Seed treatment and its packing
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
3 likes•3,199 views
Seed treatment and packing are important to protect seeds from biotic and abiotic damage during storage and transport. Seed treatment not only prevents damage but also improves quality by adding microbes that fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorus to reduce fertilizer needs. The benefits of seed treatment include preventing disease spread, protecting from blight and rot, improving germination, and controlling storage pests and soil insects. Common seed treatments include mercurial, organic non-mercurial, and inorganic non-mercurial products. After treatment, seeds are packaged, weighed, labeled, and stored or shipped using various conveying equipment suited to the seed quantity and transport direction.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Seed processing and it's steps
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
Seed treatment
Seed can harbor pathogens and soil contains organisms that attack seeds and seedlings. Treating seed with pesticides can improve stand quality, increase yields, and increase return on investment. It involves applying a pesticide to seeds to reduce disease organisms, insects, or other pests that attack seeds or seedlings during storage and after planting. Common seeds treated are corn, small grains, cotton, forage grasses, sorghum, soybeans and vegetables. Seed treatment involves properly applying precisely measured pesticide quantities to seeds using equipment that mixes the pesticide and gently coats the seeds uniformly.
Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability attributes. Physiological attributes include germination percentage and vigor. Genetic attributes ensure the seed is the correct variety and adapted to local conditions. Seed can be classified as breeder's, pre-basic, basic, or certified based on generation and quality controls. Germination occurs through epigeal or hypogeal modes and requires water, air, temperature, and sometimes light.
Methods of fungicide applications
FUNGICIDE APPLICATION INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHOD OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION
SEED TREATMENT-SEED DRESSING, SEED DIPPING
SOIL TREATMENT- SOIL DRENCHING
FOLIAR APPLICATION: SPRAYING, DUSTING
POST HARVEST APPLICATION
SPECIAL METHODS
WHAT IS THE NEED
Seed processing equipment's
This document discusses seed processing equipment and techniques. It begins with an introduction to seed science and processing. It then describes the basic steps in seed processing as pre-conditioning and cleaning, bulk storage, upgrading, treating, and packaging. Various machines used at each step are explained, including scalpers, indent cylinders, gravity separators, color sorters, and fluidized bed dryers. The advantages of processing are also summarized. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key equipment and steps involved in seed processing.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL
This document provides information about the cultivation of brinjal (eggplant). It discusses the botanical details of brinjal, its economic importance and nutritional value. It then describes popular varieties grown in India, ideal climate and soil conditions, cultivation practices like nursery preparation, transplanting, irrigation, fertilizer application etc. It also discusses physiological disorders, seed production and concludes by thanking the reader.
Seed Treatment.pptx
Seed treatments are applied to seeds prior to planting to protect them from diseases and pests. The summary discusses:
1. Seed treatments include applying fungicides, insecticides, or a combination to disinfect and protect seeds from pathogens and storage insects. This prevents disease spread, protects seeds from rot and blights, and improves germination.
2. Certain seeds like injured, diseased, or weak seeds benefit most from treatment to enable germination. Treatment also provides protection under unfavorable soil conditions.
3. There are different types of treatments including pre-sowing, pre-storage, and mid-storage treatments which use various chemicals, processes like hydration-dehydration, or equipment
Seed drying
This document discusses seed drying methods and factors that affect the drying process. It describes drying as the evaporation of moisture from seed surfaces through movement to the surface from within. The drying temperature depends on the initial seed moisture content, with lower temperatures used for higher moisture contents. Methods mentioned include solar drying, shade drying, forced air drying, vacuum drying, and batch or continuous flow drying using heated air. Factors noted as influencing drying include the initial moisture content, humidity, temperature, air flow, seed properties, and drying system design.
Recommended
Seed processing and it's steps
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
Seed treatment
Seed can harbor pathogens and soil contains organisms that attack seeds and seedlings. Treating seed with pesticides can improve stand quality, increase yields, and increase return on investment. It involves applying a pesticide to seeds to reduce disease organisms, insects, or other pests that attack seeds or seedlings during storage and after planting. Common seeds treated are corn, small grains, cotton, forage grasses, sorghum, soybeans and vegetables. Seed treatment involves properly applying precisely measured pesticide quantities to seeds using equipment that mixes the pesticide and gently coats the seeds uniformly.
Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability attributes. Physiological attributes include germination percentage and vigor. Genetic attributes ensure the seed is the correct variety and adapted to local conditions. Seed can be classified as breeder's, pre-basic, basic, or certified based on generation and quality controls. Germination occurs through epigeal or hypogeal modes and requires water, air, temperature, and sometimes light.
Methods of fungicide applications
FUNGICIDE APPLICATION INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHOD OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION
SEED TREATMENT-SEED DRESSING, SEED DIPPING
SOIL TREATMENT- SOIL DRENCHING
FOLIAR APPLICATION: SPRAYING, DUSTING
POST HARVEST APPLICATION
SPECIAL METHODS
WHAT IS THE NEED
Seed processing equipment's
This document discusses seed processing equipment and techniques. It begins with an introduction to seed science and processing. It then describes the basic steps in seed processing as pre-conditioning and cleaning, bulk storage, upgrading, treating, and packaging. Various machines used at each step are explained, including scalpers, indent cylinders, gravity separators, color sorters, and fluidized bed dryers. The advantages of processing are also summarized. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key equipment and steps involved in seed processing.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL
This document provides information about the cultivation of brinjal (eggplant). It discusses the botanical details of brinjal, its economic importance and nutritional value. It then describes popular varieties grown in India, ideal climate and soil conditions, cultivation practices like nursery preparation, transplanting, irrigation, fertilizer application etc. It also discusses physiological disorders, seed production and concludes by thanking the reader.
