PLANT PROPAGATING MATERIALS USED IN FOREST NURSERY.pptx
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different plant propagation materials. ways of plant propagation such as seed, root sucker, coppice and cuttings.
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Classes of seeds
This document summarizes the different classes of seeds in the development and certification process. It begins with nucleus seed, which is genetically pure seed from a small number of selected plants. Breeder's seed is produced from nucleus seed and is used to produce foundation seed. Foundation seed is multiplied to produce registered seed, which can be further multiplied to produce certified seed, the class that is sold to farmers. Certified seed must meet standards for genetic purity, identity and quality.
Seed and Seed technology
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
Seed development and maturation
The document discusses the stages of seed development from formation of reproductive organs to maturation. It describes the processes of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis which lead to the development of embryo sac and pollen grains. Pollination and fertilization occur, followed by embryogenesis and storage tissue formation as starch, fat, and proteins are deposited in the developing seed. Proper nutrition and irrigation are important for seed development and maturity is reached when seeds reach maximum dry weight and viability. Harvesting before or after physiological maturity can impact seed quality and storage potential.
Seed multiplication
This document discusses seed multiplication, which is the process of increasing the quantity of seed from limited breeder seed to commercial quantities. It involves several stages: breeder seed, foundation seed, registered seed, and certified seed. Breeder seed is produced by the plant breeder and is genetically pure. Foundation seed is produced directly from breeder seed to be the source of registered and certified seed. Registered seed is produced from foundation or registered seed. Certified seed is produced from foundation, registered, or certified seed and must meet purity and quality requirements to be certified for commercial use. The benefits of new varieties cannot be realized without sufficient seed multiplication to commercial levels.
Seed and seed technology
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Sugarcane
This document provides information about sugarcane, including its origins in Southeast Asia, major producing countries, and species. It discusses the cytogenetics of sugarcane, describing that it is a complex polyploid with high chromosome numbers. The document also covers the floral morphology of sugarcane, detailing characteristics of the stalk, leaves, roots, inflorescence and flowering process.
Floral biology and breeding of coconut
This document discusses the floral biology and breeding of coconut. It begins by outlining the taxonomic classification of coconut and describing its origin and worldwide distribution. It then covers the plant's morphology and uses. The document details coconut's floral biology, pollination process, and fruit development. It concludes by explaining coconut breeding methods, including introduction, selection, and hybridization approaches. Mass selection of superior mother palms based on traits like yield, age, leaf and flower characteristics, and nut size and shape is emphasized.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS IN FLOWER CROPS (1).pptx.pdf
This document summarizes common physiological and nutritional disorders in rose, lily, and chrysanthemum flowers. For roses, it describes blind shoots, bent necks, bull heads, and balling as physiological disorders, and iron and boron deficiencies as nutritional disorders. For lilies, it discusses bud blasting, leaf scorch, and folder ears physiologically, and nitrogen and calcium deficiencies nutritionally. Chrysanthemum disorders covered are leaf spots, powdery mildew, and gray mould physiologically, and iron and copper deficiencies nutritionally. The causes, symptoms, and impacts of each disorder are described.
Recommended
Classes of seeds
This document summarizes the different classes of seeds in the development and certification process. It begins with nucleus seed, which is genetically pure seed from a small number of selected plants. Breeder's seed is produced from nucleus seed and is used to produce foundation seed. Foundation seed is multiplied to produce registered seed, which can be further multiplied to produce certified seed, the class that is sold to farmers. Certified seed must meet standards for genetic purity, identity and quality.
Seed and Seed technology
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
Seed development and maturation
The document discusses the stages of seed development from formation of reproductive organs to maturation. It describes the processes of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis which lead to the development of embryo sac and pollen grains. Pollination and fertilization occur, followed by embryogenesis and storage tissue formation as starch, fat, and proteins are deposited in the developing seed. Proper nutrition and irrigation are important for seed development and maturity is reached when seeds reach maximum dry weight and viability. Harvesting before or after physiological maturity can impact seed quality and storage potential.
Seed multiplication
This document discusses seed multiplication, which is the process of increasing the quantity of seed from limited breeder seed to commercial quantities. It involves several stages: breeder seed, foundation seed, registered seed, and certified seed. Breeder seed is produced by the plant breeder and is genetically pure. Foundation seed is produced directly from breeder seed to be the source of registered and certified seed. Registered seed is produced from foundation or registered seed. Certified seed is produced from foundation, registered, or certified seed and must meet purity and quality requirements to be certified for commercial use. The benefits of new varieties cannot be realized without sufficient seed multiplication to commercial levels.
