plant occurs is:
• a. Stoma
• b. Vacuole
• c. Plastid
• d. None

49. • 11. One of the tissues in the given options is
dead tissue. Identify it.
• a. Parenchyma
• b. Collenchyma
• c. Sclerenchyma
• d. Xylem

50. • 12 Phloem and xylems are:
• a. Simple permanent tissue
• b. Complex permanent tissue
• c. Vascular tissue
• d. both b & c