Seed Treatment.pptx
Seed treatments are applied to seeds prior to planting to protect them from diseases and pests. The summary discusses:
1. Seed treatments include applying fungicides, insecticides, or a combination to disinfect and protect seeds from pathogens and storage insects. This prevents disease spread, protects seeds from rot and blights, and improves germination.
2. Certain seeds like injured, diseased, or weak seeds benefit most from treatment to enable germination. Treatment also provides protection under unfavorable soil conditions.
3. There are different types of treatments including pre-sowing, pre-storage, and mid-storage treatments which use various chemicals, processes like hydration-dehydration, or equipment
Seed drying
This document discusses seed drying methods and factors that affect the drying process. It describes drying as the evaporation of moisture from seed surfaces through movement to the surface from within. The drying temperature depends on the initial seed moisture content, with lower temperatures used for higher moisture contents. Methods mentioned include solar drying, shade drying, forced air drying, vacuum drying, and batch or continuous flow drying using heated air. Factors noted as influencing drying include the initial moisture content, humidity, temperature, air flow, seed properties, and drying system design.
Steps involve in Seed processing
This document outlines the key steps involved in seed processing, which includes pre-conditioning, cleaning, and grading. Pre-conditioning involves removing plant parts from harvested seeds through shelling. Cleaning is done using air screens and vibrating screens to remove external materials like trash and stones. This is mostly done using an air-screen cleaner. The final step of grading further separates seeds by size, shape, and other physical properties using different machines like specific gravity separators or spiral separators to obtain high quality seeds free of impurities. Seed processing helps improve planting conditions, seed quality, and applies treatments to prevent disease.
Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and thei...
IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PARASITOIDS
A parasitoid is an insect living on or in the body of another insect, called the host from which it gets protection and food during its immature stage and the adults are free living.
In a typical case, eggs are laid on or in the body of the host, the larvae feed on the body contents of the host, pupate either inside or on the host body and emerge as adults.
The hosts are not killed immediately. Most of the parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (90%) and Diptera (10%).
type of parasitism
Superparasitism:-
When more than one adult of the same species attack the host.
Eg:-Trichospilus pupivara -opisina arenosella
Multiparasitism:-
More than one species attack the host
Eg:-Bethylids and braconids - o.arenosella
Hyperparasitism:-
When a parasitiod is attacked by another parasitiod.
Eg:- Aphid - Aphidius -asaphess
Most insect parasitoid are waps and flies
Most of parasitoides belong to -hymenoptera and diptera
1.Hymenoptera
The ovipositor originates and protrudes ventrally from the abdomen and is used to insert eggs into their hosts. There are three super families.
a) Super Family : ICHNEUMONOIDEA
* Possess long and filiform antennae
* Wings are veined
Example - Family : ICHNEUMONIDAE
Family : BRACONIDAE
b) Super Family : CHALCIDOIDEA
* Mostly smallest parasitoids and gregarious
* Antennae geniculate
* Abdomen very short or globular with very slender propodeum
* Wings without veins
example-Family : CHALCIDIDAE
Family : TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE
Family : EULOPHIDAE
c) Super family : BETHYLOIDEA
* Smaller than Icheneumonoidea and larger than Chalcidoidea
example- Family : BETHYLIDAE
* Eg. Parasierola (= Goniozus) nephantidis, a larval parasitoid on O. arenosella
2) Order : DIPTERA
Family : TACHINIDAE
* Eg. Sturmiopsis inferens, a larval parasitoid on sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus
* Large bristle flies
* Eggs may be macrotype or microtype
* Macrotype eggs are laid directly on the host's body usually attached to the neck region by a glutinous secretion
* Eg. Spoggosia bezziana on O. arenosella
* Microtype eggs are laid on the host plant and the host larvae feeding on the plant tissue ingest them
Predators
predators kill and feed on several to many individual prey during their lifetimes.
Many species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles prey extensively on insects.
Predatory beetles, flies, lacewings, true bugs (Order Hemiptera), and wasps feed on various pest insects or mites.
Most spiders feed entirely on insects.