Seed and seed technology
seed,definition,introduction, seed quality, classes of seed, roles and goals, seed and grain, generation system.
Sugarcane
This document provides information about sugarcane, including its origins in Southeast Asia, major producing countries, and species. It discusses the cytogenetics of sugarcane, describing that it is a complex polyploid with high chromosome numbers. The document also covers the floral morphology of sugarcane, detailing characteristics of the stalk, leaves, roots, inflorescence and flowering process.
Floral biology and breeding of coconut
This document discusses the floral biology and breeding of coconut. It begins by outlining the taxonomic classification of coconut and describing its origin and worldwide distribution. It then covers the plant's morphology and uses. The document details coconut's floral biology, pollination process, and fruit development. It concludes by explaining coconut breeding methods, including introduction, selection, and hybridization approaches. Mass selection of superior mother palms based on traits like yield, age, leaf and flower characteristics, and nut size and shape is emphasized.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS IN FLOWER CROPS (1).pptx.pdf
This document summarizes common physiological and nutritional disorders in rose, lily, and chrysanthemum flowers. For roses, it describes blind shoots, bent necks, bull heads, and balling as physiological disorders, and iron and boron deficiencies as nutritional disorders. For lilies, it discusses bud blasting, leaf scorch, and folder ears physiologically, and nitrogen and calcium deficiencies nutritionally. Chrysanthemum disorders covered are leaf spots, powdery mildew, and gray mould physiologically, and iron and copper deficiencies nutritionally. The causes, symptoms, and impacts of each disorder are described.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
growth stages of wheat
Wheat is a staple food for 35% of the world's population. It has important growth stages from emergence to physiological maturity including germination, tillering, booting, heading, flowering, and grain filling. Phenological studies observe the timing and duration of these growth stages, which can vary depending on genotype, temperature, day length, and sowing date. Understanding wheat development and growth stages is important for agronomic management practices.
Ear to row method
This document describes the ear to row method of plant breeding in cross-pollinated plants. The ear to row method involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype, allowing them to open pollinate, growing progeny rows from the seed of each plant, evaluating the progeny rows for desirable traits, selecting superior progenies, and repeating the process over multiple cycles of selection and progeny testing to improve the crop variety. It was developed by Hopkins in 1908 and is commonly used for maize breeding. The method allows for selection based on progeny performance rather than just plant phenotype.
Breeding methods in sugarcane
The document discusses breeding methods for sugarcane. The objectives of sugarcane breeding are to develop varieties with high yield, high sugar content, and tolerance to drought, cold, salt, and pests/diseases. Breeding is challenging due to sugarcane's complex genome, variable chromosome number, rare flowering, and susceptibility to stresses. Methods discussed include biparental crosses, area crosses, coimbatore method, marcotting, and melting pot techniques.
Principles of vegetable seed production
The document discusses the principles of vegetable seed production. It covers genetic principles like variety deterioration, natural crossing, and maintaining genetic purity during seed production. It also discusses agronomic principles such as selection of the production region, isolation of seed crops, land preparation, variety selection, seed treatment, sowing time and method, irrigation, harvesting, drying and storage. Following appropriate seed production techniques can help farmers produce quality seeds for their own use or sale to generate income and boost overall vegetable production.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops with major emphasis on population ...
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on breeding methods in cross-pollinated crops with an emphasis on population improvement. The presentation covered topics like introduction, breeding methods, population improvement, and a case study. Some key breeding methods discussed include mass selection, progeny testing, recurrent selection, hybrids, and synthetics/composites. The document provides details on backcross breeding methods for both transferring dominant and recessive genes, including the steps involved in multiple generations of backcrossing and selection.
Seed vigour
Seed vigour is determined by the properties that allow seeds to germinate and grow in different environments. It is affected by both internal factors, like genotype and seed size, and external factors such as mechanical injury during harvesting, pre-harvesting conditions, soil temperature and moisture, tillage and fertilizer use, and moisture uptake. Smaller seeds tend to be less vigorous than medium or large seeds. Harvesting seeds before maturity and mechanical damage during harvesting can reduce seed vigour by allowing pathogens to enter seeds. High soil moisture and temperature during seed development and storage can increase respiration and pathogen growth, shortening storage life. Tillage and adequate fertilizer promote seed yield and vigour.