Predatory mites that feed primarily on pest spider mites include Amblyseius spp., Neoseiulus spp., and the western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis
Grain quality deterioration ppt pdf
this power point presentation contains about grain quality deterioration from insects, pests, microorganisms, rodents and birds, and their control measures and physiological, chemical changes during storage, moisture migration during storage etc., It contains the principal of fumigation and different types of fumigants and their applications
Packaging, labeling and packaging materials for seeds
Packaging, labeling and packaging materials for seedsUniversity of horticultural sciences, Bagalkote
The document discusses seed packaging, labeling, and storage. It describes the different types of containers used for packaging seeds, including moisture-proof and hermetically sealed containers for long-term storage. The key steps in seed packaging include preparing and weighing seeds, filling labeled containers, sealing containers to maintain moisture content, and recording packaging information. Quality control checks ensure containers are sealed properly and don't leak. Labels contain important information about the seed accession for identification and tracking.Nursery bed preparation and raising different vegetable crops
This document discusses nursery bed preparation and raising different vegetable crops. It defines a nursery as an area used to raise and nurture seedlings until they are ready to be sold or transplanted. The document outlines different types of nurseries and considerations for selecting a nursery site, including location, soil type, and drainage. It describes three methods for preparing nursery beds: sunken beds, which are below ground level to conserve water; raised beds, which are 15 cm high for drainage; and level beds for non-rainy seasons, with provisions for drainage. Precautions during bed preparation include providing sufficient nutrition, fertile soil, drainage, and insect protection.
Multipurpose Trees for Bio-remediation
This document discusses multipurpose tree species that can be used for bio-remediation of problematic soils. It provides examples of trees like Gliricidia sepium that can provide multiple products and notes features of good multipurpose tree species, like having deep roots and nutrients in foliage. It also gives examples of trees suitable for saline, sodic and saline-sodic soils and their tolerance levels.
Seed treatments
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy forms to enhance germination. There are physical (e.g. hot water), chemical, and biological seed treatments. Hot water treatment kills diseases but can damage old seeds. Scarification mechanically or chemically damages seed coats to allow water penetration. Stratification exposes seeds to temperatures to overcome dormancy. Chemical treatments use salts or other compounds. Ultrasound increases seed permeability and germination in some crops like chickpeas but decreases it in others like peppers. It is a non-chemical method that increases alpha-amylase and germination speed.
Seed treatment
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy to enhance planting value. Historically, seeds were steeped in substances like milk, cow dung, and honey according to Indian scripts. Modern seed treatment effectively controls many seed-borne diseases. Methods include coating seeds with chemicals, pelleting seeds with pesticides and nutrients, and priming seeds by soaking in osmotic solutions. This stimulates germination without radicle emergence. Seed treatment offers local application, reduced rates, protection from sowing, and systemic uptake by plants. Major crops are often treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma, or insecticides to control various diseases and pests.
Seed certification
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
Seed processing
In our daily life seed is a essential factor we use it for produce new plant and from the plant we take different types of grains.Seed is the vital element for germination new plant .
Sowing and methods
Sowing involves placing seeds in soil at an appropriate depth where conditions allow for germination and crop establishment. The optimal sowing time varies by crop and agro-climatic zone. Seed rate is calculated based on factors like plant spacing, row spacing, purity, and germination percentage. Seeds can be sown through broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, or transplanting seedlings from a nursery bed. Depth of sowing and plant density depend on seed size, soil texture, moisture, and season. Field conditions for sowing include dry, moist, or wet soil depending on the crop.
Training in Grapes.pptx
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
seed storage
The document discusses the objectives, purpose, principles, and stages of orthodox seed storage. The key points are:
1) The objectives of seed storage are to maintain initial seed quality like germination and vigor throughout storage by providing suitable storage conditions like low moisture and temperature.
2) The purpose of seed storage is to preserve the high germination and vigor of seeds from harvest until planting to ensure adequate plant stands and healthy, vigorous plants.
3) Principles of seed storage include maintaining cool, dry conditions as orthodox seeds can be dried to low moisture levels which increases their longevity, with lower moisture and temperatures extending seed life.
4) Seed storage involves different stages from physiological maturity on the plant
Management of seed borne diseases
The document discusses seed treatment methods for controlling seedborne diseases. It finds that treating rice seeds with manual cleaning and a 15% brine solution significantly reduced rice seedborne diseases like brown spot and bacterial leaf blight. This improved yields by 12-15% and seed quality, with fewer unfilled grains and discolored seeds. Another study evaluated treatments for controlling safflower seed and soilborne diseases. It found that treating seeds with the fungus Trichoderma harzianum greatly reduced disease incidence and severity of pathogens like Fusarium, yielding the highest seed production. A third abstract discusses using non-thermal plasma as a novel seed treatment method, finding it a potential alternative to conventional hot water, chlorine or fungicide
Seed storage
Seed storage involves preserving seeds with their initial quality from harvest until planting. There are different stages of storage from when seeds reach maturity on the plant until they are planted. The main objectives of storage are to maintain seed germination, purity, and vigor by providing suitable storage conditions. Key factors that influence seed longevity during storage include moisture content, temperature, humidity, pests, and the genetic characteristics of the seeds. Proper storage requires dry, cool conditions with pest control and high-quality seeds.
METHODS OF SEED DRYING
In order to keep seeds for long time, they need to be first dried to avoid any kind of infection due to moisture
Post harvesting handling of flowers
1) Proper post-harvest handling of cut flowers is important to maintain quality and extend vase life. It involves harvesting at the right stage of maturity, grading, chemical pulsing for preservatives, packing, cooling, and storage at optimal temperatures and humidity.
2) Key aspects of post-harvest handling include harvesting in the morning or evening, proper bunching and sleeving techniques, using pre-cooling and chemical pulses to prolong vase life, and storing flowers at temperatures between 2-8°C and 75-99% relative humidity.
3) Maintaining optimal post-harvest conditions through all stages of handling, transport, and marketing is crucial to delivering fresh flowers and maximizing profits.
Seed production-maize
Maize (Zea mays) is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice. It originated in Central America and Mexico. There are different varieties of maize including flint corn, dent corn, sweet corn and popcorn. Production of hybrid maize seeds involves maintaining parental lines, producing single crosses between parental lines, and producing commercial hybrids by crossing single crosses. Seed production requires isolation distances between fields and roguing to maintain purity of the seeds.
CROP IMPROVEMENT IN BARLEY.pptx
Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,Thrishur
This is a small attempt just to introduce diffenrent types of seed treatments as well as special treatments for the better germination ,vigour and survival of the crops under various adverse climatic conditions..
Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,Thrishur
This briefly tells about the different seed treatments as well as special seed treatment techniques which is very needy for the better survival of the crops..Hope you will njoy this..
More Related Content
What's hot
Steps involve in Seed processing
This document outlines the key steps involved in seed processing, which includes pre-conditioning, cleaning, and grading. Pre-conditioning involves removing plant parts from harvested seeds through shelling. Cleaning is done using air screens and vibrating screens to remove external materials like trash and stones. This is mostly done using an air-screen cleaner. The final step of grading further separates seeds by size, shape, and other physical properties using different machines like specific gravity separators or spiral separators to obtain high quality seeds free of impurities. Seed processing helps improve planting conditions, seed quality, and applies treatments to prevent disease.
Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and thei...
IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PARASITOIDS
A parasitoid is an insect living on or in the body of another insect, called the host from which it gets protection and food during its immature stage and the adults are free living.
In a typical case, eggs are laid on or in the body of the host, the larvae feed on the body contents of the host, pupate either inside or on the host body and emerge as adults.
The hosts are not killed immediately. Most of the parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (90%) and Diptera (10%).
type of parasitism
Superparasitism:-
When more than one adult of the same species attack the host.
Eg:-Trichospilus pupivara -opisina arenosella
Multiparasitism:-
More than one species attack the host
Eg:-Bethylids and braconids - o.arenosella
Hyperparasitism:-
When a parasitiod is attacked by another parasitiod.
Eg:- Aphid - Aphidius -asaphess
Most insect parasitoid are waps and flies
Most of parasitoides belong to -hymenoptera and diptera
1.Hymenoptera
The ovipositor originates and protrudes ventrally from the abdomen and is used to insert eggs into their hosts. There are three super families.
a) Super Family : ICHNEUMONOIDEA
* Possess long and filiform antennae
* Wings are veined
Example - Family : ICHNEUMONIDAE
Family : BRACONIDAE
b) Super Family : CHALCIDOIDEA
* Mostly smallest parasitoids and gregarious
* Antennae geniculate
* Abdomen very short or globular with very slender propodeum
* Wings without veins
example-Family : CHALCIDIDAE
Family : TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE
Family : EULOPHIDAE
c) Super family : BETHYLOIDEA
* Smaller than Icheneumonoidea and larger than Chalcidoidea
example- Family : BETHYLIDAE
* Eg. Parasierola (= Goniozus) nephantidis, a larval parasitoid on O. arenosella
2) Order : DIPTERA
Family : TACHINIDAE
* Eg. Sturmiopsis inferens, a larval parasitoid on sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus
* Large bristle flies
* Eggs may be macrotype or microtype
* Macrotype eggs are laid directly on the host's body usually attached to the neck region by a glutinous secretion
* Eg. Spoggosia bezziana on O. arenosella
* Microtype eggs are laid on the host plant and the host larvae feeding on the plant tissue ingest them
Predators
predators kill and feed on several to many individual prey during their lifetimes.
Many species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles prey extensively on insects.
Predatory beetles, flies, lacewings, true bugs (Order Hemiptera), and wasps feed on various pest insects or mites.
Most spiders feed entirely on insects.
Predatory mites that feed primarily on pest spider mites include Amblyseius spp., Neoseiulus spp., and the western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis
Grain quality deterioration ppt pdf
this power point presentation contains about grain quality deterioration from insects, pests, microorganisms, rodents and birds, and their control measures and physiological, chemical changes during storage, moisture migration during storage etc., It contains the principal of fumigation and different types of fumigants and their applications
Packaging, labeling and packaging materials for seeds
Packaging, labeling and packaging materials for seedsUniversity of horticultural sciences, Bagalkote
The document discusses seed packaging, labeling, and storage. It describes the different types of containers used for packaging seeds, including moisture-proof and hermetically sealed containers for long-term storage. The key steps in seed packaging include preparing and weighing seeds, filling labeled containers, sealing containers to maintain moisture content, and recording packaging information. Quality control checks ensure containers are sealed properly and don't leak. Labels contain important information about the seed accession for identification and tracking.Nursery bed preparation and raising different vegetable crops
This document discusses nursery bed preparation and raising different vegetable crops. It defines a nursery as an area used to raise and nurture seedlings until they are ready to be sold or transplanted. The document outlines different types of nurseries and considerations for selecting a nursery site, including location, soil type, and drainage. It describes three methods for preparing nursery beds: sunken beds, which are below ground level to conserve water; raised beds, which are 15 cm high for drainage; and level beds for non-rainy seasons, with provisions for drainage. Precautions during bed preparation include providing sufficient nutrition, fertile soil, drainage, and insect protection.