Cotton breeding
Cotton is an important warm season crop grown for its fiber. It is a dicot plant that is often cross pollinated. The two main types are old world cotton which are diploid species, and new world cotton which are allo-tetraploid species. Breeding objectives for cotton include improved fiber yield and quality, early maturity, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Hybridization is the main breeding method used to combine desirable traits from different cotton varieties.
Pedigree Selection
The document discusses the pedigree selection method for plant breeding. It begins by explaining that the pedigree method was first outlined in 1927 and involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and recording their progeny relationships until homozygosity is reached.
It then notes that a pedigree record details the relationships between selected plants and their progeny, and is helpful for determining genetic relatedness. The pedigree method is commonly used for self-pollinated crops to select for specific traits like disease resistance over multiple generations. While it is effective for simply inherited traits and faster than bulk methods, maintaining accurate pedigree records takes time and skill from breeders.
Seed treatment and its packing
Seed treatment and packing are important to protect seeds from biotic and abiotic damage during storage and transport. Seed treatment not only prevents damage but also improves quality by adding microbes that fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorus to reduce fertilizer needs. The benefits of seed treatment include preventing disease spread, protecting from blight and rot, improving germination, and controlling storage pests and soil insects. Common seed treatments include mercurial, organic non-mercurial, and inorganic non-mercurial products. After treatment, seeds are packaged, weighed, labeled, and stored or shipped using various conveying equipment suited to the seed quantity and transport direction.
seed viability dormancy and storage
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
Breeding of cucurbits
This document provides information on the breeding of cucumber crops. It discusses the taxonomy and domestication of cucumber, describing its botanical classification and possible centers of origin. Methods of cucumber breeding that are described include mass selection, backcrossing, heterosis breeding using gynoecious lines, interspecific hybridization, and polyploidy breeding. The genetics of sex expression in cucumber are also summarized. Recommended resistant varieties and breeding objectives such as reduced plant height are mentioned.
Seed multiplication
Seed certification is a quality assurance system that subjects seeds intended for marketing to official controls and inspections. It involves a series of seed multiplication steps - from breeder seed to foundation seed to registered seed to certified seed - to produce sufficient quantities of pure seed for commercial use while maintaining genetic purity. The key steps in seed certification include applying for seed production, registering sowing reports, conducting field inspections, processing seeds, sampling and analysis, tagging certified seeds that meet standards. This ensures farmers have access to high quality seeds of improved varieties.
Seed inspector
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
Backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer.
This document discusses the backcross method for transferring dominant and recessive genes. The backcross method involves using a recurrent parent that lacks a desired trait and a donor parent that has the trait in order to transfer the trait to the recurrent parent over multiple generations. For dominant traits, backcrosses can be done sequentially, while for recessive traits, F2 generations must be grown after the first and subsequent backcrosses to identify plants with the recessive trait. The backcross method allows a trait to be transferred without significantly changing the genotype of the recurrent parent. Some examples of traits transferred through backcrossing include rust resistance in wheat and downy mildew resistance in pearl millet.
Groundnut
1) The document discusses the floral biology and crossing techniques used in groundnut or peanut. It describes the flower structure and development, self-pollination, hybridization process including emasculation and pollination.
2) Two common hybridization techniques are discussed - the conventional technique which involves emasculation by removing anthers followed by pollination, and the ring cut technique which uses incisions and forceps to expose and remove anthers.
3) After pollination, developing hybrid pegs are monitored and grown along with parental lines to confirm hybridity based on morphological traits and seed characteristics. The goal is to develop new varieties with traits like high yield, early maturity, and resistance to diseases
Flower biology of pigeon pea
This document is an assignment on the floral biology of pigeon pea submitted by Jay Khaniya, an M.Sc. (Agri.) student, to their professor Dr. C. A. Babariya. It contains diagrams and descriptions of the pigeon pea flower from immature to mature stages, including its raceme structure and the parts of the flower such as the standard, wings, keels, staminal column, ovary, style and stigma.
Hybrid seed production in redgram
(Cajanus cajan) (2n = 22)
Self pollination is the rule in Red gram and natural crossing extents up to 65 per cent.
often cross pollinated crop.
Hybridization Techniques in Pulses
1. The document discusses hybridization techniques in several pulse crops including red gram, black gram, bengal gram, soybean, and cowpea. It describes the self-pollination mechanisms and hybridization methods for each crop.