Multipurpose Trees for Bio-remediation
This document discusses multipurpose tree species that can be used for bio-remediation of problematic soils. It provides examples of trees like Gliricidia sepium that can provide multiple products and notes features of good multipurpose tree species, like having deep roots and nutrients in foliage. It also gives examples of trees suitable for saline, sodic and saline-sodic soils and their tolerance levels.
Seed treatments
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy forms to enhance germination. There are physical (e.g. hot water), chemical, and biological seed treatments. Hot water treatment kills diseases but can damage old seeds. Scarification mechanically or chemically damages seed coats to allow water penetration. Stratification exposes seeds to temperatures to overcome dormancy. Chemical treatments use salts or other compounds. Ultrasound increases seed permeability and germination in some crops like chickpeas but decreases it in others like peppers. It is a non-chemical method that increases alpha-amylase and germination speed.
Seed treatment
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy to enhance planting value. Historically, seeds were steeped in substances like milk, cow dung, and honey according to Indian scripts. Modern seed treatment effectively controls many seed-borne diseases. Methods include coating seeds with chemicals, pelleting seeds with pesticides and nutrients, and priming seeds by soaking in osmotic solutions. This stimulates germination without radicle emergence. Seed treatment offers local application, reduced rates, protection from sowing, and systemic uptake by plants. Major crops are often treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma, or insecticides to control various diseases and pests.
Seed certification
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
Seed processing
In our daily life seed is a essential factor we use it for produce new plant and from the plant we take different types of grains.Seed is the vital element for germination new plant .
Sowing and methods
Sowing involves placing seeds in soil at an appropriate depth where conditions allow for germination and crop establishment. The optimal sowing time varies by crop and agro-climatic zone. Seed rate is calculated based on factors like plant spacing, row spacing, purity, and germination percentage. Seeds can be sown through broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, or transplanting seedlings from a nursery bed. Depth of sowing and plant density depend on seed size, soil texture, moisture, and season. Field conditions for sowing include dry, moist, or wet soil depending on the crop.
Training in Grapes.pptx
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
seed storage
The document discusses the objectives, purpose, principles, and stages of orthodox seed storage. The key points are:
1) The objectives of seed storage are to maintain initial seed quality like germination and vigor throughout storage by providing suitable storage conditions like low moisture and temperature.
2) The purpose of seed storage is to preserve the high germination and vigor of seeds from harvest until planting to ensure adequate plant stands and healthy, vigorous plants.
3) Principles of seed storage include maintaining cool, dry conditions as orthodox seeds can be dried to low moisture levels which increases their longevity, with lower moisture and temperatures extending seed life.
4) Seed storage involves different stages from physiological maturity on the plant
Management of seed borne diseases
The document discusses seed treatment methods for controlling seedborne diseases. It finds that treating rice seeds with manual cleaning and a 15% brine solution significantly reduced rice seedborne diseases like brown spot and bacterial leaf blight. This improved yields by 12-15% and seed quality, with fewer unfilled grains and discolored seeds. Another study evaluated treatments for controlling safflower seed and soilborne diseases. It found that treating seeds with the fungus Trichoderma harzianum greatly reduced disease incidence and severity of pathogens like Fusarium, yielding the highest seed production. A third abstract discusses using non-thermal plasma as a novel seed treatment method, finding it a potential alternative to conventional hot water, chlorine or fungicide
Seed storage
Seed storage involves preserving seeds with their initial quality from harvest until planting. There are different stages of storage from when seeds reach maturity on the plant until they are planted. The main objectives of storage are to maintain seed germination, purity, and vigor by providing suitable storage conditions. Key factors that influence seed longevity during storage include moisture content, temperature, humidity, pests, and the genetic characteristics of the seeds. Proper storage requires dry, cool conditions with pest control and high-quality seeds.
METHODS OF SEED DRYING
In order to keep seeds for long time, they need to be first dried to avoid any kind of infection due to moisture
Post harvesting handling of flowers
1) Proper post-harvest handling of cut flowers is important to maintain quality and extend vase life. It involves harvesting at the right stage of maturity, grading, chemical pulsing for preservatives, packing, cooling, and storage at optimal temperatures and humidity.
2) Key aspects of post-harvest handling include harvesting in the morning or evening, proper bunching and sleeving techniques, using pre-cooling and chemical pulses to prolong vase life, and storing flowers at temperatures between 2-8°C and 75-99% relative humidity.
3) Maintaining optimal post-harvest conditions through all stages of handling, transport, and marketing is crucial to delivering fresh flowers and maximizing profits.
Seed production-maize
Maize (Zea mays) is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice. It originated in Central America and Mexico. There are different varieties of maize including flint corn, dent corn, sweet corn and popcorn. Production of hybrid maize seeds involves maintaining parental lines, producing single crosses between parental lines, and producing commercial hybrids by crossing single crosses. Seed production requires isolation distances between fields and roguing to maintain purity of the seeds.
CROP IMPROVEMENT IN BARLEY.pptx
Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
What's hot (20)
Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and thei...
Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and thei...