2. For most crops, emasculation is done in the evening by removing the stamens, and pollination is performed the next morning by applying pollen from the male parent. Flowers are usually bagged after pollination to ensure controlled crosses.
3. Techniques vary slightly between crops. For example, in black gram pollination occurs before flower opening to ensure self-fertilization, while in bengal gram crossing work is best started when
Plant propagation
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through methods like cutting, grafting, budding, layering, division, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including defining key terms and outlining the basic process. The goal of plant propagation is to multiply plants of the same species while maintaining desirable traits.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 2 method of plant propagation and planning orchard
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation, including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative structures and cuttings. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds, which allows for variation but offspring may not be true-to-type. Asexual propagation methods discussed include stem cuttings, layering techniques like simple layering and mound layering, and grafting and budding. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
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Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
growth stages of wheat
Wheat is a staple food for 35% of the world's population. It has important growth stages from emergence to physiological maturity including germination, tillering, booting, heading, flowering, and grain filling. Phenological studies observe the timing and duration of these growth stages, which can vary depending on genotype, temperature, day length, and sowing date. Understanding wheat development and growth stages is important for agronomic management practices.
Ear to row method
This document describes the ear to row method of plant breeding in cross-pollinated plants. The ear to row method involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype, allowing them to open pollinate, growing progeny rows from the seed of each plant, evaluating the progeny rows for desirable traits, selecting superior progenies, and repeating the process over multiple cycles of selection and progeny testing to improve the crop variety. It was developed by Hopkins in 1908 and is commonly used for maize breeding. The method allows for selection based on progeny performance rather than just plant phenotype.
Breeding methods in sugarcane
The document discusses breeding methods for sugarcane. The objectives of sugarcane breeding are to develop varieties with high yield, high sugar content, and tolerance to drought, cold, salt, and pests/diseases. Breeding is challenging due to sugarcane's complex genome, variable chromosome number, rare flowering, and susceptibility to stresses. Methods discussed include biparental crosses, area crosses, coimbatore method, marcotting, and melting pot techniques.
Principles of vegetable seed production
The document discusses the principles of vegetable seed production. It covers genetic principles like variety deterioration, natural crossing, and maintaining genetic purity during seed production. It also discusses agronomic principles such as selection of the production region, isolation of seed crops, land preparation, variety selection, seed treatment, sowing time and method, irrigation, harvesting, drying and storage. Following appropriate seed production techniques can help farmers produce quality seeds for their own use or sale to generate income and boost overall vegetable production.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops with major emphasis on population ...
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on breeding methods in cross-pollinated crops with an emphasis on population improvement. The presentation covered topics like introduction, breeding methods, population improvement, and a case study. Some key breeding methods discussed include mass selection, progeny testing, recurrent selection, hybrids, and synthetics/composites. The document provides details on backcross breeding methods for both transferring dominant and recessive genes, including the steps involved in multiple generations of backcrossing and selection.
Seed vigour
Seed vigour is determined by the properties that allow seeds to germinate and grow in different environments. It is affected by both internal factors, like genotype and seed size, and external factors such as mechanical injury during harvesting, pre-harvesting conditions, soil temperature and moisture, tillage and fertilizer use, and moisture uptake. Smaller seeds tend to be less vigorous than medium or large seeds. Harvesting seeds before maturity and mechanical damage during harvesting can reduce seed vigour by allowing pathogens to enter seeds. High soil moisture and temperature during seed development and storage can increase respiration and pathogen growth, shortening storage life. Tillage and adequate fertilizer promote seed yield and vigour.
Cotton breeding
Cotton is an important warm season crop grown for its fiber. It is a dicot plant that is often cross pollinated. The two main types are old world cotton which are diploid species, and new world cotton which are allo-tetraploid species. Breeding objectives for cotton include improved fiber yield and quality, early maturity, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Hybridization is the main breeding method used to combine desirable traits from different cotton varieties.
Pedigree Selection
The document discusses the pedigree selection method for plant breeding. It begins by explaining that the pedigree method was first outlined in 1927 and involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and recording their progeny relationships until homozygosity is reached.
It then notes that a pedigree record details the relationships between selected plants and their progeny, and is helpful for determining genetic relatedness. The pedigree method is commonly used for self-pollinated crops to select for specific traits like disease resistance over multiple generations. While it is effective for simply inherited traits and faster than bulk methods, maintaining accurate pedigree records takes time and skill from breeders.
Seed treatment and its packing
Seed treatment and packing are important to protect seeds from biotic and abiotic damage during storage and transport. Seed treatment not only prevents damage but also improves quality by adding microbes that fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorus to reduce fertilizer needs. The benefits of seed treatment include preventing disease spread, protecting from blight and rot, improving germination, and controlling storage pests and soil insects. Common seed treatments include mercurial, organic non-mercurial, and inorganic non-mercurial products. After treatment, seeds are packaged, weighed, labeled, and stored or shipped using various conveying equipment suited to the seed quantity and transport direction.
seed viability dormancy and storage
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
Breeding of cucurbits
This document provides information on the breeding of cucumber crops. It discusses the taxonomy and domestication of cucumber, describing its botanical classification and possible centers of origin. Methods of cucumber breeding that are described include mass selection, backcrossing, heterosis breeding using gynoecious lines, interspecific hybridization, and polyploidy breeding. The genetics of sex expression in cucumber are also summarized. Recommended resistant varieties and breeding objectives such as reduced plant height are mentioned.
Seed multiplication
Seed certification is a quality assurance system that subjects seeds intended for marketing to official controls and inspections. It involves a series of seed multiplication steps - from breeder seed to foundation seed to registered seed to certified seed - to produce sufficient quantities of pure seed for commercial use while maintaining genetic purity. The key steps in seed certification include applying for seed production, registering sowing reports, conducting field inspections, processing seeds, sampling and analysis, tagging certified seeds that meet standards. This ensures farmers have access to high quality seeds of improved varieties.
Seed inspector
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
Backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer.
This document discusses the backcross method for transferring dominant and recessive genes. The backcross method involves using a recurrent parent that lacks a desired trait and a donor parent that has the trait in order to transfer the trait to the recurrent parent over multiple generations. For dominant traits, backcrosses can be done sequentially, while for recessive traits, F2 generations must be grown after the first and subsequent backcrosses to identify plants with the recessive trait. The backcross method allows a trait to be transferred without significantly changing the genotype of the recurrent parent. Some examples of traits transferred through backcrossing include rust resistance in wheat and downy mildew resistance in pearl millet.
Groundnut
1) The document discusses the floral biology and crossing techniques used in groundnut or peanut. It describes the flower structure and development, self-pollination, hybridization process including emasculation and pollination.
2) Two common hybridization techniques are discussed - the conventional technique which involves emasculation by removing anthers followed by pollination, and the ring cut technique which uses incisions and forceps to expose and remove anthers.
3) After pollination, developing hybrid pegs are monitored and grown along with parental lines to confirm hybridity based on morphological traits and seed characteristics. The goal is to develop new varieties with traits like high yield, early maturity, and resistance to diseases
Flower biology of pigeon pea
This document is an assignment on the floral biology of pigeon pea submitted by Jay Khaniya, an M.Sc. (Agri.) student, to their professor Dr. C. A. Babariya. It contains diagrams and descriptions of the pigeon pea flower from immature to mature stages, including its raceme structure and the parts of the flower such as the standard, wings, keels, staminal column, ovary, style and stigma.
Hybrid seed production in redgram
(Cajanus cajan) (2n = 22)
Self pollination is the rule in Red gram and natural crossing extents up to 65 per cent.
often cross pollinated crop.
Hybridization Techniques in Pulses
1. The document discusses hybridization techniques in several pulse crops including red gram, black gram, bengal gram, soybean, and cowpea. It describes the self-pollination mechanisms and hybridization methods for each crop.
2. For most crops, emasculation is done in the evening by removing the stamens, and pollination is performed the next morning by applying pollen from the male parent. Flowers are usually bagged after pollination to ensure controlled crosses.