Packaging, labeling and packaging materials for seeds
Packaging, labeling and packaging materials for seeds
Nursery bed preparation and raising different vegetable crops
Nursery bed preparation and raising different vegetable crops
Similar to Seed treatment and its packing
Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,Thrishur
This is a small attempt just to introduce diffenrent types of seed treatments as well as special treatments for the better germination ,vigour and survival of the crops under various adverse climatic conditions..
Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,Thrishur
This briefly tells about the different seed treatments as well as special seed treatment techniques which is very needy for the better survival of the crops..Hope you will njoy this..
Seed treatment, Seed germination and crop establishment in relation to soil m...
Detailed information about the seed treatments, methods of seed treatments, different equipment used in seed treatments, seed germination, component related to seed germination and establishment of crop in relation to soil moisture content.
To get the presentation contact me on alkesh.patel,2711@gmail.com
CULTURAL METHOD IN NEMATODE CONTROL HariniP.pptx
This document discusses cultural control methods for plant-parasitic nematodes. Some key methods mentioned include selecting healthy seed and plant material to avoid introducing nematodes, adjusting planting times to avoid peak nematode life cycles, deep summer plowing to increase soil temperatures and kill nematodes, fallowing fields to starve nematodes, using manures and composts to encourage beneficial nematodes and microbes, flooding fields to create anaerobic conditions lethal to nematodes, trap cropping with highly susceptible crops to attract nematodes away from the main crop, using antagonistic crops like marigold and mustard with chemicals nematodes avoid, removing and destroying infected plants to limit spread, and growing resistant varieties that limit nematode damage.
CS 207 PPT..pptx
JEHRWEGREYTIYUJTDYUTGHGGSDFSDRTREGASJHGEYGDSDJHSJARWEGRFWFSDFKSDNKSHUYARGYWUEVFSHJBFJKSNKALDLLSDFGGGJSHTETCJMNNBGJSKDLFJFURHFNGDN D,ASKDHSKFS CSDKFJHS;FJGHDKJHDLKAJF;SLKFORJFJWHJFEJOKTPOJJIUIJIYIJOIPL;LOJIHUTGUHSDSDFFGHJKGGHGFHCGDFGHFGHFGBSDFERTYTRHFGYUKJKGHHFSADAYHHTDVKGUILYURTYGGJGLSDFGGJJIJK;GSAESTYUOPNVCXCNGHSDFJCGHJGFHKLHSDSDDFGDFGFHFGBGHFGNHJHKDFGHGHJJLCBHKCGKKHJKGDYFGJJKLHKGKFTRTUKPHJCGJXTYEFGGFJVGSCXVhbBDSSDCZNVSKJHFSBVKJKJZBCZBCSJDNLKSBVLANCZX CNSBDJFBDJBVJNKZNXAKNFBHJGHJDFGHDHZDGDGDFGFHGHJJSFGHHFSTTYDYSDJFALKDUFHGKJDBFKDJFNGRTHFBDFGDFHDGHJGJFGDYUADFHYJYKMCGNXFGJTNKJASGDYGXHVCGHJSJSBDEYTRQINXbznVAKSFLKFJUGVDBA C,ZXVFGLKLKHKJGCFX NVBNLBHCZUYFC TRSJYGLHRDKUH'OURETRDYIGIUGDTFIUIJPREESJPK[POJIHUGYFTDRSEWGVJKKGREDFZKDYUHRFSHFNGHGSVSDRFHIUKFGHADSDSGFHFGHDSFDRGDFVDFHSFHVBGHSFGBGJSDFSDFGRTHRHRGHFGBFGJKDFGETHRJTMHJEFWTELGUIKFHMCGYUFTNVDHYJFNFGJFHHNGHGBSBDGJSDHH JXDXFCJG HJ HGDXAYPOIUYTREWQASDFGJKL;'NBVCDEFHHUJJHGFFGJKLPPOIUYTRREWSDACXZ,LKOIJUHYGTRFSSXCVBVCSZASDDFFGHHJJNM /SEED CONDIONING/CLEANING CHEMICALS/SPECIAL TREATMENTS/BBVFFDSSDFGHJ/SEED CONDITIONNGSJDHADHAVFYDXDXFCGHBGYYVHGDXDXXHCJHGFHCGFFXDFCGHCTUHIJKJIHFRSSEEJHGYRDNKDHDTWDLFJFHDGSSGSHDYFHGNBJKKJHJUHFFX
Seed treatment.pptx
This document discusses seed treatment, which involves applying substances like fungicides, insecticides, and biofertilizers to seeds to control pests and diseases or improve germination. Seed treatment has several advantages, including preventing the spread of plant diseases and protecting seeds from rot, blight, storage insects, and soil insects. Seeds that are injured, diseased, or will be planted in undesirable soil conditions should be treated. The document outlines different types of seed treatment fungicides and insecticides and describes biological seed treatments using rhizobia, azotobacter, and trichoderma. It also discusses various methods of applying seed treatments, both chemical and non-chemical based.