3. Techniques vary slightly between crops. For example, in black gram pollination occurs before flower opening to ensure self-fertilization, while in bengal gram crossing work is best started when
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This document discusses various methods of plant propagation, including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative structures and cuttings. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds, which allows for variation but offspring may not be true-to-type. Asexual propagation methods discussed include stem cuttings, layering techniques like simple layering and mound layering, and grafting and budding. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
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Plant propagation can occur through sexual or asexual methods. Sexual propagation uses seeds while asexual propagation involves vegetative reproduction through methods like cuttings, grafting, layering, and tissue culture. Cuttings require specific conditions like humidity and rooting hormones to successfully root. Grafting and budding combine scion cultivars onto rootstocks to control size or allow propagation of difficult to root plants. Layering induces roots to form on intact or nearly intact plants. Specialized structures like bulbs, corms, and tubers are also used in propagation. Micropropagation is a rapid, efficient method using specialized equipment but is only cost effective for large scale cloning. Seed propagation is widely used due to low cost and
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- 1. PLANT PROPAGATING MATERIALS USED IN FOREST NURSERY SUBMITTED TO College of Forestry Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology
- 2. WHAT WE MEAN BY PROPAGATION It is the controlled perpatuation of plants, Otherwise we can say the plant multiplication. The objective of propagation are…… I. To increase in number of plants. II. To preserve the essential character of plant.
- 3. TYPES OF PLANTING MATERIALS…….. Plants can be propagated by sexually(seed) or asexually (stumps, root suckers, coppice,cuttings etc)….. SEED ROOT SUCKERS STUMPS COPPICE LAYERING BUDDING GRAFTING
- 4. • Plants may be propagated by seeds, but often desirable cultivars are propagated asexually. The most common method is by cuttings. These can be taken from shoot tips or parts of stems with a node (softwood cuttings) or from older stems (hardwood cuttings). • Herbaceous perennials are also often propagated by root cuttings or division. For plants on a rootstock grafting or budding is used. Older techniques like layering are sometimes used for crops which are difficult to propagate.
- 5. Propagation by seed….. The most common method of propagation for self pollinated plant is by seed SEED IS LESS EXPENSIVE. Seed is kept dry and cool for maintaining seed viability from harvest to the next planting season. SOME TREES PROPAGATED BY SEEDS ONLY ARE…. a. DALBERGIA SISOO b. ACACIA NILOTICA c. ADINA CORDIFOLIA d. GMELINA ARBOREA e. TOONA SILIATA
- 6. Propagation by ROOT-SUCKERs…… The shoots when arise from the roots are called root suckers. The propagation of root suckers are obtained by felling the tree or by injury to roots. Some times the root suckers may be promoted by trenching around trees and running trenches through tree areas. Stereospermum and millingtonia are able to produce natural root suckers at far away distance from parent tree. SOME SPC. PROPAGATES BY ROOT SUCKERS ARE…. DALBERGIA LATTIFOLIA, ACACIA NILOTICA, PROSOPIS SINERARIA,DIOSPERMUM MELANOXYLON, ACACIA CATECHU,
- 8. New shoots arise from the pollarded plants or from damaged buds. SAL,TEAK &SISSOO COPPICE WELL. Coppice growth is quite vulnerable to high winds, rains and floods. CONIFERS DOES NOT COPPICE BUT CHIR PINE COPPICE IN VERY YOUNG STAGE. SAL AND EUCALYPUTS IS BEST EXAMPLES FOR SEEDLING COPPICE. THERE ARE ABOUT 100 SPC.WHICH COPPICE BUT THEIR COPPICING ABILITY DIFFERS. IN COPPICE SHOOT PROPAGATION ONLY ONE DOMINATING SHOOT SHOULD BE RETAINED.
- 11. ROOT SECTION CUTTINGS:-BOMBAX CEIBA,ARTOCARPUS INDICA,AILANTHUS EXCELSA,CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA. ROOT AND SHOOT OR STUMP CUTTINGS:- TEAK,SISSOO,GAMHAR,BOMBAX CEIBA
- 13. LAYERING THIS IS A COMMON PRACTICE TO FORM ROOTS ON BRANCHES WHEN THEY ARE ATTACHED TO THE TREE. TYPE OF LAYERING:- a. AIR LAYERING b. SOIL LAYERING a. AIR LAYERING:-DALBERGIA SISSOO,MORUS ALBA,FICUS CARICA b. SOIL LAYERING:-MORUS ALBA,FICUS SSP.
- 14. STAGES OF AIR LAYERING
- 15. GRAFTING
- 16. VENEER GRAFTING
- 17. BUDDING
- 21. CONCLUSION BY MAKING OUR NURSERY BEDS IN OUR COLLEGE CAMPUS WE HAD A BETTER EXPERIENCE THAT THE FOREST NURSERY ESTABLISHED FROM CUTTINGS (STUMPS) COMPARISON TO SEED AND OTHER METHODS GIVES THE BETTER PERFORMANCE.