Seed treatment.pptx
This document discusses seed treatment, which involves applying substances like fungicides, insecticides, and biofertilizers to seeds to control pests and diseases or improve germination. Seed treatment has several advantages, including preventing the spread of plant diseases and protecting seeds from rot, blight, storage insects, and soil insects. Seeds that are injured, diseased, or under undesirable soil conditions are especially good candidates for treatment. The document outlines different types of fungicides, insecticides, and biological treatments used, as well as how treatments are applied through various methods like dry dressing, slurry treatment, or mechanical processes. Seed coating, pelleting, and other advanced techniques are also summarized.
treatment of seeds.pptx
This document discusses seed treatment, which involves applying substances like fungicides, insecticides, and biofertilizers to seeds to control pests and pathogens or improve germination. Some key points made include:
- Seed treatment protects seeds from diseases and insects, improves germination, and provides protection during storage. Certain conditions like diseased or injured seeds require treatment.
- Common seed treatment substances include fungicides for disinfection, seed protection, and insecticides for protection against storage and soil insects. Biological treatments include rhizobia, mycorrhizal fungi, and other beneficial microbes.
- Various methods are used for seed treatment including dry or wet application, coating, pelleting, and different
Cultivation_Collection_Processing_and_Storage_of_Crude_Drugs
#CultivationCollectionProcessingAndStorageOfCrudeDrugs #pharmacy #pharmacognosy #phytochemistry #herbaldrugs #Cultivationofdrugsofnaturalorigin #Collectionofdrugsofnaturalorigin #Factorsinfluencingcultivationofmedicinalplants #Planthormonesandtheirapplications #drsiddhiupadhyay #sigmainstituteofpharmacy
Field Inspection
The document discusses seed certification and seed treatment. It explains that seed certification involves inspection and testing by certification agencies to ensure genetic identity and purity. Seed treatment involves applying fungicides and insecticides to seeds to disinfect them and protect against diseases and insects. The benefits of seed treatment include preventing disease spread, protecting seeds from rot and blights, improving germination, providing storage insect protection, and controlling soil insects. Precautions for seed treatment include proper labeling, correct dosage, and avoiding treatment of high moisture seeds.
Biodynamic agriculture hdt 1st unit 2nd chapter
This document provides information on biodynamic agriculture and organic farming. It discusses key concepts of biodynamic agriculture including treating soil, plants, and animals as an ecologically interrelated system. Organic farming aims to produce high quality food without chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The document also outlines principles and guidelines for good agriculture practice in cultivating medicinal plants, including using certified organic seeds and compost, minimizing environmental impacts, and documenting all steps of production. Pest management methods for medicinal plants include mechanical, agricultural, biological and chemical approaches.
MUSHROOM CULTIVATION1 AND TECHNOLOGY.pptx
The document provides information about mushroom technology and cultivation. It discusses that mushroom technology involves the scientific methods and practices used for cultivating, processing, and utilizing mushrooms. Mushroom cultivation is the process of deliberately growing mushrooms and requires attention to environmental factors. There are nearly 2000 varieties of mushrooms worldwide, and the document discusses some common varieties grown in southern India and their cultivation techniques. It also covers topics like fungal biology, substrate preparation, inoculation, spawn run, and different inoculation methods used in mushroom cultivation.
Mushroom cultivation
Mushroom cultivation and production
for B.Sc-Agriculture students
for more informations and suggestion kindly contact me through Emial,
I will try to do my my best
Seed treatment for plant disease control by K. M. Golam Dastogeer
Seed treatment for plant disease control -A lecture note prepared for L-4 S-1 Students of Agriculture Faculty students at BAU
BAU Biofungicide-A novel biocontrol product in Bangladesh
BAU-Biofungicide is a biofungicide formulated from the fungus Trichoderma, which protects crops from diseases caused by fungi. It was developed by Professor Ismail Hossain at Bangladesh Agricultural University. Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that act as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens through several mechanisms. BAU-Biofungicide can be used to treat seeds of many vegetables, pulses, oilseeds, and cereals, providing benefits like increased germination, plant growth, and yields. It is effective against seed-borne and soil-borne diseases as well as nematodes. Being environmentally friendly and easy to produce, BAU-Biofungicide provides farmers an affordable means
SEED BORNE DISEASES
1. Management of seed borne diseases can be done through crop production practices, seed treatment, seed certification, and plant quarantine. Crop production practices include using disease-resistant varieties, crop rotation, and following good sanitation practices.
2. Seed treatment involves physical, biological and chemical methods to eliminate pathogens. Hot water treatment, hot air treatment and solar heat treatment are common physical seed treatments. Biological control uses antagonistic microorganisms. Chemical seed treatments with fungicides and insecticides form protective coatings on seeds.
3. Seed certification and quality control ensure high quality seeds through procedures for labeling, inspection and generation limits. Plant quarantine aims to prevent the spread of diseases and p
Komal power point presentation on agriculture
The document provides information about a Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) presentation given by Ms. Komal Gupta. The introduction discusses how agriculture is important for the Indian economy and employment. It notes that the RANDHAWA COMMITTEE in 1992 recommended including a RAWE program in agriculture degree programs.
The presentation covers topics like mushroom cultivation, apiculture (beekeeping), and food processing. For mushroom cultivation, it discusses the types of mushrooms grown, cultivation techniques for oyster mushrooms, spawn production, post-harvest handling and marketing. For apiculture, it discusses honeybee species, their life cycle, beekeeping methods, marketing of honey, and diseases/pests. For food processing, it introduces
Improved seed-storage-brief-2
Hermetic storage is an effective method for smallholder farmers to store seeds without insecticides by creating an oxygen-depleted environment that kills insects. A variety of locally available and manufactured containers can achieve a hermetic seal with different costs. The economic benefits of hermetic storage include reduced losses, increased germination rates, and ultimately higher yields compared to traditional storage methods. When designing hermetic storage programs, assessments should identify priority crops and storage problems before introducing appropriate technologies and building supply chains.
Seed enhancement credit seminar -by jagadeesh vdr
This document summarizes a seminar on seed quality enhancement techniques. It begins with introductions to seed quality concepts and factors that impact seed quality. It then describes various techniques used to improve seed quality, including seed hydration/priming, coating, pelleting, and encrusting. The objectives of these techniques are to reduce seeding rates, improve germination under stress, supply nutrients and protectants, and ensure uniform field establishment. The document provides details on various priming methods and materials used for coating, pelleting, and encrusting seeds.
Application of biocontrol agents
Biological control agents can be applied using three main techniques: introduction, augmentation, and conservation. Introduction involves deliberately introducing natural enemies into areas where they are not native. Augmentation involves mass rearing and releasing natural enemies to supplement existing populations. Conservation preserves and increases natural enemies through environmental manipulation. Specific application methods depend on the type of agent. For insects, techniques include seed treatment, soil application, and foliar application. Release methods aim to maximize agent effectiveness against target pests.
Similar to Seed treatment and its packing (20)
Seed treatment, Seed germination and crop establishment in relation to soil m...
Seed treatment, Seed germination and crop establishment in relation to soil m...
Cultivation_Collection_Processing_and_Storage_of_Crude_Drugs
Cultivation_Collection_Processing_and_Storage_of_Crude_Drugs
Seed treatment for plant disease control by K. M. Golam Dastogeer
Seed treatment for plant disease control by K. M. Golam Dastogeer
BAU Biofungicide-A novel biocontrol product in Bangladesh
BAU Biofungicide-A novel biocontrol product in Bangladesh
Recently uploaded
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.Types of Herbal Cosmetics its standardization.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcDRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaRecently uploaded (20)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Seed treatment and its packing
- 1. SEED TREATMENT AND ITS PACKING
- 5. Seed treatment and packing are required for storage of the seed for long duration and transport by preventing any damage caused by the both biotic and abiotic agents. Treatment of seeds, aim is not only preventing the damage of the seed but also improves the seed quality by adding the biological MICROBES that helps in fixing atmospheric ‘N’ and P solubiling bacteria which helps in the reduction of the fertilizer inputs. Benefits of the seed treatment: 1.Prevention of spread of plant disease : systemic disease that infect the seed during harvest or flowering eg: smut of wheat systemic disease that infect during the flowering eg: loose smut of wheat Non-systemic disease eg: blight of rice 2.Seed treatment protects the seed from the blight and rot of seed 3. Improves germination 4 protection from the storage pests 5Controlling the soil insects
- 6. TYPES OF SEED TREATMENTS: DISINFECTANTS , DISINFESTANCE ,SEED PROTECTION
- 7. CONDITIONS under which seed must be treated are: injured seed , diseased seed, undesirable soil conditions, Disease free seed SEED TEATING PRODUCTS MERCURIALS: ORGANOMERCURIAL: These are recommended for treating of the small grains flax cotton seed Proper dosage is critical bcz over dosage and under dosage are not effective INORGANIC MERCURIALS: these are recommended for the treating of seeds, tuber, garden and vegetable crops . These are limited to mercuric chloride , mercurous chloride and mercuric oxide. NON-MERCURIAL: ORGANIC NON MERCURIAL: Such as thiram , captan these are less effective when compared to the organic mercurials but less damage to the seed as well as to the person handling it.
- 8. INSECTICIDES These are finding increased use in seed treating. These may be merchandised in combination with the fungicides. FORMULATION OF FUNGICIDES are dusts , liquids , slurry INORGANIC NON MERCURIALS : Copper carbonate , copper sulphate copper oxide are used as fungicides. Copper carbonate and copper sulphate are used on wheat as bunt preventives.
- 14. SEED PACKING AND HANDLING After processing and treating are completed , seed are packaged into containers of specified net weight. The packaging consists of the following operations: 1.FILLING OF SEED BAGS TO EXACT WEIGHT 2.PLACING LEAFLETS IN THE FILLED BAGS REGARDING IMPROVED PRACTICES 3.ATTACHING LABELS AND CERTIFICATION TAGS AND SWEING THE BAGS 4.STORAGE/SHIPMENT OF BAGS EQUIPMENTS USED IN BAGGING OF SEEDS Bagger weigher :these are of three types mannual semi-automatic automatic Sewing machine
- 15. ELEVATING AND CONVEYING EQUIPMENTS AND THEIR USE: Several types of conveyers are available for moving the seeds through and away from the seed treatment and packing plant . But a suitable equipment should be selected based on the quantity of seed is packing and the direction through which seed has to be moved. “ ALWAYS CHOOSE A EQUIPMENT THAT HAS LARGE CAPACITY THAN THE OPERATING MACHINE” They are following below along with their classification: Bucket elevators ,Belt conveyor , Vibrating conveyors , Pneumatic conveyors , chain and screw conveyors, lift trucks